IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4303 


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U.i 


CIHM/tCMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIN/I/JCIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


#, 


Canadian  tnstitute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  canadion  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquaa 


■n 

to 


Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  ehackad  balow. 


□   Colourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


r~n   Covars  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagia 


□   Covars  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastauria  at/ou  palliculAa 

□   Covar  titia  missing/ 
La  titra  da  couvartura  man.;jua 

□   Colourad  maps/ 
Cartas  gtegraphiquas  9n  coulaur 


D 


D 


D 


0 


Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  biaua  ou  noira) 


I     I   Colourad  platas  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planchas  at/ou  illuatrationa  an  coulaur 


Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RalM  avac  d'autras  documants 


Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

La  r9  liura  sarria  paut  causar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
distorslon  la  long  da  la  marga  intAriaura 

Blank  iaavas  sddad  during  rastoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  possibla.  thasa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartaina  pagaa  blanchaa  ajoutias 
lors  d'una  rastauration  apparaissant  dans  la  taxta, 
mais,  lorsqua  cala  Atait  poaaibla.  caa  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  *t4  filmias. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  4ti  possibia  da  sa  procurer.  Las  details 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  sont  paut-Atra  uniquas  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua.  qui  pauvant  modif  iar 
una  imaga.  raproduita.  ou  qui  pauvant  axigai  una 
modification  dans  la  mAthoda  normala  da  filmaga 
sont  indiquAs  cl-daasous. 


nn   Colourad  pagaa/ 


D 
D 
Q 
D 
C3 


n 


Pagaa  da  coulaur 

Pagaa  damagad/ 
Pagaa  andommagias 

Pagas  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Pagas  rastaurias  at/ou  palliculAas 

Pagaa  discolourad,  stainad  or  foxad/ 
Pagas  dAcolorias.  tachatA<»s  ou  piquAes 

Pagas  datachad/ 
Pagaa  dAtachAas 

Showthrough/ 
Transparanca 


r~n    Quality  of  print  varias/ 


Quality  inAgala  da  I'impraaaion 

Includas  supplementary  material/ 
Comprand  du  materiel  supplAmantaIra 

Only  edition  available/ 
Saula  idition  disponible 


Pagas  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  pages  totalament  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  rauiilet  d'errata.  una  pelure, 
etc..  ont  AtA  filmAes  A  nouveau  da  fapon  i 
obtanir  la  meilleure  imaga  possibia. 


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Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmantaires; 


Various  pagingt. 


This  Item  is  filmed  at  tha  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  da  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dassous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


a4x 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  fllin«d  h«r«  hm  bMn  rcproducad  thanks 
to  th«  g«n«rosity  of: 

Douglas  Library 
Quean's  University 


L'axampiaire  flimA  fut  raproduit  grAca  A  la 
gAnArosM  da: 

Douglas  Library 
Queen's  University 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  speclfteations. 


Original  copios  in  printed  peper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  wfith  a  printed  or  illustrated  impree- 
slon,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copiea  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  images  suhrantes  ont  4t*  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  «Je  la  condition  at 
da  la  nettet*  de  i'exempiaire  film4,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sent  filmis  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  p«iye  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  caa.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sent  filmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
pramlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"»,  or  the  symbol  T  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
cas:  le  syrnbole  — »•  signifle  "A  SUiVRE".  le 
symbols  ▼  signifle  "FIN". 


IVlaps.  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hend  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  rMuctlon  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  aaui  cllchi,  ii  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  i'angia  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  eh  baa,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ntcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrent  la  mAthode.    . 


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BC  IT  REMBMHERED.  That  en  ttM  tSd  day  of  AiMnwt,  In  th«  Mb 
fearuTtbe  iiidepciidenoe  ol'ihe  l*nitfld  Htatea  of  America,  ChiirlM  Wlloy, 
•r  iltK  said  UiMrici,  hath  de|KMiiiod  in  thin  ofth'^  the  lillo  irf'a  biioK  the 
figbi  wlierefitre  be  claims  an  proprietor,  in  the  words  fbliowinit,  to  wit . 

jflbftcry  of  lli«  tidied  Slates,  lium  iMr  FliM  aeitlein^m  as  Ooloniea, 
JO  the  close  of  the  War  with  Great  Briuin,  m  1815, 

**  C-ivitaa,  incredihila  memofata  eat,  ade|ita  libertate,  quantum  brevi 
erBVorit."-  SnlltiH. 

In  confhmiity  ut  the  Act  of  the  Congress  ol  the  United  States,  entitled 
**  An  Ac!  fbr  the « .icouraxeinent  of  l.earning,  by  socunng  the  copies  of 
Maim,  Chans,  and  Hooks,  to  t?ic  autliors  and  prnprietorH  of  snrli  cn|>ies 
during  the  time  therein  tnentioned  **  And  also  to  an  Act.  entitivd  **  An 
Act,  supplementary  to  an  Act.  entitled  an  Act  tbr  the  eiiroumgeiiieiit  of 
l^saming.  by  Mcuring  the  cnpiea  of  Mans,  ClhMrts,  and  IkMiksi,  to  the 
auihur.«  and  pivprietura  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mca- 
tioned,  and  extcndmg  the  bencdts  tiicreof  to  the  arts  of  designing,  eiigrav 
leg,  and  rirbing  hiaiorieal  and  other  printa." 

JAMES  U'iLUCin'k  of  ttu  S^utlum  Diitriet  •fjfng-  York  r- 


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At  a  meeting  of  the  Amerioan  Academy  of  Lnngnags 
mud  Belles  Lettres,  held  at  the  City-Hall,  in  the  city  of 
New-York,  October  90,  1830,— Hon.  Brockholst  Uylng* 
ston.  First  Vice  President,  in  the  chair;  Rev.  John  B. 
Romeyn,  D.  D.  Clerk, — the  following  preamble  and  reso- 
lution, offered  by^  W.  S«  Cardelly  Esq.  seconded  by  the  Rev* 
Doctor  Wainwright,  were  unanimously  adopted : 

As  the  proper  education  of  youth  is^  in  all  communities 
closely  connected  with  national  prosperity  and  honor ;  and 
as  it  IS  particularly  important  in  the  United  States,  that 
the  rising  generation  should  possess  a  correct  knowledge 
of  their  own  country,  and  a  patriotic  attachment  to  its  wel* 
fare  ;— 

KBSOLYED,  that  a  prenuum  of  not  less  than  four  hundred 
dollars,  and  a  gold  medal  worth  fifty  dollars,  be  (pren  to 
the  author,  being  an  American  citizen,  who,  within  two 
years,  shall  produce  the  best  written  history  of  the  United 
States,  and  which,  with  such  history,  shall  contain  a  suit- 
able expcisition  of  the  situation,  character,  and  interests, 
absolute  and  relative,  of  the  American  Republic :  calctt- 
iatod  for  a  class-book  in  academies  and  schools.  This  wolk 
is  to  be  examined  and  approved  by  a  committee  of  the 
institution,  in  reference  to  the  interest  of  its  matter,  the 
justness  of  its  facts  and  nrinciples,  the  purity,  persincuity, 
ijid  elegance  of  its  style,  and  its  adaptation  to  its  in- 
tended purpose. 

By  order  of  the  Academy, 
^  .  ^'  ^  ALEX.  Me  LEOD,  Rec*ft.  fMif, 


The  undersigned^  being  appointed  a  committee  with  full 
powers  to  examine  the  several  works  submitted,  and  award 
the  medal  and  premium  in  pursuance  of  the  above  resolu* 
tion,  having  perused  four  books  offered  by  different  authors, 
according  to  the  conditions  roouired,  have  selected  one  as 
being  the  best  of  the  four;  and  after  referring  it  to  its  au- 
thor for  such  minor  corrections  as  might  render  it  more«, 
acceptable  to  the  public,  do  now  finally  adjudge  said  medal 
and  premium  to  be  due  to  the  writer  of  the  work  recently 
printed,  entitled,    -'.vv^f-^^''  .'.¥Sl#":  - 

*'  A  History  of  the  Uhitcd  States,  from  their  first 

Settlement  as  Colonies,  to  the  close  of  the  War  with 

Great  Britain,  in  1815.  -     ^^  ^ 

"Civitas,  incredibile  memuratu  Mt,  adepta  libertate.  quantum  brevl  cr^ 

.  ife/'"  •  WM.  P.  VAN  NESS,) 
i|.'      ALEXR.  Mc  L^Oj).  ^Cwmiiim.     " 
V        lACOA  MOKTON.   \ 


M365"? 


CONTENTS. 


..)• 

'm 


H- 


^■' 


.*v;*. 


Introduction         *       • 

History  of  Virginia 

Massachusetts 

New-Hampsliiro  • 

Connecticut         •       • 

Phude  Island       •       « 

New- York 

New-Jersey 

llelaware  •       • 

fennsjff  Tsnia 

Maryland  •       • 

North-Oaiolina    •',      n 

South-Carolina    -'^      - 

Georgia 

French  War  of  1756-63 

Revolution 

Revolution 

Expedition  against  Canada 

Camjiaign  of  1776 

Campaign  of  1777 

Campaign  of  1778 

Campaign  of  1779 

t7«mpaign  of  1780        -       «       • 

Campaign  of  1781,  and  termination  '^f  the  «War 

Adoption  of  the  Constitution,  and  )hington's  Ad- 
mmistration      -       -       -       -       -       -       - 

Mr.  Adamses,  Mr.  Jefferson's,  and  part  of  Mr.  Madi- 
son's Administration — Declaration  of  War 

Campaign  of  1819         •        •        •        • 

Campaign  of  1813        •        •       -        •    _  « 

Campaign  of  1814^  Conclusion  of  the  "Wiir 

Appendix  •   •   -   -   ".   *  .^^ 


7 
15 


36 
55 
59 
66 
68 
84 
87 
89 
93 
96 

n»o 

>.05 
110 
126 
139 
159 
169 
179 
189 
194 
198 
206 

218 

237 
263 
259 
279 


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PREFACE. 


THE  ftillowing  work  was  begun  many  yea4*8  eltice: 
the  ap^tearance,  siioii  afler,  of  aeveral  b<Mik8,  on  a  plan 
nearly  similar,  and  the  want  of  sufficieDt  lei»iir««  induced 
the  Author  to  relinquish  his  design.  Perceiving,  from 
the  subsequent  offer  of  a  premium  for  the  best  written 
work  of  the  kind,  that  another  was  wanted,  he  resumed 
and  completed  his  undertaking. 

It  was  his  purpose  to  present  i  correct  and  interesting 
narrative  of  all  the  important  events  in  the  history  of  im 
ctnintry :  to  exhibit,  in  a  strong  light,  the  principles  of 
political  ind  religiiMis  freedom  which  our  forefathers  pro- 
fessed, and  for  which  they  fought  and  conquered ;.  to  record 
the  numerous  example^  of  fortitude,  courage,  and  patriot- 
ism, which  have  rendered  themiUustrious ;  and  topi-oiiuce, 
not  so  much  by  moral  reflections,  as  by  the  tenor  of  the 
narrative,  virtuous  and  patriotic  impressions  upon  the  mind 
of  the  reader.  It  was  his  aim  to  render  the  book  woithy 
to  l)e  read,  not  only  in  the  academies  and  schiKiIs  of  his 
c<mntry,  but  by  that  very  numerous  portion  of  his  fellow 
citizens,  who  have  seldom  the  opportunity  to  peruse  more 
voluminous  productions ;  and  by  those  who  might  wish  to 
review  their  studies,  and  fix  in  their  memory  the  succes- 
sion of  events :  and  it  was  also  his  aim  to  exhibit  a  style 
whid  should  be  correct  and  \fnre ;  should  be  free  from 
ambitious  ornament,  and  from  those  faults  with  which  the 
writers  of  this  country  have  been  too  justly  charged.  He 
by  no  means  supposes  that  he  has  accoiRplished  all  he 
aimed  at. 

It  was  thought  indispensible  that  a  history,  intended  to 

l»  aoofwibie  to  alif  thottid  eoutiiu  iosis  sscoast  of  t&s 
>  At 


PAEFACE. 

diiftrent  tUtei  of  tho  union ;  in  order  that  many  prc}a 
dioeSf  tlie  offspring  of  ignorance^  might  be  rcmoyed ;  and 
that  the  ii^Jurious  effects,  which  must  flow  from  an  ao 
quaintance  with  the  history  of  a  single  state  only,  might 
be  ayoided*  It  was  the  correct  rentarlc  of  an  able  writeri 
that  the  history  of  ciilonies  generally  affords  but  two  in* 
foresting  eras,  that  of  their  settlement,  and  that  of  their 
Independence*  To  both  of  these  the  autlior  has  more 
particularly  directed  his  attention. 

Let  those  who  imagine  that  no  book  can  do  good  that 
is  not  a  great  book,  consider  that  every  American  shtmid 
be  acquainted  with  the  history  of  his  country,  and  that  a 
voluminous  history  would  not  be  read  by  one  twentieth 
|Nirt  of  the  pcpulation ;  that,  on  most  minds,  the  same  or 
even  stronger  impressions  would  be  made  by  a  work  well 
written  on  the  plan  of  this,  than  by  a  minute,  and  of 
course  often  tedious,  detail  of  every  event ;  that  Mie  peru- 
tal  of  auch  a  work,  in  early  life,  must  excite  rather  than 
gratify  curiosity ;  that  much,  very  much  good  would  be 
done,  should  a  knowledge  of  the  imp«)rtant  events  be 
communicated,  and  correct  impressions  be  given,  to  those 
who  would  otherwise  remain  entirely  ignorant :  and  that, 
in  fact,  this  book  contains  more  than  many  an  octavo  ot 
high  pri^.a.  ^        >  - 

But  while  it  is  important  that  no  American  citizeti 
ahould  be  ignorant  of  the  principal  events  in  the  hfstory 
of  his  cQcntry,  it  is  the  indispensible  duty  of  all,  who 
jan  enjoy  the  opportuniiy,  to  read  and  to  study  the  larger 
and  more  particular  histories  which  have  been  publif^hed. 

Tnere  is  little  danger  t^  at  thii^  small  and  favored  class 
will  neglect  this  duty.  The  danger  is  greater,  that  much 
the  most  numerous  portion  of  the  popnlation-^that  por- 
tion in  whose  hnads  arc  the  destinies  of  the  republic-^ 
would  read  nothing  on  the  subject  should  expensive  works 
only  be  published 


HISTORY 


or  THE 


UNITED   STATES. 


j^.^,. 


INTRODUCTION. 


•i  .*•' 


W'-K.  •  "^-i     '.   ..\         .:         ,,  ■    .'...J^.,    ;. 

The  continent  of  America  was  probably  unknown  to  the 
linuieiits.  If  once  known,  as  some  have  supinmed,  to  the* 
Oarlhaginians,  the  Scandinavians,  and  the  Welsh,  all 
knowledge  of  it  was  afterwards  lost.  The  discovery  of 
this  extensive  region,  eonstitnting  nearly  one  half  ot  the 
habitable  glob(>,  was  the  accidental  result  of  the  attempts^ 
made  in  the  (ifteiMith  ceutury,  to  find  a  i)assai;e,  by  sea 
from  the  ports  of  Kunipe  t()  the  Kast  Indies,  whose  pre- 
cious commodities  were  then  transiMirted,  over  laud,  by  a 
long,  dangerous,  and  expensive  n)ute, 

2.  This  passage  was  universally  sought  by  sailing  south, 
along  the  western  coasts  of  Kun»|)e  and  Afuca,  in  theho|)e 
of  finding  the  terminatiim  of  the  continent,  when  the  Indies, 
it  was  supposed,  might  be  attained,  by  taking  at  first  an 
easterly  and  then  a  northerly  course.  The  discovery  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  J4ft7,  encouraged  ex|)ectationv 
and  gave  increased  activity  to  the  spirit  of  adventure. 

3.  Anuing  the  navigators  of  that  age,  (^hristiipher  Co- 
lumbus, a  native  of  the  republic  of  (li'iioa,  was  distinguish- 
ed for  experience  and  skill  in  his  profession,  for  extensive 
knowledge,  and  for  a  bold  and  original  genius.  The  shape 
of  the  earth,  then  known  to  be  round,  and  the  fact  that 
pieces  of  carved  wood,  a  cantie,  and  two  human  bodies,  «)f 
a  complexion  different  from  that  of  Europeans,  h^l  i)een 
driven,  by  long  westerly  winds,  U'^m»  'le  shores  of  islands 
qontiguous  to  Kurope,  suggested  t;.  ..  ;n serving  mind  the 
project  of  seeking  the  East  Indies  b>  odiling  directly  wesU 


INTRODUOTION. 


4.  Untlilf  to  defnj  the  expenses  of  aa  expedition,  lie 
souglit  first  tlie  assistance  of  his  native  city.  His  cuun* 
tr}*inttn,  aojttstomtid  only  to  cruisiiig,in  frail  vessels,  along 
the  shores  of  the  continent,  treated  the  project  as  chimeri- 
cal, and  declined  fumistiing  aid.  A  prnssing  application  to 
the  king  of  Portugal,  in  whose  dominions  he  nod  resided, 
met  likewise  with  ridicule  and  rejection.  Persevering  in 
his  purpose,  he  then  sent  his  brother,  Bartholomew,  to 
fingjanu,  to  apply  to  Henry  VII,  and  went  himself  to 
Spain,  which  was  then  gi)vern4;d  by  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella, from  whom  he  S4»licitiHl  HSttistance. 

5.  For  a  long  time  he  sttlicited  in  vain.  At  length  the 
queen  persuad^  i)y  his  representatitms,  became  his  friend 
and  patron.  By  her  directions,  three  small  vessels  were 
fitted  out,  and  h^  was  authorised  to  sail  with  these  upon 
his  projected  voys^e  of  discovery.  On  the  third  of  Au- 
gust, 14!)2,  he  departed  from  Falos,  in  Spain,  directing  his 
course  towards  the  Canary  Islands. 

6.  He  stopped  there  to  refit,  and,  on  ihe  sixth  of  Sep- 
tember, boldly  adventured  into  seas  which  no  vessel  had 
yet  entered,  with  no  chart  to  direct  him,  no  guide  but  his 
compass,  and  without  any  knuwled;;e  of  the  tides  or  cur- 
rents which  might  interrupt  his  course.  He  moved  i^pidly 
before  the  trade  wind,  which  blows  invariablv  from  the 
east  to  the  west  between  the  tropics,  judiciously  conceal- 
ing from  his  ignorant  and  tiirid  crews  the  progress  he  made, 
lest  they  might  be  alarmed  at  the  speed  with  which  they 
receded  from  home. 

7.  About  the  fourteenth  of  Septemlier,  he  was  distant 
nearly  six  hundred  miles  from  the  most  westerly  uf  the 
Canaries,  and  here  the  magnetic  needle  was  observed  to 
vary  from  its  direction  to  the  p<ilar  star,  and  incline  towards 
the  west ;  an  appearance  which,  although  now  familiar, 
had  never  before  been  observed. 

8.  Columbus  and  his  companions  were  alanned.  They 
were  far  from  land,  and  far  from  the  tracks  of  other  navi- 
gators. All  before  and  around  them  was  unknown,  and 
their  only  guide  seemed  to  be  no  longer  entitled  to  their 
confidence.  But  although  alarmed,  Columbus  lost  not  his 
pfvsence  of  mind.  He  assigned  a  reason  for  the  variation, 
which,  without  satisfying  himself,  silenced  the  murmurs 
of  his  companions. 

9.  But  the  interval  of  quiet  and  subordination  was  short. 
pisafTection  soon  reappear«)d  among  the  ignorant  and 
waveriogy  and,  gradually  spreading,  at  length  pervaded  th# 


iNtRODUCHON. 


Whole  Mjuadron.  The  men  blamed  their  scyrereign  for 
listenirj  to  the  schemes  of  a  dreaming  adrentiirer*  The 
indications  of  land  had  all  proved  fallacious.  They  would 
be  amused  and  deceived  no  longer.  They  agreed  that  (yo- 
lumbus  should  be  forced  to  relinquish  an  undertaking  which 
seemed  to  promise  nothing  but  destniction;  and  some  of 
the  more  daring  talked  of  throwing  him  into  the  sea,  as  a 
visionarv  projector,  whose  death  would  cause  no  regret, 
and  produce  no  inquiry* 

10.  Amidst  these  difficulties,  Columbus  displaced  thdse 
traits  of  charnmer  which  proved  the  greatness  of  his  mind, 
and  his  peculiar  fitness  for  the  arduous  duties  of  his  sta- 
tion. He  appeared  with  a  steady  and  cheerful  countenance, 
as  if  satisfied  with  what  he  had  done.  Sometimes  he 
soothed  his  compnnions  by  holding  out  to  them  a  prospect 
of  riches  and  ot  fame,  And  by  offering  a  gnituity  to  him 
who  should  first  Hiscover  land.  Sometimes  he  assumed  a 
tone  of  authority,  threatening  them  with  the  vengeance  of 
their  sovereign,  and  everlasting  inffuny,  should  they  com- 
pel him  to  abandon  the  undertukiug. 

11.  These  encouragements  and  tlireats  prevented  open 
and  forcible  resistance  to  his  authority.  Meanwhile  the 
squadron  proceeded  onward;  the  indications  of  land  had 
become  frequent,  and  convinced  him  that  it  could  not  be 
far  distant.  But  his  crew  were  unconvinced,  and  their 
discontent  increased.    Assembling  tumultuously  on  deck, 

-they  demanded  to  be  conducted  back  to  Spain.  As  a  last 
expedient,  he  proposed  that  they  should  continue  on  tl  ir 
course  three  days  longer,  and  if,  in  that  time,  land  should 
not  be  discovered,  he  would  then  comply  with  their  demand. 

12.  They  consented.  Before  the  time  expired,  Colum- 
bus, on  the  1 1th  of  October,  at  midnight,  saw  a  light  glim- 
mering at  a  distance.  *'  A  light !  a  light  !'*  was  the  joyfbl 
exclamation,  which  instantly  resounded  through  the  squad- 
ron. On  the  approach  of  morning,  all  hands  stood  gazing 
intently  in  the  direction  where  land,  it  was  expected,  would 
be  discovered. 

13.  Soor,  on  board  the  Pinta,  the  most  forward  ^vpssel, 
was  heard  the  cry  of  "  Land !  land !"  which  was  repeated, 
with  almost  frantic  delight,  by  the  crews  of  the  other  ves- 
sels. Passing  from  one  extreme  to  the  other,  they,  who  a 
few  days  before  had  reviled  and  insulted  their  commander, 
now  regarded  him  as  one  whom  the  Deity  had  eudovv^ed 
with  knowledge  and  penetration  above  the  common  lot  of 

i^^lnortals. 


I  ,■' 


10 


INTRODUGTIOK- 


14.  At  sunrise,  Columbus,  in  a  rich  and  splendid  dress, 
land^,  and,  with  a  drawn  sword  in  his  hand,  and  iHsplay* 
inji;  the  rojpl  standard,  t<M>k  possession  of  the  island  for  the 
crown  of  Spain,  ail  his  followers  kneeling  on  the  shore 
and  kissj^ing  the  trround  with  tears  of  joy.  The  natives, 
who  had  assembled  m  sreat  numbers  on  the  (irst  a|jpear- 
amse  of  the  ships,  stood  around  the  Spaniards,  gazing  in 
speechless  astonishment. 

16.  **The  Kuropeans  were  hardly  less  amazed  at  the 
scene  liefore  them.  Every  herb,  and  shrub,  ard  tree  was 
diiTerent  from  those  which  flourished  in  Europe.  The  in- 
habitants appeared  in  the  simple  inn(x;ence  of  nature,  ea- 
tirely  nak^d.  Thoir  blat^k  hair,  long  and  uncurled,  floated 
upon  their  shoulders  or  was  bound  m  tresses  pround  their 
ht'ads.  Though  not  tall,  they  were  well  shaped  and^active. 
Th«iy  were  shy  at  first,  through  fear,  but  soon  became  fa- 
miliar with  the  Spaniards ;  from  whom,  with  transports  of 
joy,  they  received  various  trinkets,  for  wliich  in  return 
they  gave  srtich  prf)visions  as  they  had,  and  some  cotton 
yarn,  the  only  cammodity  of  value  thev  could  produce."*' 

16.  To  this  island  Columbus  g:tve  the  name  of  San  Sal- 
vador. The  tiatives  called  it  Guanahani,  and  by  that 
name  it  is  now  known.  It  is  one  of  the  Bahama  isles,  und 
is  above  three  thousand  miles  from  Gomera,  the  most 
western  of  the  (yanaries.  From  the  |K)verty  and  ignorance 
of  the  inhabitants,  Colimibus  was  convinced  that  he  had 
not  yet  arrived  a^.  the  rich  country  which  was  the  object 
of  his  wearch.  Leaving  Guanahani,  he  discovered  and 
visited  several  othfHr  islands,  and  at  length  arrived  at  one 
calb'd  Hayii,  and  by  him.  Hispaniula.  Here  he  remained 
a  few  weeks,  Siid  then  returned  to  Spain. 

17.  The  news  of  riis  wonderful  discovery  filled  the  king- 
d(»m  with  a^onishment  and  joy.  His  reception  at  court 
was  accompanied  by  flattering  and  splendid  ceremonies 
ordaint^d  for  the  occasion ;  and  he  was  honored  by  many 
pnMifs  of  royal  favor.  He  made  three  subsequent  voyages, 
and,  in  149R,  discovered  the  continent  of  Ajnerica,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Oronoro,  a  river  of  the  third  or  fourth  mag- 
nitude in  the  New  World,  but  far  surpassing  the  largest 
in  the  Old.  .; 

18.  The  honnir,  however  of  first  discovering  the  eonti- 
nent,  must,  without  diminishing  the  merit  of  Columbus, 
be  given  to  John  Cabot  and  his  son  Sebastian.  They  were 
Venetians  by  birth,  but,  soon  afler.the  result  of  the  first 
Toyagt  of  Columbui  Vr'Oi  known*  irar?  ttnti  by  tkt 


.,.V_;.  ..,   .     i.i 


.';»»"*•■ 


IMTltOOUOnON. 


u 


fete 


of  England,  on  an  expedition  of  discoYery,  in  the  lama  di*  . 
*  tection.  1  n  June,  1 497,  they  arrived  at  the  island  of  New- 
foundland, in  North  America,  and,  proceedingjyest^ard, 
soon  atler  reached  the  continent.  It  being  ffieir  obiect 
also  to  find  a  direct  passage  to  the  Eabt  Indies,  they  nrst 
sailed  northwardly  m  search  of  it,  as  far  as  the  57th  de- 
gree of  latitude ;  then,  returning,  cruised  along  the  coast 
to  East  I'lorida;  and  thence  sailed  to  England  without 
having  made  anv  settlements  Upon  tlie  discoveries  ^^M 
in  this  voyage  the  Enslish  founded  their  claim  to  the  ea^ 
em  portion  of  Noith  America. 

19.  In  1499,  Alonza  de  Ojeda,  a  companion  of  Colum- 
bus in  his  first  expedition,  sailing  under  the  patronage  of 
several  Portuguese  merchants,  discovered  the  continent 
at  Paria,  in  the  5th  degree  of  north  latitude.  Americus 
Vespi!cius,  a  Florentine  gentleman  who  acc<mipaniediiim, 
published,  on  his  return,  an  account  of  the  vo^^nge  and  a 
descriptiiin  of  the  country  which  they  had  visited;  and 
from  him  it  derives  the  name  it  bears. 

ISO.  In  1504,  several  adventurous  navigators,  from  dif- 
ferent parts  of  France,  came,  in  small  vessels,  to  fisl^  on 
the  bonks  of  Newfoundland.  In  1534,  John  Verrazzoiio, 
a  Florentine,  in  the  employment  of  the  kins  of  France, 
sailed  along  the  coast  of  America,  from  Florida  to  the  50th 
degree  of  north  latitude.  He  is  supposed  to  have  entered 
the  harbour  of  New- York.  He  msule,  the  next  year,  ano^ 
ther  voyage,  from  which  he  never  returned,  nor  is  it  knowu  # 
by  what  disaster  he  perislied. 

21.  During  the  next  forty  years,  freqnent  voyages  were 
made  to  the  coast  of  North  America.  Of  some,  the  object 
was  fishing;  of  others,  trade  with  the  natives.  In  1540, 
the  French  made  an  attempt  to  plant  a  colony  in  Canada, 
which  was  unsuccessful. 

22.  The  religious  wars  winch  afflicted  France  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  induced  that  illustrious  statesman,  Jas 
per  Coligni,  the  head  of  the  Protestant  sect^  to  project,  in 
1502,  a  settlement  in  America,  to  which  his  bretliren 

.  might  retire  from  the  pt^rsecution  of  the  Catholics.  Fit- 
ting out  two  ships,  he  sent  them  thither  under  the  com- 
mand of  John  Ribaut,  who  landed  at  a  place  supposed  to 
be  within  the  limits  of  South  Carolina,  built  a  fprt,  left  a 
part  of  his  men,  and  returned  to  France. 

33.  The  men  who  were  left,  soon  after  mutinred,  killed 
their  commander,  built  and  equipped  a  vessel  and  pot  to 
Haring  been  out  seToral  weeks  and  consumed  all 


llWHWW(?t?Wi 


their  proTiMODSy  <me  of  their  number,  who  consented  to  b^ 
made  a  victim  to  save  his  comrades,  was  lulled  and  e^jten, 
A  few  Ha^  afterwards,  they  wore  taken  up  by  an  English 
vessel  anIPMirried  to  England.  This  was  the  first  attunpt 
to  plant  a  colony  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States; 
and  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  to  securf;  an  asylum  from 
religious  persecution  was  ihe  object  in  view.  Uoligni  a^ 
terwards  sent  a  party  to  Florida,  who  were  treacherously 
ipissacred  by  the  Spaniards. 

'84.  In  1583,  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  having  received 
from  queen  filizabe^th  a  grant  of  such  *'  remote,  heathen, 
and  barbarous  lands**  as  he  might  discover  and  occupy, 
fitted  out  a  squadron  of  five  ships,  and  sailed  for  Americisu 
On  arriving  before  St.  John,  in  Newfoundland,  he  found 
thirty-six  vessels  fishing  in  the  harbor.  He  landed  and 
took  p(>8session  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  his  sovereign. 
On  his  return  to  England^  he  suffered  shi^Avreck  and 
perished. 

^  25.  The  next  year.  Si.*  Walter  Raleigh,  distinguished 
in  thcihistory  of  England  as  a  gallant  knight  and  as  the 
favorite  of  the  queen,  obtained  a  renewafof  the  patent 

Sra).ced  to  Sir  Humphrey,  who  was  his  half  brother,  and 
espatched  to  America  two  ships  commanded  by  captains 
Araiidas  and  Barlow.  Thev  first  landed  on  an  island  in 
the  inlet  to  Pamplico  sound,  then  proceeded  to  the  isle  of 
Roanoke  at  the  mouth  of  Albemarle  sound,  in  North  Caro- 
Jina,  and  at  both  places  were  treated  with  great  respect  b^f 
'the  natives.   , 

26.  Having  freighted  their  ships  v/ith  furs,  sassafras 
and  cedar,  they  returned  to  England,  where  they  published 
marveHous  accounts  of  the  beauty  of  the  country,  the'fer- 
tiliiy  of  the  soil,  the  mildness  of  th^  climate,  and  the  in- 
nocence of  the  natives.  The  qneen  was  so  charmed  with 
the  description,  that,  as  a  memorial  that  the  country  had 
been  discovered  during  the  reign  of  a  virgin  queeq,  she 
called  it  Virginia. 

27.  The  next  vear,  Raleigh  sent  from  England  seven 
vessels,  commanded  by  Sir  Richard  Grenville,  and  carry- 
ing upwards  of  one  hundred  per<H>ns,  destined  to  b^sin  a 
settlement.  They  were  left  under  Ralph  Lane,  on  Roa- 
noke island.  The  success  of  the  Spaniards  In  finding  gold 
in  South  America,  led  these  adventurers  to  employ  their 
time  in  a  fruitless  search  for  it  here.  In  1586,  they  were 
visited  by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  who,  at  their  request,  con- 
rayed  them  hwk  to  Eoi^hind*    Laae  canying  home  a 


isrtiomemm. 


19 


IBantitY  of  toba«!co,  the  Indian  cust^  >  of  smoking  It  was 
idiifiei  by  Raleigh,  a  man  of  gaiei;'  id  fashion,  and  in-* 
troduced  at  court.  ^ 

"28,  8mm  ader  Drake  departed,  Grenviile  again  arrived 
with  provisions  for  the  settlement.  Findingji  aliandoned, 
ho  len  filXeen  men  to  keep  possession  of  the  country.  In 
1537,  three  other  ships  were  sent  to  the  same  place,  but 
tno  men  who  had  been  iefl  could  not  be  found,  havin(|[  pro- 
b>Ai)ly  been  murdered  by  the  savages.  AAer  remaiiiing  a 
few  weeks  on  the  coast,  the  ships  returned  to  H!nglan#^ 
leaving  one  hundred  and  seventeen  men  on  the  island. 
War  then  existing  between  England  and  Spain,  two  years 
elapsed  before  the  coast  was  again  visited.  In  that  peritKl 
the  whole  number  perished  ^  but  in  what  manner  has  never 
been  ascertained.  Thus  ended  the  exf^rtions  of  Raleigh 
to  plant  a  colony  in  America. 

:19.  These  successive  misfortunes  withdrew,  for  several 
jfv.rs,  the  attention  of  the  Knglish  from  these  distant  re- 
|!ions.  In  1002,  Bartholomew  Gosnold  made  a  voyage  Ui 
America.  Instead  of  taking  the  circuitous,  but  usuwroute, 
bv  the  West  India  islands,  he  steered  directly  west  from 
England,  sluirtening  the  voyage  at  leasi  one  third,  and  ar- 
rived, in  May,  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts.  He  disco- 
verad  a  headland,  and  taldng  a  great  (iuantitv  of  codfish 
near  it,  called  it  Cape  Cod.  Proceeding  southwardly,  he 
passed  Gay  Head,  entered  Buzzanrs  bay,  and  upon  an 
island  within  it  er  >cted  a  small  Ibrt,  the  ruins  of-  whicb' 
were  visible  so  late  as  1797.  After  trading  a  while  with 
the  Indians  he  returned  home. 

^  30.  The 're|M)rt  made  by  Gosnold  revived  the  spirit  of 
adventure.  In  1608  and  ir>05,  two  voyages  were  made 
in  the  same  direction,  and  Penobscot  bay,  Massachusetts 
bay,  and  the  rivers  between  them  were  mscovered.  The 
acc<iunts  siven  by  the  last  navigators  confirmed  the  report 
of  Gospold,  and  led  to  a  more  extensive  scheme  of  coloni- 
zation than  had  yet  been  attempted.  * 

31.  Of  this  scneme,  Mr.  Richard  Hakluyt  was  the  most 
active  promoter.  By  his  persuasion  an  association  of  cen- 
tlemen,  in  different  parts  of  the  kingdom,  was  formed  for 
the  purp4)8e  of  sending  colonies  to  America,  \j\yon  their 
application  to  king  James,  he,  by  letter%  patent,  dated  in 
1806,  divided  the  country  of  YirgiTiis,  then  considered  as 
extending  from  the  southern  boundary  of  North  Carolina  to 
the  northern  boundary  of  Maine,  into  two  districts,  and  con- 
stituted two  cmnpames  for  planting  colonies  within  them* 


vir 


Xi**^ 


f  a   »  rv  -  7t 


Kf.-  i-'  :''rf-i' 


y^Wy^^WH^P^^TCV'^Jr^lC-MtlW*  '^.•M  '.-{"I!"' Wi^ 


f^^^TTV  -, 


ll 


v**- 


mlsox^tjoticm* 


ti.  Tli0  «oiithflm  4i«lrlet  ha  granted  lo  Sir  ThMuw 
,llfttes  ftfid  hie  assoeiitesy  chiefly  resident  in  Loadoii,Snd 
Uierefore  atyled  the  London  Company.  1^  northern 
^*i#Btriet  be  granted  to  Thomas  Hanham  and  his  associates, 
whll  were  styled  the  Plymouth  Compan;^'.  The  two  dia- 
tiim  were  styled  Senth  and  N'^rth  Virgmia.  The  mem- 
bera  of  these  coiii|ianie6  were  principally  merchants ;  their 
o^eets  were  the  extensicm  of  commerce  and  the  discovery 
ouiMnes  of  the  precious  metals,  which  were  supposed  to 
alilmnd  in  North  as  well  as  io  South  America. 

33.  For  the  snpeme  gpTeniment  of  the  colonies,  a  grand 
«ounoU  was  instituted,  the  members  of  which  were  to  r»* 
side  in  England,  and  te  be  appointed  by  the  king.  The 
subordinate  jurisdiction  was  committed  to  a  council  in  each 
oolony,  the  members  of  whleh  were  to  be  appointed  by  the 
^nd  council,  in  England,  and  to  be  governed  by  rts 
metructions.  To  the  emigrants  and  their  descendants 
If  ere  secured  the  ei\)oynient  of  all  the  rights  of  denizens 
lir  citizens,  in  the  same  manner  and  to  the  same^exteat  as 
if  ihey  had  r^nmined  or  boou  bom  in  England.         * 

84.  Before  the  date,  however,  of  these  letters  patent^ 
the  king  of-Frjiice  granted  to  the  Sieur  De  Mbnts  all  the 
territory  from  the  4§th  to  the  46th  degree  of  north  latitude, 
or  from^  New-Jersey  to  Ntiva  Scotia,  then  called  Acadia. 
By  virtue  of  this  grant  a  settlement  was  made  in  1604,  on 
~  le  south  eastern  side  of  the  bay  of  Fundy,  and  called  Port 

r>yal.    In  160S,  Samuel  Champhiin,  the  agent  of  De 

bnts,  laid  the  fimrtdation  of  Quebec,  the  capital  or  Ca- 
nada. From  these  possessions  of  the  French,  the  colo- 
nies of  New  England  and  New- York  were,  for  more  than 
a  emitiiry,  frequently  and  cruelly  annoyed^ 


M. 


M 


;*e^ 


'**#• 


<'h- 


CHAPTER  L 
HISTORY  OP  VIKUINIA.    ; 

Iiondon  OoBipany,  soon  after  Us  kcorponll^ii 
160^  dcBpatchnd  to  America  three  ^bfos,  having  oil  boaid 
one  hundred  and  five  persons,  destuicd  to  begin  a  settle- 
ment in  Soutli  Virginia.  Ohrtstilpher  Newport  ooDtniarid- 
ed  the  sc|uadron.  He  waa  accomjpanifMl  by  captain  lloa- 
nold  and  other  distinguished  indiil^duals:  84>iiie  allured  1^ 
curiosUy,  and  somo  by  the  prospect  of  gain,  to  vlsif  a 
ctMintry  said  to  be  inhabited  by  a  new  race  of  beings,  and 
to  abound  in  silver  and  gf»ld. 

2.  A  sealed  box  was  delivered  to  Newport,  with  direc« 
tjons  that  it  should  not  be  opemnl  until  twenty-four  hours 
aller  the  emigrants  had  landed  in  America,  purine  the 
voyage,  violent  dissrn«iic»ns  arose  among  the  principal  per* 
sonages  on  board  the  squadron.  Of  most  (»t  them,  John 
Smitn,  one  of  the  adventurers,  incurred  the  distrust  and 
hatred.  His  superior  talents,  and  the  fiiaie  he  had  ac«* 
quirexl  hy^his  exploits  in  war,  excUed  tlieir  envy,  and  pro^ 
bahly  cai^st^d  hiiu  to  claim  for  liimRolf  greater  deference 
than  they  were  willing  (»r  IxiUtul  to  yield. 

3.  ln_  IiIh  youth  he  had  hc^rn  a  merchant'^s  apprentice. 
At  the  age  of  tift^'on,  he  quitted  his  mr.iiter  and  travellieid 
in  Framre,  the  Netherlands,  Kgy|»t,  and  Germany.     H 
ing  joined  the  anuv  of  ttie  emperor  of  Aiistria,  who  y 
then  at  war  with  the  Turks,  he  received,  as  a  reward 
a    icfessful  stratagem,  the  command  of  a  %raop  oj'  horse. 

4.  In  three  «)eipsonal  combats  with  Turkish  champHini), 
he  camo  off  victorious,  at  each  time  killiiu:  his  adfersly^. 
Ih  a  battle  which  subseiiuently  took  pla4||^  he  Uras  woundled 
and  taken  prisoner.  A  tier  his  recoveirf ,  he  was  $ient  as  a 
slave  to  Constantinople.  He  had  fallen  imo  the  hands  of 
a  craei  master ;  hut  his  mistress,  captit^ted  by  his  fine 
appearance  and  heroic  charactery'-and  d^hiiserating  his 
fate,  sent'him,  in  the  absence  of  her  husb^Eul,  to  her  bfv 
ther,  who  dwelt  near  the  sea  of  Asoph.  ne^  disregardiiig 
her  diiections,  assigned  to  Smith  degrading  and  laborioiia 
tasks,  and  beat  him  without  mercy  whenever  he  fidled  to 
perform  them.  :  *#m 

5.  Seizing  a  favarable  opportnnity.  he  killed  hia  ni^w 
master  and*'fled  into  Ru^wuu  After  visiting  Germany, 
Fiaaoei  Spaiiiv  and  Morod^  he  retttmed  w  £iiglaid, 


^ 


w 


•^ 
i  •,*• 


1  'J 


VtftGlNU. 


# 


beeame  aeqnainted  with  Gosnold,  aiid  was  oasily  perana^ 
lo  embark  in  an  expeditiun  to  a  country  he  had  not  yet 
TiaitedyiiA  search  of  new  scenes  and  new  adventures. 
While  yet  at  6ea,  he  was  accused  of  an  intentuin  to  inur* 
der  the  council,  usurp  the  government,  and  mak^  himself 
king  of  Virginia ;  and  ufMin  this  absurd  accusation  was  pat 
in  confinement. 

6.  'I^he  place  of  tlieir  destination  was  the  disastrous 
position  of  the  Roanoke.  A  storm  fortunately  drove  them 
ti»  the  mouth  of  ('hesapeake  bay,  which  they  entered  on 
t|ie  ^f>th  of  April,  1(>07.  Discovering  a  large  and  beauti- 
ful river,  they  gave  it  the  name  of  James  liiver,  ascended 
It,  and  on  its  banks  had  several  interviews  with  the  natives. 

7.  in  one  of  these  a  chief  came  forward,  holding  in  one 
iiand  his  bow  and  arrows,  in  the  other  a  pipe  of  tobacco, 
aiid  demanded  the  cause  of  their  coming.  They  made 
signs  of  |)eace,  and  were  received  as  friends.  I'aspiha, 
another  chie I,  when  informed  of  their  wish  to  settle  in  the 
country,  oifered  them  as  nmch  land  as  they  wanted,  atrd 
«ent  tfiem  a  deer  for  their  entertainment. 

8.  On  the  I3th  of  May,  they  debarke(i  at  a  place  which 
they  called  Jamestown.  On  op(^iung' the  sealed  Im)X,  it 
was  found  to  contain  the  names  of  the  c<iiincil  and  instruc- 
ticms  (or  their  guidance.  In  the  list  were  the  names  of 
Gosnold,  Smith,  VVingfield,  and  Newport.     Win^field  was 

ected  president,  anua  vote  was  passed  exchiding Smith 
bin  his  seat  at  the  board.  He  was,  however,  released 
from  confinement. 

!J.  The  whole  country  was  then  a  wilderness,  in  which 
a  few  Indians  roamed  in  pursuit  of  their  enemies  or  of 
wild  l)easts  for  food.  Jn  color  they  were  darker  than  the 
Fiuropean,  but  uul  so  black  as  the  negro.  They  possessed 
all  the  vices  and  virtues  of  the  savage  state;  were  cun- 
ning in  stratagiin,  ferocious  in  battle,  cruel  to  their  con- 
quered enemi^  kind  and  hospitable  to  their  friends.  They 
had  no  written  language;  they  were  unac(|uaiMed  with 
the  use  of  iren  and  the  other  metals ;  their  weapons  of 
war  were  a  bow  and  arniwr,  a  stone  hatchet,  which  they 
called  a  tomahawk,  and  a  eiub.  They  lived  principally 
by  hunting,  but  sometimes  cultivated  small  patches  of 
Indian  corn. 


■^■* 


ttio 


Imt  little  aid  or  comfort.  Yet  they  took  no  care  to  pmvide 
for  vheir  future  subsistence  or  preservation.  Thev  plaiki- 
ed  nothing  the  first  y^ar.    The  provisions  broun^irom 


tmoncut 


It 


England  were  soon  consumed.  In  four  month's,  famine  ai4 
the  diseases  of  a  hot^and  damp  climate  swept  away  fifty 
•f  their  number. 

11.  These  dreadful  distresses  led  them  to  reflect  upon 
their  situation  and  conduct.  Haying  become  sensible  of 
their  jiyustioe  to  Smith,  they,  at  his  request,  had  sranted 
him  a  trial,  which  resulted  in  an  honorable  acquittal,  litis 
personal  talents  and  activity  now  enforced,  in  adversttyi 
the  same  regard  and  deference  which,  in  prosperous  timesy 
are  yielded  <Nily  to  Tested  authi>rity  and  official  stativ^n. 

12.  By  his  adyice,  a  fort  was  erected,  to  pn»tect  them 
from  the  attacks  of  the  Indians.  To  procure  brovisioM 
and  explore  the  ctmntry,  he  made  fi3i|uent  and  distant  ex- 
cursions into  the  wilderness.  In  one  of  these  he  seized 
an  Indian  idd,  made  with  iridns  stuffed  witii  moss,  for  the 
redemption  of  which  as  much  com  was  brought  him  as  he 
required.  Sometimes  he  procured  supplies  by  caresses, 
sometimes  by  purchass,  and  when  these  means  failed  of 
success,  he  scrupled  not  to  resort  to  stratagem  and  violence. 

13.  But  in  the  nidst  of  his  activity  and  usefulness,  he 
was,  while  exploring  the  source  of  the  river  Chickahominy^ 
surprised  and  a^^tacked  by  a  party  of  Indians.  H  e  defended 
himself  bravely  until  his  compuiions  were  killed,  when  he 
turned  to  flee.  Running  ^t  hazard,  he  sunk  to  his  nS^^ 
in  a  swamp  and  was  taken  prisoner. 

14.  The  exulting  savages  conducted  him  in  triumph^ 
throuffh  several  towns,  to  their  king,  Powhatan.  At  tl^ 
end  of  sit  weeks,  their  chiefs  assembled  to  deliberate  oti 
his  fate.  They  decided  that  be  should  die.  i  He  was  led 
forth  to  execution;  his  head  was  placed  upon  a  stone, and 
an  Indian  stood  near  with  a  club,  the  instrument  of  death. 
At  this  Instant,  Pocahontas,  the  young  and  favorite  daugh- 
ter of  the  king,  appeared,  and  rushing  between  the  execu- 
tioner and  the  prisoner,  folded  his  head  in  her  arms  and 
entreated  her  father  to  spare  his  life.  Powhatan  relented, 
directed  &mith  to  be  conducted  to  his  wigwam  or  hut,  and 
itoon  afterwards  sent  him,  escorted  by  twelve  guides,  to 
Jamestown. 

15.  On  his  arrival  there,  he  found  the  number  of  set- 
tlers reduced  to  thirty-eight,  and  most  of  these  had  deter- 
miBod  to  abandon  the  country.  By  persuasions  and  threats^ 
ho  induced  a  majority  to  relmquish  their  design.  The  re* 
ualinSr,  more  resolute,  Went  on  b@&»d  a  small  vessel  in 
Ihe  hver.    Against  these  he  i^a^tly  directed  the  guna 


vmoniu. 


ilf  th«  forty  when,  to  avoid  the  darger  of  being  nink,  ibey 
Inuiteiied  back  to  their  cumpanions. 

16.  Sustaining  now  a  high  reputation  among  the  Indianei 
Jie  obtained  from  them  occasional  suptklies  of  provisions, 
whicji  pteserved  the  colony  from  famine.  Tho  princeca 
P<Ksahuntaa  alsu,  remembering  him  whose  life  she  had 
saved,  frequently  sent  him  such  articles  as  were  most 
noeded*.,  The  settlers^  were  thus  enabled  to  subsist  until 
eaptaifi  Newp<}rt,  wno  had  returned  to  England,  again  ar- 
rive'! at  Jamestown,  with  a  quantity  of  provisions,  and  one 
imndrtnl  and  twenty  persons  who  came  to  reside  in  the 

17.  All  danger  being  in  appearance  over,  the  emigrants 
no  longer  submitted  to  the  authority,  nor  listened  to  the 
advice  of  Smith.    Disorder  and  confusion  followed ;  and 

P^;v ;  mlMHit  this  time,  that  raging  passion  for  gold,  which  first 
im|)el1ed  Euro|)ean8  to  resort  to  this  country,  was  again 
excited.  In  a  stream  north  of  Jamestown,  a  glittering 
earth  was  (Hse<ivered  which  was  sup|)osed  to  be  gold  dust. 
•*  Immeiiiately,"  says  Stith,  in  his  history,  **  there  was  no 
thought,  no  discourse,  'no  hope,  and  no  work^  but  to  dig 
gold,  wash  gold,  refine  gold,  and  load  gold.**  And  notwith- 
i||ndin|f  the  remonstrances  ofSirdtb,  a  shipw^as  freighted 
^h  thi^Wxirthless  comm<Klity  and  sent  to  England. 

18.  Finding  he  could  not  be  useful  in  Jamestown,  and 
ttnwilling  to  Se  idle,  Smith  set  out  upon  an  expedition  to 

'  explore  the  coasts  of  the  Chesapeake.  With  great  labor 
ana  ^tigue,  he  examined  every  inlet,  river,  and  bay,  as  far 
as  the  mouth  of  the  Rappahannock ;  whence,  his  provi« 
sions  being  exhausted,  he  retuined  home.     . 

19.  He  found  the  people  turbulent  and  discontented. 
They  charged  the  president  with  squandering  the  public 
property,  and  imposing  upon  them  unnecessary  fatigue,  by 
eolnpeliing  them  to  build  for  himself  a  house  of  pleasure 
|R  the  woods.  He  was  dejiosed ;  Smith  was  chosen  to 
succeed  him ;  he  refused  to  accept  the  office,  bat  no  other 
perstin  was  appointed. 

20.  Having  procured  a  supply  of  provisions,  he  again 
departed  to  complete  the  survey  of  the  Chesapeake.  He 
viaited  all  the  countries  on  both  shores ;  he  traded  with 
apme  tribes;  lie  fought  with  others;  and  left,  among  all, 
|ne  hisrhest  adiniratitm  of  the  beneficence  or  valor  of  the 
Kngjish.  Returning  after  an  absence  of  six  weeH,  he 
wras  again  chosen  president.    Yielding  to  the,  general 


'nofinA: 


w 


wifh,  ho  CAiiieiited  to  aoe^pt  the  offico*    Undo?  his 
ministratiofif  habits  of  industry  and  sulrardination  weso 
fi>rmed«  and  peace  autit  plt*nty  smiled  u|X)ii  the  coNmv. 

31.  In  1609,  the  l<ondcn  Company,  having  ofnatned  a 
new  charter, con ienrinfl  greater  p<)vversand  privilt  ges  than 
the  former,  despatched  to  Virjj^nia  nine  ships,  carrying  five 
hundred  emigrants,  and  certain  officers  apiMiinted  to  Su- 
persede the  existing  government.  The  ship,  19  which 
these  officers  embarked,  was  driven  ashore  on  the  island 
of  Bermudas.  The  settlers,  who  came  in  the  others,  were 
licentious,  profligate,  and  disorderly*  Assuming  the  pt^wer 
cf  disposing  of  the  government,  they  coiii'erred  it  soiaf 
times  on  one,  and  sometimes  on  another. 

22,  In  tiiis  confusion,  Hmith  hesitated  hut  a  short  time 
in  deciding  what  course  to  4)ursue.  He  determined  that 
his  authority  was  not  suspended  until  the  ariival  of  the 
persons  appointed  to  supersede  him,  and  resimied,  with  a 
strong  hand,  the  reins  of  government.  He  boldly  im- 
prisoned the  leaders  of  the  sedition,  and  restored  for  a 
time  regularity  and  obedience. 

33.  The  Indians,  jealous  of  the  increasing  power  of  the 
strangers  who  had  invaded  their  country,  concerted  a  ph>t 
to  destroy  them.  Pocahontas,  the  constant  friencVof  V|^ 
ginia^iastened,  in  a  dark  and  dreary  niffht,  to  Jamestovi)^ 
and  informed  Smith  of  his  danger.  Measures  of  precau- 
tion were  instantly  taken.  The  Indians,  perceiving  that 
their  design  was  discovered,  again  brouglit  presents  <^ 
peace  to  the  English.  n  ;   - 

34.  Soon  afler,  Smith,  having  received  by  accident  a  se- 
vere wound,  returned  to  England  to  procure  the  aid  of  a' 
surgeon.  Disastrous  consequences  followed.  The  In- 
dians, learning  that  the  man  whom  they  dreaded  most  had 
left  the  colony,  attacked  it  with  united  forces*  A  dread* 
ful  famine  ensued.  To  such  extremity  were  the  settk|S 
reduced,  that  they  devoured  the  skins  of  the  horsf^s,  the 
bodies  of  the  Indians  whom  they  had  killed,  and  at  last 
those  of  their  own  companions,  who  had.sunk  under  accu- 
mulated miseries.  These  tremendons  Offerings  were  re- 
collected long  afterwards  with  horror,  artd  the  period  was 
remembered  and  distinguished  by  the  name  (^f  the  **  start- 
ing TIME." 

35.  In  six  months,  the  colony,  from  five  htfndred  per- 


Tf%rtn9fr^itiiru,a  4«?u^uw%i  M/\r  otAifjr  ,    auu^  «>n<;r><7   vroii?    i5Av.i->"'«ing»^ 


■t'  ■■;■ 


't-, 


ected.    In  this  situation  they  were  visited  bj  those  who 
Weie  ship^ecked  at  JDozmudast    All  immediatel|r  detoi- 


■liiied  tf  retam  to  Bnglaiid*  For  this  piirpo8o»  tho 
aint  of  tho  colony  ombiukod  on  board  tho  ships  jak  trrifo^ 
and  soiled  down  tho  rirer.  Fortunmtely  tney  woro  msl 
hf  lAurd  Delaware,  who  had  been  appointed  goTomor  of 
V  iff  tnia,  ami  who,  having  brought  with  him  a  supply  of 
provisitmsi  persuaded  them  to  return  to  Jamestown.  ' 

26.  This  nobleman,  by  the  mildness  of  his  temper  and 
his  assiduity  in  business,  restored  order  and  contentment ; 
ami  the  Indians  were  again  taught  to  respect  and  fear  tho 
English.  Ader  a  short  administration,  he  was  succeeded 
by  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  bv  whom,  on  the  recurrence  of  dis- 
omsrly  conduct,  martial  Jaw  was  proclaimed  and  riffidly 
enforced.  In  tho  same  year.  [1611,]  Sir  Thomas  Gates 
was  appointed  goyemor.  He  brought  with  him  to  Virginia 
a  reinforcement  of  settlers,  by  wliom  new  towns  were 
founded.  And  anothfsr  charter  was  granted  by  the  king* 
conferring  additional  privileges. 

d7.  In  1612,  captain  Argai  having  learned,  while  on  a 
trading  voyage  to  the  Potomac,  that  Pocahontas  was  in 
the  neighborhood,  viisited  and  persuaded  her  to  go  on  board 
his  vessel.  He  treated  her  respectfully,  but  detained  and 
carried  her  to  Jamestown.  He  presumed  that  the  posses- 
skin  of  Pocahontas  would  dve  tne  English  an  ascendency 
cnrer  Powhatan,  who  was  Icnown  to  feel  a  strong  attach* 
meut  to  his  daughter.  In  this,  however,  he  was  disap* 
ptinted.  Puwhatan,  noble  by  nature,  felt  indignant  at  this 
instance  of  treachery  in  the  English.  He  ofTered  a  ran- 
som for  his  daughter,  but  refiised  to  consent  to  any  terms 
of  peace  until  she  was  restored. 

28.  During  her  stay  at  Jamestown,  her  beanty,  her  art- 
less simplicity,  and  those  graces  of  manner  which  over 
accoinpany  dignity  of  mind  and  innocence  of  heart.  Won 
the  aifnctiuns  of  Mr.  Roire,a  young  and  respectable  plan- 
ter. He  succeeded  in  producing  a  reciprocal  attachment. 
Thc^y  wore  married  witn  the  consent  or  Powhatan.  Tho 
consilience  of  this  maniage  was  peace  with  her  fhther^ 
and  With  all  the  Uibes  who  stood  in  awe  of  his  power. 

29.  Rolfe  and  his  princess  made  a  voyage  to  England, 
where  she  was  received  by  tho  king  and  queen  with  tho 
attention  due  ^o  her  rank.  For  her  Virtaes,  and  her  dis- 
interested services,  she  ^as  universally  beloved  and  re- 
spited. She  died  when  about  to  return  to  America,  leav- 
ing one  son,  from  ^hom  are  descended  some  of  theai»6» 
respectable  families  in  Virginia. 

3CI.  In  1613,  captain  Ar^  was  svnti  with  a  nairsl  ton^ 


>^^f^:, 


vntoiNtA. 


it 


ii»  drive  the  French  from  the  settlemen^a  they  had  begon 
in  Acadia,  which  were  considered  tti  be  within  the  luiiits. 
of  North  Virginia.  He  accomplished  the  object  or  the 
expixlition,  at;d,  when  returning,  visited  a  Dntch  trading 
establiaiiincnt  <iri  Hudsoa^a  river,  which  was  alao  within 
the  aatne  Ihnits.  The  tf^ivernor,  too  feeble  to  reaUt,  ac* 
knowledj^ed  hiinAelfsulJect  in  the  king  of  Kiiglafid* 

31.  The  king,  in  his  inHiructions  tftven  at  thl^^imeof 
tlie  Hr8t  emigration  to  .lam(^8town,  directed  that  all  the 
land  should  lie  owned  in  common,  and  that  the  pniduceof 
till*  labor  of  all  should  he  de|M)sited  In  the  public  atora8«,i 
In  such  circumstances  no  one  would  labor  with  the  aanl^ 
steadiness  and  animation  as  if  he,  aii4  be  alone,  was  to 
possess  and  enjoy  the  fruit  o\'  his  industry.  A  dillTerent 
regulation  was  now  adopted.  To  each  inhabitant,  three 
acres  of  land  were  assigned  in  full  property,  and  he  was 
pennitted  to  employ,  in  the  cultivation  of  it,  a  certain  por- 
tion of  his  time.  'Fhe  eflects  of  this  alteration  wtre  im- 
me('mtely  visible,  and  domonstntod  so  clearly  its  wisdom, 
that  soon  alter  another  assignment  of  tifty  acres  was  made; 
and  the  plan  of  working  in  a  common  field,  to  fill  the  public 
stores,  was  entirely  abandoned. 

32.  Since  the  year  KUl,  the  colony  had  been  governed 
by  martial  law,  which  was  administered  by  m^puty  gover- 
nor Argal,  with  so  much  ri^or  as  to  excite  universal  dis- 
content. The  council  in  hn<!land,  listening  to  ^lie  com- 
pla;<ntsqf  the  Virginians,  appointed  Mr.  Yeardly  governor, 
and  instructed  him  to  inquire  into  and  redress  their  wrongs. 
He  arrived  in  April,  IGi9,  and  immediately,  to  the  ^eat 
joy  of  the  inhabitants,  called  a  general  assembly  ol  the 
colony.  It  met  at  Jamestown,  on  the  lOth  of  .Tune,  and 
was  composed  of  delegates  from  the  boroughs,  then 
amounting  to  seven.  They,  the  governo-,  and  the  ooun- 
cil,  sat  and  deliberated  in  the  same  apartuient,  and  acted 
as  one  body.  "     ^' 

I  33.  Kmigrants  continued  to  arrive  frequently  from  Eng- 
land, but^  nearly  all  were  men,  who  came  for  the  purpose 
of  obtaining  wealth,  and  intended  eventually  to  return. 
With  such  views,  they  were  evidently  less  useful  to  the 
colony  than  if  they  should  be  induced  to  regard  it  as  their 
home,  and  as  the  abodo  of  their  posterity.  To  produce 
this  desirable  attachment  to  the  couiftr>',  ninety  girls, 
young  and  uncorrupt,  were  sent  over  in  the  year  1620,  and 
sixty  more  in  the  subsequent  year,  and  unmediately  sold 
to  the  yoimg  planters  as  wives.    The  price  was,  at  Urst, 


mat  Iran^red,  tad  tftf^Twarc^  ,  une  htmdred  mid  fifty  po«n|d§ 
of  tobftcco,  th«a  seiliiif  at  .  "u.  illiniis  the  pound:  iiid 
It  WtM  ordained,  that  debts,  conti^  d  for  wives,  should 
tm^d  In  preference  to  all  others. 

34.  About  the  sat  tim(i«  another  meaauro,  of  a  differ- 
ent  pliaracter,  was  u^.offted.  The  eonipnny  wnre  ordered 
by  the  king  to  transport  'o  Virginia  one  hundred  idle  and 
diaaolute  personsr  then  in  -ustody  for  their  ornnces. 
l^ey  wore  distributed  throb«;h  the  colony,  and  employed 
at  faoorers. 

35.  A  Dutch  vessel  also  brought  into  James  river  twenty 
Africans,  who  were  immediately  purchased  as  slaves. 
This  waa  the  cmUfkencement,  in  Iw  English  American 
colonies,  of  a  Irnnc  abhorrent  to  humanity,  disgraceful  to 
civilizatiofu  and  fbdug  the  foulest  stain  upon  the  character 
of  the  aire  and  people.  '^>    . 

3C.  The  colony  was  now  in  the  full  tide  of  prosfwirity. 
tti  nnmbors  had  greatly  Increased,  and  it^  settlements 
were  widely  ext<MUled.  At  peace  with  the  Indians,  it  re- 
posed in  jMtrfect  security,  and  nijoyed  wilhcnt  alloy  al!  the 
happiness  which  its  fortunate  situation  and  iavorable  pros- 
pects afforded.  It  was  d(Miined  to  ex|H'rience  a  reverse 
of  fortJ)n<%  8udden,  distresftinjj,  and  terry>le. 

37.  Ffiwiiatan,  the  friend  ot  the  l*!nKlish,  wnn  dead. 
Opecancanougft,  a  chief  endowed  with  nil  those  tiualuies 
which  gi*'<»  rank  and  reputation  to  an  Indian  warrior,  had 
•ucceeded  him  in  his  mfluencetind  power,  but  he  was  the 
aeoret  and  implacable  enemy  of  the  whites.  By  his  art 
and  eloquehlSe,  he  united  alt  the  neighl)ouring  tri1)es  in  the 
horrible  design  of  destr%[ng  every  man,  woman,  and  child 
in  *he  Rnglifh  settlements. 

J8.  The  plan  Mras  cdncerted  and  matured,  with  all  the 
secrecy  and  dissimulation  which  characterize  the  sa'*/ iges. 
;l^hile  intent  on  their  plot,  they  visited  the  settlements, 
lodged  4n  the  houses,  bought  arms  of  the  Knglish,  and  even  i 
borrowed  their  boats  to  enable'^them  to  accomplish  their 
barbarous  purpose. 

3d.  On  the  evening  before  ?.  «  fatal  day,  they  brought 
them  presents  of  game;  and  tho  >  1:^1  morning  came  freely 
•inong  themiL  behaving  as  usr.jil  ^iddenly,  precisely  at 
mid-day,  the  nlow  fell^  at  the  •h^mc  Instant,  u-^km  the  un- 
suspecting settlers;  and  three  hundred  and  forty-seveoTnen« 

«B7/wnAii       on/1     /klill/iPAn       ««r^i><k     <ri/»*livtO    t^%   tto-(r«k<«A   #Mi*AlkA««» 

and  jpruelty.    The  tnassacre  would  have  been  more  ex« 
tensivt  had  not  a  domesticated  Indian,  residing  in  ono  of  . 


TIMONU.'  H 

tiie ttalaMfy  reretlad  ihe  plot  to  kit  mmUr*  wlium  h«  bad 
been  solicitM  to  miiFder.  Information  wts  inets  utly  gi^ieti 
to  eume  of  the  nearest  aettlemonta,  and  Just  i^^  tiau;  to 
M^ye  them  frum  the  calaxmty  whieh  loll  apon  the  ^lihers. 

40.  Tiicf  hornd  spectacle  oefore  them  roue**^  ths  ICm- 
tish  from  reposo  to  vengeance.  A  viadiotive  ana  e^teHni* 
natin^  war  succeeded.  The  whites  were  vist4»rious,  de- 
[stroying  maiw  of  their  enemies,  and  obhging  the  remain- 
der  to  retire  far  into  the  wilderness.  But  thrir  own  num- 
Iber  multed  avray.  before  t'  i  liseries  of  war;  their  suttle- 
[ments  were  reduced  fu*'M«  V  'y  to  eigbtyand  famine  again 
[visited  them  with  ti.  afI^.otiii{  scuurgt*  In  l<>d4t  out  oil 
mine  thousand  person j,  :io  had  been  sei:U||«from  tiSngland 
[but  eigh'eeii  h* . '   ed  existed  in  the  colony.  ^ 

41.  Thr^ae  ccuiinual  misfortunes  attracted  the  attention 
[of  king  Ji»mes.    He  nvoked  the  charter  which  lie  had 

(ranted,  and  committed  the  management  of  all  the  affairs 

>f  the  colony  to  a  governor  and  twelve  counsellors,  who 

rere  to  be  appointed  by  the  king  and  to  be  guided  by  his 

Instructions.    Of  these  instructions,  those  concerning  to- 

io^  the  principal  article  exported  fiom  tbe  ooluny,  may 

taken  as  a  sample.    It  was  ordained  that  those  i/irho 

lised  it  should  nut^jiemseives  be  pemutted  to  dispose  of 

It,  but  should  export  It  to  Ensland,  and  oVlivef  it  to  cortain  Y^'.*" 

lesignated  agents ;  and  they  alone  were  authorized  to  sell  it. 

43,  Under  such  arbitrary  regulations,  the  people  lived 

md  suflfer^,  until  the  year  1636,  when  Sir  John  Harvey 

leld  the  office  of  governor.    He  was  haughtyt^rapacionS, 

ifeeling,  and  fitted,  by  his  disposition,  to  exercise  power 

the  true  spirit  of  his  insttuetions.    Inflamed  to  mad- 

less  by  his  oppressions,  the  VirgiolaTis,  in  a  fiiof  popular 

y,ir\.  F<)iaed  and  sent  liim  a  frisoiier  to  England..  At  the 

^»i'.ii»     «rae,  th""  despatched  two  deputies  charged  to  re- 

.*€2.i  the  grievances  of  tbe  colory  and  the  governor's  "" 

misconduct. 

i  |,43.  Charles  I,  who  was  then  king,  indignant  at  tbe 
violent  proceeding,  received  the  deputies  sternly,  and  sent 
back  the  governor,  invested  with  all  his  former  powers. 
He  was,  however,  in  1639,  succeeded  by  Sir  William 
Berkelev,  who  was  ii^tructed  again  to  allow  the  Virgini- 
ani  to  eleet  representatives.  Such  was  their  grai  tude  to 
the  kini^^for  thts  favor,  that  during  the  oivil  wars  between 
biffl  ann  his  parliament,  they  were  fairhnu  tm  the  royal 
CMifOi  and  continued  fbithftireven  after  he  was  dethroned 
and  his  son  driven  into  exile. 


H 


VIRGINIA. 


"*,:  C^':"!'?    • 


m 


I  44.  The  parliament,  irritated  by  this  conduct  of  the 

Viftfinians,  sent  Sir  George  Ayscue,  in  Ifi5'2,  with  a  |m»w- 
erAil  fl«e<,  to  reiluce  thrm  to  submission,  lierkeley,  with 
more  spirit  tlian  |>rud(Miue,  M|)|N)sed  this  force ;  hut  atlcr 
making  a  gallant  resistance,  he  was  obliged  to  yieltl.  He 
obtained  the  most  favorable  terms  for  tbe  colony,  but  ask- 
ed no  stipulations  in  his  own  tavor.  Withdrawing  to  a 
retired  situation,  he  lived  beloved  and  respected  by  the 
people* 

45.  Por  nine  years  aflenvards,  governors  ap|M)inted  by 
Cnnnwell,  continued  to  preside  over  the  colony.  But  the 
predilection  for  royalty,  which  the  inhabitants?  had  dis> 
played,  was  remembered,  and  they  were  less  favored  than 
those  of  New-England,  wh<»,  like  the  prrdominai.t  party 
in  Great  Britain,  were  republicans  in  politics,  and  puritans 
in  religion.  Arbitrary  restrictitms  upon  the  ct)»nmerce  of 
Virgima  checked  its  prosperity,  and  produced  discontent. 
At  length,  the  budden  death  of  governor  Matthews  allbrd- 
ed,  to  the  adherents  of  the  royal  cause,  a  favorable  oppor- 
tunity, which  they  gladly  seized,  to  proclaim  t^harles  II, 
and  ti»  invite  Berkeley  to  resume  the  authority  of  gover- 
nor. He  consented,  requiring  onlv  their  solemn  promise 
to  hazard  their  lives  and  fortunes  in  supporting  the  cause 
tiiey  had  esiwused. 

46.  At  this  period,  no  intelligence  had  been  received  of 
the  death  «  f  Cromwell.  Fortunately  for  the  colony,  that 
event  happened  soon  after;  the  king  whom  tluy  had  pro- 
claimed was  restored  to  the  throne ;  and  Virginia  for  a  long 
time  boasted,  that  she  was  the  last  of  the  British  domi- 
nions that  sui)mittpd  to  Cromwell,  and  the  first  that  re- 

i  turned  to  her  allegiance. 

47.  Charles  11  confirmed    Sir  William  Berkeley  in 
-    the  office  of  governor;  but  with  characteristic  ingrati- 

0  tude,  he  neglected  the  interests  of  the  colony,  and  even 

imposed  j^dditional  restrictions  upon  its  commerce.     He 

also  granted  to  his  favorites  large  tracts  of  land  which 

«    beL'inged  to  the  colony.     These  injuries,  inflicted  by  a 

hand  w^v-h  oujxht  to  have  bestowed  favors,  wounded  the 

J   ff  clings  c.f  the  Virginians,  and  produced  murmurs  and  com- 

^■^  plaints.     No  relief  being  granted,  an  open  and  turbulent 

"     insurrection  was  the  consequence. 

f  ^,  '  48.  At  the  head  of  the  insurgents  was  Nathaniel  Bacon. 
He  was  a  lawyer,  educated  in  London,  and  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  council,  a  short  time  after  his  emigration 
to  Virginia.    He  was  young,  bold,  ambitious;  his  persoo 


ttftfl^sonlf  oC  the 


Bmm  and  kis:1ii}|«ifHfl^ini»  *l»| 
det^niUTiefl  to  o^^pwe^  th#B| 
the  field,  tbialAl^f^pM*^ 
oisipd  the  sui^ip^ 
^ ;  and  no  pemA  W 


w. 


'J- 


r^ 


'h.'^' 


^ 


l),j .     ■'^ 


jii8tMtfiDt<!«P^«    Many  were  mcd  by  cuurtft^amo*, 
'exectiu*  iS^  ^Mly  ii^terierod,  Wiyfe£ 

leiSore^lnyHlidmty.    Sopii  after,  %WllUainrelj 
"  ttaad,  and  hiii  aathority  detol^od  on  ^olon^  Hmm^y 
9lkimmA^^f)^BiOX.    XMef  hi#  admlniairation,  j^ace 
iii^sluded  withtltolndmns;  andnoti»rith«}|m^ 

1  wealth 
^^ _.^  ^_      iiihaWi- 

aht8'eicee4|d  eiHOOO."/  J.  ^ 

54*  Bet^nliiis  per^l  and  the  commcafcement  of  the 
Prench-war  of  Vl^  an>ccottJit  of  which  wtfl  ^pnJid^ 
aMbee^Kiei^  ehi«)te^  im|  few  ejenl^  ocjcurred.  in  Ihe 
eeiony  of  salRcknil  imperuoMJe  to  M  a  pJaoe  infiistow. 

Geor^ aad  the  Car^ii^ioii  l|e ^«i[»pro«<^^ »<y 
safaiejiittttfakiJis,  U#^i®r«#er0adiil^eteredhy got- 
erni^  a^poMe^  iff  ^  Wli^  •»*  lejjp^sentaUTea  eh^ 

]  ^55,  T^lw^jlal*^l«w^  of  tbeae  feiwaentatives,  to  «^ 
leat  the  ppigMlitofateTm  inthe  qdony,.ott^t  »^lli>|5 
MttsedoYej^  <^nnocdof  its  »nW|^»  gd 

iO^mtmi}  hw8  prohlMttng  the  w^M^iia&M^ 
l^mm  who  weie  higHet  to  amhor|^^y|^n«:^jfte 
Mshea  of^ineichanta  engafed  in  the  aboittink^  tra», 
pei^lllted^  IPith  cfli^iHa ja^aeji.  Ml  vmhhpldM  t^^^ 
m||£^^  ndt  Ame^  la  respdhaiMe  for  the 

wi^PiS#» ,  w^"^  her  kjsga  and  her  ofleera  were 


t'-'V 


^,W- 


^•1^  -fl  '* 


IhF  the  two  eeo^paitp  hcoiwated  %rmg  James,  w 


msumBA  of  the  p«oeeei^yiQ|a  and  i 


tHrking 
tfdiof 


oni|ftnd 


l^^ery  pf  ^  oidim^itn^^  haye  been  fAwea  in  the 
^reeeding  ehapten    To  f liJB  0ther,  or  Plyittmlfh  €k»^ 


!"-♦. 


MMilifi^iHS^ 


t 


^LSrf  dMWtch'S^a  sWpto  make  dUporenM  giihta 

^  A   Tn  ifilA  ^<£n  sSu  thi^  same  who  acted  a  consiH. 
jj«  flo,8t  to  the  «»»:Sfetei4»?K«1^    ' 

love  of  aain  Qtof  perilott*  a4v«nluresvWpelle«  «»«J!iX" 
Irtna  fSm  ^Shew  vho'h»d,been  the.f u■lder8,o^o- 
ni«^  to^eet  it  aa  the  place  of  their  residence.       j-r 

1  agaerteS  a^.gi|iUui.^.;S,<te!?<«*^»?^:  ZZJ^ 


1  asserted  '"il.  ?«S,'^i£u^X'^rwho  pn  .^ 
coBseieiwes  of  his  KBgltw.  jwipjw*    tij  .Vlnnt».i  were 

L  dtawnl  fW  the  creed.^p!^  he  J«d^|*f  JX 


extreme  nro*;  »»  »««*  ^^Xir  JTi^S;' 

!  *     .  <l£[    —  ...»  t 


F* 


4»'  ' 


Ift^^sbciety,  aMthat  it  ww  itoc^e  tit©  rlftitiflid 
#it>  of  eyeiy  sovereign  to  preserve  h  in  MS  doniinMinSt  by 
file  eiertise  ol'all  his  powers  of  restraint  ftful  puiiistiment. 

7.  Dm  ftee  iiuiuiry  hmi  lately  received  swell  an  it#ili8e 
front  the  snccess  of  LuiImji  ahu  th'e  otiier  reformers^  that 
the  aTil  authority  was  unable  to  arreSt  or  e.iRtr<»l  it.  Va- 
fioitrsects  arose,  dissentinjf  fmm  thc^  eStalrfished  religion, 
ail<ilidl  distinguish^  by  their  democratic  tenets  respepiihg 
ehlinch  government*  'Persecute  at  home,  a  smalt  iltmi- 
btti^belongii.g  to  the  seci  whieh  were  afterwatds  called 
ludepender.  3,  mnoved  to  Leydenriu  Ho|l^«  where  the^ 
firmed  a  i^tinct  society  under  tbieear«9m'^heir  pastort 
t^  Kev.  John  RobinsiAi.  By  their  rigid  virtues  and  ex- 
emplary deportpient,  they  acquired  tlie  rc^peot  of  the  mi« 
iP»tMtes  and  oitu&ens.  /i 

^  After  resldti^  several  years  in  that  city,  tartens  o<m- 
sMeratioiis  induced  them  to  fes^lv^  to  leate  it.  In  1^19* 
Jber  applied  to  the  Lolidbn,  or^^uth  Virgin  Oorapany, 
iR»r  a  mm  of  land  $n  Amerililir;  and  to  ens^l^  sucfeess, 
theyLo&ei^,  **liiat  they%ei^  w^ltweaft<Hl  finrthi  thede* 
licaie  nwlk  of  the  mother  couiiiry,  and  iimred  to  the  dilll- 
culLlc^  of  a  strange  land;  that  they  were  knit  toi^ther  by 
a  strict  and  sacred  bond,  by  virtue  ol*  which  tbi-y  held 
ttiemselves  bound  td  take  care  of  the  gocxl  of  each  other 
and  of  the  whole;  that  it  was  not  with  them  as  with  other 
meti,  whom  atn»\\  things  could  discourage,  or  small  dis- 
contents cause  to  wish  themselves  home  again,-'   ' 

ll.  A  gradt  was  obtained,  arid  in  Sepfeniber^  16!^  a  part 
of  i<wm  set  sail  tor  Huds^^s  river;  but  the  mister  of  the 
ship,  bribed,  it  is  said^  by  the  Dutch,  who  ctaitietf  the 
»>le  right  of  trading  in  that  quarter,  carried  thein  fkrlher 
oortht.atui  tlie  first  iand  thet  discovered  wm  Gape  C/od. 
*? htsf  they  were  aware,  was  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Lon- 
d^  Company^  but  it  was  now  Noveipber,  and^too  late  in 
tfe  season  to  put  again  to  sea.  IThey  th^^lbre  determined 
toUnd  ^t  the  fitst  place  they  ciMld  fii|d  suitable  for  a  s^ 
ilement  '*'  '' 

in.  Before  leaving  the  ship,  the  heads  of  families  and 
l&eeinen,  forty-one  hi  number,  sigiied^a  eoleron  coveiini^t 
eontbining  themsllves  intc»  a  body  pptie  for  the  jmr^ose 
of  making  equal  faws  for  the  fene.ml  food.  The^oMiHi^ 
that  a  govenior  and  assimnts  mtouio  be  annimliy  ^^n 


ha$.  the  sovewagn  power  remainea  in  th#  wbetolpoy  of 
freemen.    John  Carver  was  lilccted  govemoir. 
W  On  the  ll^^>f  DocOittber»[0.1i.]  they  itaM  od  a 


W-"-'m 


mli  <$Mecn  ipt.  met  iheuc  view.: >53i^  eeve^ly  of  ^ 
cipld,  gjrea|er^#th  they  had  ever  exvi'^<!<*<I«  #oui^«^ 
thprn  tot  seek  protection  aspiiist  it ;  and  their  jifft  empjuy- 
ment  wa»the  ei»^ioa  of  huls  in  the  oMSt  coni enieii|t  and 
pheltered  sitaMlime.  In  theae  uiiiierable  ahndes  '%\^ 
padsed  the  wintei*,  those  at  least  wh^  aurVtYed  it.  B^rijli^ 
succeeding  apringt  one  liaif  of  their  numher  had  £d^^  ^ 
exhuusteaThy  qontiiiMal  inffering,  and  by  the.-pr^uilbn 
BYery  worldly  t^omlort  wliich  they  had  heen  accmtoined 
to  ei\iay. 

i^.  1^&^^^^  within  ihe  IMits 

of  the  Ply#l^tli  eon^ianyfi^^, which  they^oH&ited  ^  * 
(^^ained  a  grant  of  landi;  huiihi^  were  never  incorp^ 
by  the  king.     ITiey  called  f)ii  jdaoe  Kew-Plymoutl 
.'fh&y  often  received  ^inayU  addi^opa  to  their  mimber* 
which,  in  iOi?^  ainountfi^  to  three  hundred. 

1$.  In  t|ie  mef^n  timevlhe^  9i|i&e  ip!Btu$^  4^1.^^      Mr. 
Rc4)in8on  andjfus  congre^^on  froia)^ngiand'hM(;qnti|iued 
XOQ^r^l^y  A  clasSvQt  dissenters^  denosainaw  puri^s 
from  the  au|Bte]r|^  ^4heii-  BiaQners^^aQd  triHaa  tl^ir  e! 
to  superior  purity  in  worship  and  discip)iR%^  h^d  l)^ 
numerous;  and  a»^4^  their«new  mode  of  ^pf8hip,/|hey. 
violated  ^e^lawsof  the  land,  they  >vei«^|ffoj|^e^;^^ 
4nals.    Their  faith  was  ccm^nned  and  their  zeal  increalp 
by  their  sutferlngs;,and  having  learned  ti^ic^^ 
iigious/reedom  was  enjoyed  >it  ^ew-Plyinouih,in  Amerii^ 
ihey  naturally  directed  their  thoughts  to  that  country,^as  a 
secure  asylum  tVom  persecution. 

14.  In  1627,  an  association  of  puritans,  r^sidli^i^ 
Chester  and  the  vicinity,  jw^as.  f prnied  for  th^  m^c 
idanting  a  colnny  in  J^ew-Ei^laiidtio  w^^^K 
brethren  might  repair,  and,  in  secmalpn  lind  saiely^  wor- 
ship God  according  to  the  dictat4|8  oCc<x|^ience.  !rHey 
obtained  from  th^  pl^onth  Copipany^i  grant  of  the  ter- 
ritory, wjiich  mm  ciHist^ea  a»  part  of  the  state  ^»jfo»- 
sachnsetts,  and  sent  over,  und^thedirectionof  JcHln^n- 
dicott,  a  small^  number  of  people,  u  begin  a  plah^ion. 
These,  in  September,  landed  at  a  place  called,  by  theln- 
dkns,  Naumkeidi,  ^id,  by  themsel ves,^^aMA*       !"        ^^ 

15.  The  next  year,  they  phtained  ji  ^charter  from  the 
pm&th  by  which  the  usual  pi^w^lfs  of  a  corporation  were 
eonfeipo  upon  the  grantees,  by^the  name  of  tiie  -f  Qy^^ernp? 
and  Cinnpany  of  iSass^husotts'  Biiy^  in  i|<»w<^]^ml]andt** 
ltoidiUied»that  tiie^fllpif ^  t^  copipany^^         & 


■  % 


.  >i.'9 


,:^!l^4 


t*»' 


■tMiiiiiiiJinn'1'i^ 


k^  ii^mwlt  ifl  the  ™||iii8taiic«,  by  tb^  aw* 

nmnJs  elilcttMi  bf  illi^orponiiJom  '  Fmir  stated  meetings, 
of  all  the  iwmners  wtw  to  he  heW  innuiilly,  under  the 
deiimnimukm  of  the  GtJiiemI  CViiiri,  «i  irhic^  they  were 
t^horised  tu  admit  freemen  or  niemlierst  and  to  make 
ibl*h  tmiinanees  or  laws,  not  mpugnant  to  the  lawa  of 
^ngbMP^^as  ihey  might  deem  eJcjiedient.  The  colonistaj 
and  their  dewujndania,  were  declared  to  lie  entitled  to  all 
the  rights  cd*  natural  iNim  Kngll^h  auhiecte.  t 

l«.  At  a  General  ("HWirt,  helu  it  Londoft,  Jn  1639,  the 
of^rs  |>rescrihed  by  the  charter.  Were  eieeied,  and  seve- 
fUl  ordinaiieee  were  adojited  for  the  goretnment  of'  the 
eii^tiaiiy.  Three  ItimduRd  people  were  sent  over,  tif  wht»ni 
otie  hundred,  dissatisfied  with  the  situatitm  of  SaleilH  re^- 
moved  to  Oharlestown.  Region  was  the  first  object  of 
Iheirearein  the  ommtry  they  had  adopted.  A  reUgiuaa 
ooimi^t  wa*airfe»d  npoiu  and  a  confeMion  of  Mht«draw» 
un,t0  WhUl^hetraiBsent.wae  given.  Pastofs  wereehosen* 
and  wereirhim  hece&sity,  Installed  intotheirsaered  offices 
by  the  untiosition  of  the  hands  of  the  brethren*     ^ 

17*  The  ensiling  winterims  a  period  of  uncommon  suf* 
fefms  and  sickness.  The  cold  was  intense ;  the  Inmses 
W^H^nfioished ;  tie  pnivisions  were  insufficient  and  un» 
wMettome.  Betbre  spring,  nearly  half  their  number 
«iljshe4  **lameaiMf  that  they  coiUd  not  live  to  seti  the 
ittng  giones  of  the  taithfiiU''  -    /  /;  > 

18^  These  Cftlamitles  had  some  effect  in  deterrkigothe^ 
^om^tti^g  them ;  but  the  cetisideration  that  the  general 
eolirttt  were  held,  the  officers  electetl,  andthe  hiWs  enacted, 

t|jiin^i#  Imd  still  greater  influence.  It  did  not  ciimiiort 
th  the  views  imd  feelings  of  those  who  disdained  to 
Submit  to  authority  in  matters  of.  faith,  to  itonwnt  to  re- 
mow  to  the*  new  world,  and  there  be  governed  by  laws 
whichtlTey  ei«ild  have  nopait  in  enacting.  Kepresenta- 
tiojsiseo  this  effect  were  made  to  the  cmRpany,  who  rsj 
solved  that  the  giwemment  and  patent  Should  b^moved 
tasMasttaehusetts.  "^  V  „ 

19.  This  wise  resolution  gave  such  enceurageraent  to 
emigration,  that,  in  1630,  more  than  ^^een  humlr^  p^- 
soiMicimie  ever,  and  founded  BoStiMi  and  several  amat^^ 

were  froiA  ilhistriotts  and  illobte  faroiltes.    Havimi  been 
ape««eiaei^ip1IGp  of  ease  aod^^enjoyment,  thdr  suoenii^ 


s>:* 


it 


flllMirtv  to  the  lady  AnbeHs,  wlN^JIJtae^^  iitmim^i^n 
«arly  hlstiiriftii  of  tlie  cfiiiiitry,  **dimmnm  a  iKtrtuHuR  iif 
-ptftniyand  pleaaitre,  in  tlie  tHinttv.Wa  n»blf^'6irU#it<f  a 
vHldoriHraa  of  waata ;  and  akhiHign  oeiebraif?il  fbrlief'^iaiiy 
virttiea.  yet  wititinH  able  to  encounter  the  adverafty  alio 
waa  atirroandiKd  ifnth ;  and^  in  about  amotitiv  a[|er  Mr  ar«> 
rival,  ahe  ended  her  daya  at  Salerno  where  she  (tm  land* 
eJ.**  Mr.  JohniMin,  1ier  huaband,  overcome  witti  f rief* 
aurvivod'her  but  a  abort  tinie. 

20.  Before  lleeembec,  two  hundred  perished.  .  On'the^ 
d4th  of  that  monih,  thie  cold  liecaiiie  intense,  tfucfi  a 
Chriatmas-e^^  ibey  teid'never  beltmns  known.  Yet  the  lti« 
etemeiioy  «»f  w  weathei  con|^ia^  to  increase.  They 
were  almost  destiitite  of  pniTisfwiiiand  many  were  obUi^! 
to  sutisist  on  cianis,  muscles^  and  eiti^r  abeilliab,  witK 
nuts  and  acorna  instead  of-brei^. '  Blftfiy  tmue  diedi  imt 
in  this  extremity,  thit  ardor  of  eotlirietion  whic^K  ooin- 
poiled  them  to  eniigrate,  remahied  in  inll  foroe«  and  thev 
met>  with  a  Umi,  uitahaken  s|urit,  the  oalaroW<Bi  whieti 
:i6*jailed  them.  w* 

21.  One  yreat  ohjeet  of  the  puritans,  in  retiring  to  the 
uij«»eeu(Med  nylons  of  New* Knghind,  waa  the  eetabliah* 
ment  of  a  religioiMr  eommonweftlth,  as  nearly  upttn  the 
model  of  that  of  the  Jews  as  the  difference  of  eircimn* 
stances  would  admit.  To  a(*c<mipli8h  thia  ohjei^l  they 
deemed  it  necessary,  and  at  a  aeneral  court,  hetd  in  l<i3i, 
they  ordained,  that  none  but  those  who  had  made  a  pro* 
ili*^aion  of  j'eiiffion,  aitd  had  become  members  of  Sliine 
chu rnli,  sbcHitdl>e  admitted  membei's  of  tlie  coriieraiion,  or 
eiyoy  thejiHviiegeof«<iroting.  » 

2*i.  Thia  law  !ias  been  trnt  severely  eetlsured' by  ty 
who  have  lived  in  more  liberal  and  en%htened  tiiin^J. 
contradicted  none  of  the  professions  of  the  puritans.  It 
was  in  strict  accorda/ice  wtth^  the  avowed  motives  <ff  tbeir 
emigration.  It  exhibited  less  intoloratt6e  than  was  theo 
diepiayed  by  every  other  nationw  It  violated  the  righta^of 
no  one,  for  ho  one  could  claim  a  ri^ht  to  come  into  the 
territory  which  they  had  |mr:;liased.  And  it  waa  doiibtt^a 
eflpeotiat,  such  was  tiien  the  temper  of  iiien*s  Blinds,  to 
thilretme  of  their  iSle  vif>ciety. 

lil^.  'iHie  erduntsts  had  fife<)uently  been  alarmed,  bat  nav. 
et  yet  attacked,  V*  the  Indians. '  Thew  weea  noil,  in  lyBt, 
in  a  conditioii  to  do  mneh  injury.  A  few  years  b#nire  the 
arrival  of  the  fingliah,  a  contagious  diateiVk^(i#r  swept  away 
ft  ffiit  Bvoibki  okniMt  tartertiiliiatioy  MrveiiPtH^   III 


■*i'i 


Hi  iili^^^^i^itoryrc^rgiioas  to  tlie  flrif 
»i«p«i»  il  tto  EamMK  niMfli  to  have  been  ^Vt^> 
Mf^wide tioMt *r tliek iwijlipii*  4» »{«•*»# 
^s  auftiter  %wiif  howeHr,  powwWeviwa  aa  the  rretifsli, 
wKi>  idl  a  tftdiiii  estiOaUhmem  »t  A^l^  W  d^ 
ioi^  iramioinaof  hoati%«  it  waa  $im^  adv]8abto  U 
•fioe^^^Mtiaaa  at  fi0a(on,aR4 other  ptacea^uid  too|^^ 
1i<^iit«ip6ii4mice  with  their  neighhmira  at  NewPlymouth. 

94.  So  ihr  itmtt  the  cafdtal  Iwithftaettll^ieiitaei^nd. 
^  that  it  waa  found  extieiiie)f:lQconireaieiit  for  all  the 
fremea  to  aaaemble  aod  tranaact  the  neceasanr  w|bUo 
httameaa.  In  l^Uf  t^e  mode  of  tegiala^A  w^  fJt^red, 
^^he  geoeral  mimm  ofthe  towna.  Jniey  dew^lirt^ 
ifen^^^MHr  repreaetitativea  the  with^W  jra"^^»  *^  "*® 
i&km  to  \h»  wttflf .  body  of  froeiw^.  %»  «fnportant 
#i^n^n  waa  idlpd  the  more  readily,  aa  the  wiO^ita 
bii  heen  jamUiaijIa-^iili  nauw  ^««iptrar,  with  the  repre- 
ali^latifi  ayatewu  ^  1^  aapeUat^  of  General  wirt, 
wlOipIr  W  hemi  appilea  to  all  the  beemn  ^hei^aasembled, 
W«i  now  tranaferred  to  their  repreiontatiiroa*        . 

96.  In  the  aaop  year,  Boger  WiUiaiiaf,  the  mimate  of 
t^mt^^ng  oeeaaioned  disturbaoeea,  hy^ludya^ 
aft  conaideMd^wlonlf  heretical  but  Mul^  h^Wg 

Ibrnid  tfiet^iimble,  waa  ordered  to  Jeaye  t^e  poloipr..  He 
^t0!&4  to  iMipboth^  wiucE  waa  then  w^tjun  the  junsdic- 

se.  In  161(4  Maaaaebuae^  ^^^  El^glan^  a 

*       iwaariief  ®f  inhah^tanta,  aid  among  thorn  camf  two 

*  •  '  ' '1  m  the  anaira  of 

Petera*  who  waa 
'iiiimN'Miwiiiiji  ■  iiiiinniiiii  HI  \fkMwvt  v/iw»»*w^e*i^,tMeotiier  waa 
Jin  fi^l^alUrwnuda  Sir  Henry  Vane.  The  latter  waa  but 
lw^iity#ieyearaofage;  bntbyhiaahowofgreathrnnility, 
l#i  gy«f»^iaid  a^emn  deoortment,  and  hia  ardem  pn^fea- 
ipia  or  Mtaelmient  to  liberty,  he  atole  the  |^rte  of  the 
yirhitia,^*  the  year  after  hia  arrival,  was  lf§|^Tenior 

!d7»  Hia  pc^lafitj^  however,  waa  t^ranatent,    I^png 
hia  administration,  lira  celebrated  ftfra.  Hit<;^M|  a 
woanan  who  waa  diatfnguiidied  for  her  elo^tieiieO|  •^«»*^*« 
tetfihft^  thfi  en^ofliasm  of  thcK  age.  inatitttted 
|ili^i^Clfo>  f^^  of  her  on^  4WXj  in  which 
i^lMAted^^  ai^Qona  of  that  ' 


gprcfliA^  lilplil^  imong  the  people,  «iu|^Riiftii3P  liecMie^fiit 

28.  GoVemor  Vtiie,  wHh  Mr.  Cotkm  tind  Mf^^KNeel- 
wrighit  twu  (ttettngtUBlHidi  <^l«rgyineii,  embr«c<id  j^<^i  «rj|lli 
Itfilor;  but  lieuttHiant  giivemor  Wintliiiip»  jmd  %  ^y^My 
or  the  churohei),  deemed  them  het^kal  lied  iS^dithmtf 
Qit'.at  excitement  was  priduced  amolig  tltejwoipte ;  nsaoy 
eooferetioes  were  held;  public  taste rwereail|iiiiiited;« 
general  synod  was  summoned ;  and  after  QKUcn  Intemper- 
ate discussion,  her  opinions  were  deteimined  \o  be  erro- 
neous, aod.she  and  some^of  her  adherents  were  banmtd 
ih^  the  colony.  '  •  ■ 

..  ^.  Nothing  again  chosen  goremor,  Yane  returned  m 
disgust  to  iSngland,  engage4  in  uie  cItII  wars,  i«fhlpf  ^QM 
after  aflUcted  thai  countryt  sufta^i  Idf ^  offio^  m  ^ 
"  san  party,  sind,  after  the  reStOKp^^l»<^  Charlee  IL 


Was' aocased  of .  Iiigh  treason,  .    . ^ 

P«ters  pursued  a  sinular  career,  andiabit  mt^  the  aame  m^» 

SO.'  In  such  high  repute^  a.  this  iime*,^erft  the  ae|itfi£h 
ments  Ih  Maseaohusetts,  that  oiheih  Englishmei^iU  Rioie 
conspicnous,  bad  determined  to  leate  their  natiire  lanilU 
that  tlleyimght  ei^y,  in  a  desert,  the  cItUvsi^  IcUfKius 
liberty  which  vras  ^me|i  them  at  hon^  tAmmn.  "^ 
were  Mr.  HunMen,  Sir  Arthur  Hasrir^  Knd  ^ 
Cromwell,  Whii|ulclM[  Chafli«s,  by  express.  onleft4p|! 
ii'nen  on  the  point  Of  erabarMng.  Little  di^l  he  ii^_ 
that,  by , this  act  of  art^itrarv  power*  htlept  withu, 
kingdom  those  restless  Totailesof  freedom,  who  y^tf^ie^ 
tin^  tooTertum  his  throve,  and  brinff  his  head  to  the  blo^ 

dl.  By  the  settlemjpat  of  Massadiuseiti,  the  ajMNasitiaa 
of  emigrants  was  diverted  from  the  col(my  of  f!lym|pr 
mrhere  the  soil  was  less  fertilei    It  nevertheless  c^wllnu* 
to  increase,  although  slowly^  in  poimlation.  i  la  4«33r  %W' 

Snrernment  ot  that  colony  1)^11  a  trading  h(ais#«  neiMr  H^i2- 
rd,  whit^i  was  the  first  bulldiniereQtwl  withtn  the  boun- 
daries of  P|nneetiout.  Soon  a&r,  many  persons  repaimd 
thttherWiifassaohi^ns.  ^  1636,HogerkWil1iam»lafd 

tb^^^iiidAlle^  Subsequentlv,^|i}«w*'IlaUH>- 

^iii^.  ay  New-Hav^  werafoundecL  whi^h  increased  to 
i^P^  aomberjsfcolonie^  in  New-GiM[hmd. 

J^«  The  rapid  progress  of  the  Englw^eU^mei^S,  ex- 
',  the  jealousy  of  the  /natives^  Theyliad^iRielo^^d, 
withiiut  fiiar,  the  emigraats  nivwo^  ^rstJanded,  nut  ai^i- 
patii|g  their  tvXmn  eneroaaknents.  ^^Iiie  experienee  ^s 


V,., , 


w 


iiMM4€p[|sirrr8. 


OQQiTiiieid  them  that  they  iniitt  either  extermi- 
tlope  lailiiieii  df  their  cimntry»  or  be  themseltte  tx* 

33.  f^Ukin  the  boundaries  'if  Rhude  Island  and  Con- 
neetiout,  Ihed  twc  Warlike  tribes,  the  Pequods  and  Nar- 
Jigansete.  The  Ibrnier  were  hostile,  ihe  latter  friendiy, 
|o  ihe  whites.  Between  the  tiro  tribes  an  inyeterate  en- 
my  existed;  huA  the  more  Aagaiiions  and  politic  Pequods 
proposed tliat  all  animosities  should  be  forgotten,  and  their 
Dialed  strength  ^Kleeted  against  their  inTaders,  before  they 
hid  become  too  strong  to  he  resisted.  At  first  the  Narrft- 
gansets  watered,  but  their  hatred  of  the  Pequods  over- 
^wered  the  suggestions  of  |ft)licy.  They  disclosed  the 
Mppsal  to  the  En|^,  and  (nyited  them  to  join  in  a  war 
ipaiiatjtieir  conn^  enengtr  ^ 

Sl^  The  ef^tgm  were  reined  to  a  tense  of  their  dan- 
ger. In  1637.  Iilil»ihtisettll^  Plymouth,  and  Connecticut, 
agreed  to  ^imit|l^^lbKes,  and  attempt  the  entire  de- 
•tmetioQ  of  tfel  |MiPp.  Capcaih  Mason,  with  eighty 
mmif' ^miftOf^Wm  "^^im^  and  three  hundred 
MmUf  Indians,  wsi  immediately  sent  into  the  country 
of  thkt  enemy.  Early  in  the  morning  of  the  26th  of  May, 
be  attacked  elie  of  the  prhici{Nil  Tiiteges,  which  had  oeen 
gmmmnded  with  pallisades.  The  resistance  was  braye 
iM  obstinate,  Itad  the  issue  of  the  battle  for  some  time 
«Mit|d;  bul  the  whitei,  Ibrcing  their  way  into  the.en- 
rioitite|Set  fifeato  the  wigwams,  and  then,  retreating  a 
ah^  dietanee,  aittrrounded  th»  town.  Many  of  the  In- 
iiansftrtshed  in  the  flames  |  others  were  shot,  in  their 
Itterat^  to  flee.  Of  fivt  or  aix,  hundred,  within  the  en- 
jJoaure,  but  fbw  escaped.  The  English  trcwps,  of  whom 
"'^-^^wiere  lulled  and  sixteen  wounded,  returned  in  triumph 

^35.  U  June,  another  body  of  troops,  principally  from 
Maseanmsetts,  mareiied  into  the  enemy's  country,  sur- 
iwufided  «^5Rrimp,  inio  #feich  a  party  of  them  had  retired, 
ifid  tooK  einity  captire.  Some  escaping,  they  were  pur- 
auedtli  anmer  swamp,  situated  near  New4liire%  where 
tile  whole  strength  of  the  tribe  was  ccHlected.  ^^l^^lNp, 
ut  like  manner,  surroundpd;  a  sharp  contest  eiM^'''  ""^^ 
tilt  whites  were  again  victorious.  Two  himdiisi^ 
vrsrs  killed  or  mm  prisoners*^  The  reNM^  M 
e^r^  of  tn»  lldi^^     Vhe  brilliant  suci^ 

*  "  in  tfe&sfisit^a,^  nSoBon  WW  wiih  iiie  sailyeii  gay* 


% 


fM* 


H«N 


t\m  iMilchb^iif  lilbea  Mol^  an  e: 
^we88.  thit,  Jot  nearly  forty  yeara*  tl 
Stocked  ii(ur  nHNfitM*. 

1^.  T«n  yeart  bad  now  elamd  aimi^  Umi  Ural  mi^^ 
meiit  was  mude  at  Bilem.  11  tiaa  h»em  ettii|niMd  ,ImNL 
within  that  tiiiMi,  twenty-one  thouaand  fennm^nifmw 
MmachuMtts.  IV  masters  in  Bngland  kmm$  .ckn 
tamed  th9  aaeendeney  iu  the  gofeninpent*  all  Ij^Rlfeav^ 
emigration  ceased  |  and  it  k  auppuaffl  tlu^  fiv  May  ywa 
afteirwarda,  more  peraona  returned  to  Englano^  than  ^aimk 
fnnfn  England  to  the  culpiiiea.  '  i 

97.*  Soph*  howelrer»  ware  tiM  ahaaaMr  and^iilnea 
the  ei9M9>ltiift*t  audi  the  Do#er  ofar/lMmltiea 
their  rewNttte  miiMlii  and  hodiea  harMiNi  l^  M 

acit^mahng'iraid^ttp  AndaVH^ 

o^ihe'house of  munonitStatiBtpgMHi^lil^^ 
New^£ngl^n4  had  had  gM  andaii||y 
out  any  iHibUc  charge  to  the  atate»^  ii>||j|!lidy  hy  ^  i^l^ 
of fthoae  thuea^rip  an  honorable  %ttiiui|tniy  of 
laerit  of  the  ookmiata*  '  M 

M*  Otreumatauoes  and  etenta  had  alrea#  Im, 
charaotei  upon  them*  wbieht  theni^  aoltened  ni  ita 
feitiirea  bj^^the  (vogreaa  of  rf^hement,  atill  diatingt 
their  descendants.    l^ameislloMiade  the«  bigot«$; 
mftde  them  moral  r  prerty  made  tliam  Jmlil ;  ine^   . 
toil  made  then!  %ar^  ani  vobust ;  dreai|r  s^tude^  liiii 
thf^m  gloomy  and  aoperstillmia;  their  numetoua  eMfr  aait 

ill  guested  l^iders,  ami^^^^  '^^^**^^^'^'^^^^/^ 
iencea.    -■   .      ■  .^  ■     ^'  ■  .> 

Four  of  #e  New-Jbgland  colonieai 

:tieuty  Plymouth,  nm  New«MaTen, 

fjnm  ^  ladians.  ifiroA^e  jMibk,  aiiffe#* 

atrdlVom  the  Fiimc^-atlipad^Jtamiia  f^^^Unk    , 

perriieilual  league,  f^&BmB^  and  ilpnsite.    flj^llpartidtoa 


ofilllK 


h  colony  was  tcrippetottw#fii9iami^r!t\. 

asoemblei  by  vot^^tiiMi,  in  tttp^respe^Vi 

|vereempoweredtoeiiactordiiiaiidl|ifi^^ 

"  '  MeaMof  inTa8ten,eaidiedki9^^wa»lM 

#n  of  three  maglslia^  ef  the  invaded 

i^ipolat»|^oi^vEk^|||am  ai^abffGyi 

lied  by^tli^isagtie,  ll^ibnSes  wet^m 


a  hmm 
<B^itei  iN^ych  vrif  ai^uai^ in  1644^ 


ii2 


inl< 

sert< 
whe 

this 

all-r 
then 
puis 
cone 
thou 
first 
proli 
the 
deat 
who 
upor 
whii 
imp( 
4' 


,  '4cikJh-ilkiA^4>K>A 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


t% 


in  1649,  most  of  the  officers  whom  he  had  appointed,  de- 
serted it,  and  the  people  found  it  necessary  to  resort  elsc- 
wliere  for  in-otection. 

4<>.  In  1056,  several  Qnakers  arrived  in  tho  colony.  la 
this  age  of  enthusiasts,  these  sectarians  partoolc  of  the 
all-pervading  enthusiasm.  Tho  hehavior  of  some  of 
them,  moved  as  tiie^  doubtless  supposed  by  a  divino  im- 
pulse, gave  great  offence  to  the  rigid  puritans.  For  their 
conduct,  inconsistent  with  the  high  respect  which  was 
thought  to  be  duo  to  magistrates  and  ministers,  they  were 
6rst  imprisoned  and  then  banished.  A  law  was  passed 
prohibiting  Quakers  from  coming  into  the  colony,  imposing 
the  penalty  of  banishment  upon  the  first  offence,  and  of 
death  upon  such  as  should  return  after  banishment.  Four, 
who  were  so  excited  as  to  return  and  obtrude  themselves 
upon  the  notice  of  the  government,  suffered  the  death 
which  they  appeared  to  seek.  This  cruel,  unjust,  and 
impolitic  law  was  soon  afterwards  repealed. 

47.  Cromwell,  who  had  governed  England  with  great- 
er ability  and  higher  merit  than  most  of  her  kings,  died 
in  1658,  and  after  an  interval  of  two  years,  Charles  II., 
a  prince  destitute  of  honor  and  virtue,  was  recalled  from 
exile  and  placed  upon  the  throne.  He  was  reluctantly 
acknowledged  by  the  colonies  of  New-England.  They 
had  been  the  favorites  of  the  parliament,  and  the  protec- 
tor, and  apprehended,  with  good  reason,  the  loss  of  their 
civil  and  religious  privileges. 

48.  A  short  time  after,  Whalley  and  Goffe,  two  of  thd 
judges  who  had  sentenced  Charles  I.  to  be  beheaded,  hav- 
ing fled  before  the  return  of  his  successor,  arrived  m  New- 
England.  Their  first  place  of  residence  was  Cambridge  | 
but  they  often  appeared  publicly  in  Boston,  particularly  on 
Sundays  and  other  days  of  religious  solemnities.  They 
had  sustained  liigh  rank  in  Cromwell's  army,  were  men 
of  uncommon  talents,  and  by  their  dignified  manners  and 
grave  deportment,  commanded  universal  respect. 

49.  As  soon  as  it  was  known  that  they  were  excepted 
from  the  general  pardon,  the  governor  suggested  to  the 
court  of  assistants  the  expediency  of  arresting  them.  A 
majority  opposed  it,  and  many  members  of  the  general 
court  gave  them  assurances  of  protection.  Considering 
themselves,  however,  unsafe  at  Cambridge,  they  removed 
to  New-Haven,  where  they  were  received  with  great  re* 
spect  by  the  clergy  and  magistrates. 

50.  After  a  short  residence  there,  enjoying,  in  private, 
tho  ijocioty  of  tlteli  id^iids,  the  ^orernor  ofMassftclmsetts 


/  '-i 


^ 


"Afi-i 


■It  ■ 


MASSACmJSETTS. 

leeeiyed  a  intindate  to  arrest  them.  A  warrant  was  im- 
mediately issued,  autliorisinff  two  zealous  loyalists  to 
search  for,  and  seize  them,  Wherever  found,  in  New-Eng- 
land. They  hastened  to  the  colony  of  New-Haven,  ex 
hibited  the  warrant  to  the  governor,  who  resided  at  Guil- 
ford, and  requested  him  to  furnish  authority  and  assistants 
to  pursue  them.  Desirous  of  favoring  the  exiles,  he  affect- 
ed to  deliberate  until  the  next  mornin?,  and  then  utterly 
declined  acting  officially,  without  the  advice  of  his  council. 

51.  In  the  meantime,  they  were  apprized  of  their  dan- 
ger, and  retired  to  a  new  place  of  concealment.  The  pur- 
suers, on  arriving  at  New-Haven,  searched  every  sus- 
pected house,  except  the  one  where  the  judges  were  con- 
cealed. This  th^y  began  to  search,  but  were  inauced,  by 
the  address  of  the  mistress  of  it,  to  desist.  When  the 
pursuers  had  departed,  the  judges,  retiring  into  the  woods, 
fixed  their  abode  in  a  cave. 

52.  Having  there  heard  that  their  friends  were  threat- 
ened with  punishment,  for  having  afforded  them  protection, 
they  came  from  their  hiding  place  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
livering themselves  up ;  but  their  friends,  actuated  by  feel- 
ing equally  noble  and  generous,  persuaded  them  to  reiin- 

?|Ui8h  their  intention.    Soon  af\er,  they  removed  to  Mil- 
ord, where  they  remained  about  two  years. 

53.  Upon  the  arrival  of  other  persons,  instructed  to  ap- 
prehend them,  they  repaire<l  privately  to  Hadley,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, where  they  resided  fifteen  or  sixteen  years, 
but  few  persons  being  acquainted  with  the  place  of*^  their 
concealment.  There  is,  in  that  neighborhood,  a  tradition, 
that  man^  years  afterwards  two  graves  wer^  discovered 
in  the  minister's  cellar;  and  in  these,  it  was  supposed, 
Ihey  had  been  interred.  At  New-Haven,  two  graves  are 
shown,  said  to  be  those  of  the  two  judges.  It  is  not  im- 
probable that  their  remains  were  removed  to  this  place  from 
Hadley.  ^-  •  ^ 

54.  A  singular  incident  which  occurreu  at  the  latter 
place,  in  1675,  shows  that  one  of  these  illustrious  exiles 
had  not  forgotten  the  avocations  of  his  vouth.  The  people, 
at  the  time  of  public  worship,  were  alarmed  by  an  attack 
£^m  the  Indians,  and  thrown  into  the  utmost  confufiion. 
Suddenly,  a  grave,  elderly  person  appeared,  differing  in  his 
mien  and  dress  from  all  around  him#  He  put  himself  at 
their  head,  rallied,  encouraged,  and  led  them  against  the 
enemy,  who  were  repulsed  and  completely  defeated.  As 
suddenly,  the  deliverer  of  Hadley  disappeared.   The  people 


-..«.* 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


were  lost  in  amazement,  and  many  verily  believed  that  an 
angel  sent  from  heaven  had  led  them  to  victory. 

55.  Their  treatment  of  the  kins's  judges,  and  in  truth 
all  their  conduct,  evinced  the  republican  spirit  of  the  colo« 
nists.  By  the  royal  government  of  England,  they  could 
not,  therefore,  be  regarded  with  favor.  In  1663,  it  was 
enacted,  that  no  European  commodity  should  be  imported 
into  the  colonies,  unless  shipped  directly  from  England, 
and  in  British  vessels.  By  this  regulation,  in  connection 
with  others  that  had  been  previously  made,  all  the  trade 
of  the  colonies  was  secured  to  the  mother  country.  They 
submitted  reluctantly  to  these  restrictions,  and  often  made 
them  the  subject  ot  complaint.  But  England,  believing 
that  they  augmented  her  wealth  and  power,  obstinately 
refused  to  repeal  them. 

56.  In  1664,  the  king  despatched  four  commissioners 
to  visit  the  several  colonics  in  New-England,  to  examine 
into  their  condition,  to  hear  and  decide  complaints,  and  to 
make  to  him  a  report  of  their  proceedings  and  observations. 
This  measure  was  dictated  by  no  friendly  motive,  and  was 
considered  by  the  colonies  as  a  violation  of  their  charters. 

57.  The  first  session  of  the  commissioners  was  at  Plym- 
outh, where  but  little  business  was  transacted ;  the  next 
in  Rhode  Island,  where  the  heard  complaints  firom  the 
Indians,  and  all  who  were  discontented,  and  made  divers 
detenninations  respecting  titles  to  land,  which  were  but 
little  regarded.  In  Massachusetts,  the  general  court  com* 
plied  with  such  of  their  requisitions  as  they  thouffht  pro- 
per ;  but,  professing  sincere  Iv'^yalty  to  his  majesty,  declined 
acknowledging  their  authoritj^,  and  protested  against  the 
exercise  of  it  within  their  limits. 

58.  In  consequence  of  this  manly  assertion  of  theti^ 
chartered  rights,  an  angry  correspondence  tock  place  be- 
tween them,  at  the  close  of  which  the  commissioners  petu- 
lantly told  the  ffeneral  court,  '*  that  they  would  lose  no 
more  of  their  labors  upon  them,**  but  would  represent  their 
conduct  to  his  majesty. 

59.  From  Boston,  the  commissioners  proceeded  to  New- 
Hampshire,  where  thev  exercised  several  acts  of  govern- 
ment, and  offered  to  release  the  inhabitants  from  the  juris- 
diction of  Massachusetts.  This  olfer  was  almost  unani- 
mously rejected.  In  Maine,  they  excited  more  disturbance, 
'i'hev  encouraged  the  people  to  declare  thernsvlvvs  inde- 
pendent, and  round  many  disposed  to  listen  to  their  sug- 
gestions ;  but  Massachusetts,  by  a  prompt  and  vigorout 


40 


MA^SACHUSEWS. 


exertion  of  power,  constrained  the  disaffected  to  submit  to 
her  authority. 

60.  Connecticut  appears  to  have  been  the  favorite  of  the 
commissioners^  She  treated  them  with  respect,  and  com- 
plied with  their  requisitions.  In  return,  they  made  such 
a  representation  of  her  merits  to  the  king,  as  to  draw  from 
him  a  letter  of  thanks.  '*  Although,"  says  he,  *'  your  car- 
riage doth  of  itself  most  justly  deserve  our  praise  and  ap- 
probation, yet  it  seems  to  be  set  off  with  more  lustre  by 
the  contrary  behavior  of  the  colon^r  of  Massachusetts." 

61.  At  the  end  of  fifty  years  from  the  arrival  of  the 
emigrants  at  Plymouth,  the  New-England  colonies  were 
supposed  to  contain  one  hundred  and  twenty  towns,  and 
as  many  thousand  inhabitants.  The  acts  of  parliament 
not  being  rigidlv  enforced,  their  trade  had  become  exten- 
sive and  profitable.  The  habits  of  industry  and  economy, 
which  haa  been  formed  in  less  happy  times,  continued  to 
prevail,  and  gavo  a  competency  to  those  who  had  nothing, 
and  wealth  to  those  who  had  a  competency.  The  wilder- 
ness receded  before  adventurous  and  hardy  laborers,  and 
its  savj^e  inhabitants  found  their  game  dispersed,  and 
their  favorite  haunts  invaded. 

62.  This  was  the  natural  consequence  of  the  sales  of 
land,  which  were,  at  all  times,  readily  made  to  the  whites. 
fiat  this  consequence  the  Indians  did  not  foresee ;  and 
when  they  felt  it  in  all  its  force,  the  strongest  passions 
were  awakened  which  can  animate  civilized  or  savage 
man,  the  love  of  country  and  of  independence. 

63.  A  leader  only  was  wantingto  concentrate  and  direct 
their  exertions,  and  Philip,  of  Fokanoket,  sachem  of  a 
tribe  living  within  the  boundaries  of  Plvmouth  and  Rhode 
Island,  assumed  that  honorable,  but  dangerous,  station. 
His  father  was  the  friend,  but  he  had  ever  been  the  cne- 
my,  of  the  whites ;  and  this  enmity,  arising  from  causes 
of  national  concern,  had  been  embittered  to  vindictive  ha- 

.  tred  by  their  conduct  towards  his  elder  brother.  This 
brother,  being  suspected  of  plotting  against  them,  was 
seized  by  a  detachment  of  soldiers,  and  confined ;  and  the 
indignity  so  wrought  upon  his  proud  spirit,  as  to  produce  a 
fever  that  put  an  end  to  his  life. 

64.  Philip  inherited  the  authority  and  proud  spirit  of  his 
brother.  He  exerted  all  the  arts  of  intrigue,  and  powers 
of  persuasion,  of  which  he  was  master,  to  induce  the  In- 
dians, in  all  parts  of  New-England,  to  unite  their  efforts 
for  the  destruction  of  the  whites.    He  succeeded  in  fona« 


MASSACHUSETTS* 


4t 


ing  a  confederacy,  able  to  send  »tx>  action  between  three 
and  four  thousand  warriors. 

65.  The  Endish  were  apprized  of  the  plots  of  the  In- 
dians, and  made  preparations  to  meet  their  hostilities. 
Tliey  hoped,  however,  that  the  threatened  storm  would 
pass  by,  as  others  had,  and  that  peace  would  be  preserved. 
uut  the  insolence  of  Philip,  and  the  number  of  his  adhe- 
rents, increased  daily ;  and,  in  June,  1675,  some  of  them 
entered  the  town  of  Swanzey,  in  Plymouth,  where,  after 
slaughtering  the  caitic,  and  plundering  the  houses,  they 
fired  upon  the  inhabitants,  killing  and  wounding  several. 

66.  The  troops  of  that  colony  marched  immediately  to 
Swanzey,  and  were  soon  joined  by  a  detachment  from 
Massachusetts.  I'he  Indians  fled,  and  marked  the  course 
of  their  flight  by  burning  the  buildings,  and  fixing  on  poles, 
by  the  way  side,  the  hands,  scalps,  and  heads  of  the  whites 
whom  they  had  killed.  The  troops  pursued,  but  nnaUc  to 
3vertake  them,  returned  to  Swanzey. 

67.  The  whole  country  was  alarmed,  and  the  number  of 
troops  augmented.  By  this  array  of  force,  Philip  was  in- 
duced to  quit  his  residence  at  Mount  Hope,  and  take  post 
near  a  swamp  at  Pocasset,  now  Tiverton.  At  that  place, 
the  English  attacked  him,  but  were  repulsed.  Sixteen 
whites  were  killed,  and  the  Inc'ians,  by  this  success,  were 
made  bidder. 

68.  At  this  time,  most  of  the  settlements  were  sur- 
n";unded  by  thick  forests,  and  the  Indians  lived  intermixed 
with  the  whites.  The  former  were  acquainted,  of  course, 
with  the  dwellings  of  the  latter,  with  their  roads,  and 
places  of  resort ;  could  watch  their  motions,  and  fall  u|Mm 
them  in  thf^ir  defenceless  and  unguarded  moments.  Many 
were  shot  dead  as  they  opened  their  doors  in  the  morn* 
ing :  many  while  at  work  in  their  fields,  and  others  while 
travelling  to  visit  their  neighbors,  or  places  of  worship. 
At  all  times,  at  all  places,  in  all  employments,  were  their 
lives  in  jeopardy ;  and  no  one  could  tell  but  that,  in  the 
next  moment,  he  should  receive  his  death  shot  from  his 
barn,  the  thicket,  or  the  way  side. 

69.  Whenever  the  enemy  assemlded  in  force,  detach- 
ments were  sent  against  them ;  if  weaker  than  these,  they 
would  retreat;  if  stronger,  assault  and  conquer  them. 
Defenceless  villages  were  suddpniy  attacked,  the  houses 
burned,  and  the  men,  women,  ana  ciiildren  killed,  or  car- 
ried into  captivity.  Their  ruin  was  the  work  of  a  mo- 
ment {  and  when  accomplished,  its  authors  vanished. 


Dt 


»«•■' 


i'2 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


70.  The  colonies,  losing  individuals,  families  and  vil- 
lages, found  their  numbers  sensibly  diminished ;  their 
strength  impaired ;  and  began  to  apprehend  even  total  ex- 
tinction. Nothing  but  a  vigorous  effort  could  save  them. 
The  commissioners  met,  and  determined  to  despatch  an 
army  of  a  thousand  men,  to  attack  the  principal  position 
of  the  enemy.  Josiah  Winslow,  governor  of  Plymouth, 
was  appointed  commander-in-chief;  and  a  solemn  fast,  to 
invoke  the  divine  aid,  was  proclaimed  throughout  New- 
Bngland. 

71.  On  the  I8th  of  December,  the  different  bodies  of 
troops  formed  a  junction  at  a  place  in  the  country  of  tho 
Narragansets,  about  fifteen  miles  from  the  enemy.  The 
weather  was  extremely  cold,  but  the  men,  from  necessity, 
passed  the  night,  uncovered,  in  the  fields.  At  dawn  of 
day  they  began  their  march^  wading  through  the  deep 
snow,  and  at  one  o'clock,  arrived  near  the  enemy's  post, 
which  was  upon  a  rising  ground,  in  tho  midst  of  a  swamp. 
It  w^s  surrounded  by  palisades,  and  on  the  outside  of  these 
wza  a  ftmce  of  brush,  a  rod  in  width.  '  -^-vMiy. 

7S.  Here  was  fought  the  most  desperate  battle  recorded 
in  the  early  annals  of  the  country.  It  continued  three 
hours.  The  English  obtained  a  decisive  victory.  One 
thousand  Indian  warriors  were  killed ;  three  hundred  more, 
and  as  many  women  and  children  were  made  prisoners. 
But  dearly  was  the  victory  purchased.  Six  brave  cap- 
tains, and  eighty  men,  were  killed,  and  one  hundred  and 
fifty  were  wounded. 

73.  Prom  this  blow,  the  confederated  Indians  never  re- 
covered; but  they  still  remained  sufficiently  strong  to 
harass  the  settlements  by  continual  inroads.  In  retalia- 
tion, the  English  sent  several  detachments  into  their  ter- 
ritories, nearly  all  of  which  were  successful.  Captain 
Church,  of  Plymouth,  and  Captain  Dennison,  of  Connecti- 
cut, were  conspicuous  for  their  bravery  and  good  fortune. 

74.  Ill  the  midst  of  these  reverses,  Philip  remained  firm 
and  unshaken.  His  warriors  were  cut  off;  his  chief  men, 
his  wife  and  family,  were  killed  or  taken  prisoners ;  and 
at  these  successive  misfortunes^  he  is  represented  to  have 
wept  with  a  bitterness  which  proved  him  to  possess  the 
noblest  of  human  virtues  and  affections ;  but  he  disdained 


men,  who  proposed  submission.  At  len^h,  after  beinsf 
hunted  from  swamp  to  swamp,  he  was  himself  shot,  by 
the  b]rm;her  of  the  Indian  he  had  killed.    After  his  deaths 


Massachusetts. 


43 


the  remnant  of  Iiis  followers  either  submitted  to  the  Eng- 
lish, or  united  with  distant  tribes. 

75.  Never  was  peace  more  welcome,  for  never  had  war 
been  more  distressing.  The  whole  population  was  in 
mourning  for  relatives  slain.  Nearly  a  thousand  houses 
had  been  burned,  and  goods  and  cattle  of  great  value,  had 
been  plundered  or  destroyed.  The  colonies  had  contracted 
a  heavy  debt,  which,  their  resources  having  been  sp  much 
diminished,  they  found  an  almost  insupportable  burden. 
But,  in  their  deepest  distress,  they  forbore  to  apply  to  the 
mother  country  fur  assistance ;  and  this  omission  excited 
surprise  and  jealousy.  **  You  act,"  said  a  privy  counsellor, 
"  as  tliough  you  were  independent  of  our  master^s  crown ; 
and  tiiough  poor,  yet  you  are  proud." 

76.  In  1680,  New-Hampshire,  at  the  solicitation  of  John 
Mason,  to  whose  ancestor  a  part  of  the  territory  had  been 
granted,  was  constituted  a  separate  colony.  Massachu-^ 
setts,  apprehending  the  loss  of  Maine  also,  purchased  of 
the  heirs  of  Gorges,  their  claim  to  the  soil  ana  jurisdiction, 
for  twelve  hundred  and  fifty  pounds. 

77.  The  disregard  of  the  acts  of  trade  had  given  great 
offence  to  the  mother  country,  and  the  Governors  of  New- 
England  were  peremptorily  required  to  enforce  them.  But 
being  enacted  by  a  parliament  in  which  the  colonies  were 
not  represented,  they  were  regarded  as  violations  of  their 
rights,  and  continued  to  be  evaded  with  impunity*.  Ed- 
ward Randolph  was  therefore  sent  oyer,  commissioned  as 
inspector  of  the  customs  in  New-England.  He  was  also 
the  bearer  of  a  letter  from  the  king,  requiring  that  agents 
should  be  sent  to  the  court  of  London,  fully  empowered  to 
act  for  the  colonies.  i  .   / 

^  78.  It  was  well  understood  to  be  the  intention  of  the 
king  to  procure,  from  the  agents,  a  surrender  of  the  char- 
ters, or  to  annul  them  by  a  suit  in  his  courts,  that  he  might 
himself  place  officers  over  the  colonies,  who  would  be  sub- 
servient to  his  views.  The  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts 
felt  that  to  be  deprived  of  tlieir  charter,  which  secured  to 
them  the  right  ot  self-government,  would  be  the  greatest 
of  calamities;  and  their  agents  were  instructed,  in  no 
emergency,  to  surrender  it.  This  being  known  to  the  king, 
a  prosecution  was  instituted  against  the  corporation,  and, 
in  1684,  a  subservient  court  decreed  that  the  charter  should 
be  cancelled. 

79.  All  impediments  to  the  exercise  of  the  royal  will 
being  thus  removed,  kiag  James  establiahe'd  a  temporary 


M 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


government  over  the  colony,  first  appointing  Joseph  Dad« 
ley,  and,  in  1686,  Sir  Eduiund  Andross,  governor.  This 
latter  ap|Kuntmcnt  caused  the  most  gloomy  forelxHlings. 
Sir  Kdmund  had  licen  governor  of  New- York,  and  it  was 
known  that  his  conduct  there  had  been  arbitrary  and 
tyrannical. 

80.  Havinff  secured  a  majority  in  the  council,  he  as- 
sumed control  over  the  ^ress,  appomting  Kandolph  licenser. 
He  eslablislied  newanu  oppressive  regulations  concternine 
taxes,  public  worship,  marriages,  and  the  settlement  of 
estates.  He,  and,  by  his  permission,  his  subordinate  offi- 
cers, extorted  enormous  fees  for  their  services.  He  de- 
clared that,  the  charter  being  cancelled,  the  old  titles  to 
land  were  of  no  validity,  and  compelled  the  inhabitants,  in 
order  to  avoid  suits  betbre  judges  dependent  on  his  will,  to 
take  ont  new  patents,  for  which  large  sums  were  demanded. 

81.  llie  hatred  of  the  people  was  excited  in  proportion 
to  their  su/feiings.  In  the  iieginning  of  1689,  a  nimor 
reached  Boston,  that  William,  prince  of  Orange,  had  in- 
vaded England,  with  the  intention  of  dethroning  the  king. 
Animated  by  tiie  hope  of  deliverance,  the  people  rushed 
8por;taneously  to  arms,  took  possession  of  the  fort,  seized 
Andross,  Rstndolph,  and  other  obnoxious  persons,  and 
placed  them  in  confinement.  A  council  of  safety,  consist- 
mg  of  their  former  magistrates,  was  then  orjp^anized,  to 
ac&ninister  the  government  until  authentic  intelligence 
should  be  received  from  England.  * 

^  82.  In  a  few  weeks  a  ship  arrived,  bringing  the  glad 
tidings  that  William  and  Mary  were  ^rmly  seated  on  the 
throne.  They  were  immediately  proclaimed,  in  all  the 
colonies,  with  unusual  rejoicings.  The  people  of  Massa- 
chusetts applied  for  the  restoration  of  their  old,  or  the 
grant  of  a  new  charter.  A  definite  answer  was  deferred, 
but  the  council  was  authorized  to  administer  the  govern- 
ment, according  to  the  provisions  of  the  old  charter,  until 
further  directions  should  be  given.  Andross,  Randolph, 
and  others,  were  ordered  home  for  trial. 

83.  In  this  unsettled  stale  of  the  ccmntry,  the  French 
in  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia,  instijrated'  the  northern  anc- 
eastern  Indians  t<i  commence  hostilities  asainst  the  Eng- 
lish settlements.  Dover  and  Salmon  Falls,  in  New- 
Hampshire,  Casco,  in  Maine,  and  Schenectady,  in  New 
York,  were  attacked  by  different  parties  of  I«*reneh  anc 
Indians,  and  the  most  shocking  barbarities  perpetrated 
upon  the  inhabitants.  ^ 


4?^'. 


MASSACHUSEtTS. 


4a 


64.  Reffardinff  Canada  as  the  principal  source  of  their 
miseries,  New-England  and  New- York  formed  the  bold 
project  of  reducing  it  to  subjection.  By  great  exertion, 
they  raised  an  army,  which,  under  the  command  of  Gene- 
ral Winthrop,  was  sent  against  Montreal,  and  equipped  a 
fleet,  which,  commanded  by  Sir  William  Phipps,  was  des- 
tined to  attack  Quebec. 

85.  Both  returned  unsuccessful,  disappointing  the  san- 
guine hopes  of  the  people,  and  burdening  them  with' a  debt 
which  they  had  not  the  means  of  discharging.  To  pay 
off  her  troops,  Massachusetts  put  in  circulation  bills  of 
credit,  or  paper  money,  an  expedient  which  was  afterwards 
often  resorted  to,  and,  though  it  afforded  relief  at  the  ' 
moment,  produced,  in  its  consequences,  extensive  and 
complicated  mischief. 

86.  In  the  mean  time,  a  new  charter  had  been  granted 
to  Massachusetts,  which  added  Plymouth,  Maine,  and 
Nova  Scotia,  to  her  territory.  The  only  privilege  it  al- 
lowed to  the  people  was,  the  choice  of  representatives. 
These  were  to  elect  a  council,  and  both  bodies  were  to 
constitute  the  legislative  power.  It  reserved  to  the  king 
the  right  of  appointing  the  governor  and  lieutenant  gover- 
nor. To  the  governor  it  gave  the  power  of  rejecting  laws, 
of  negativing  the  choice  of  counsellors,  of  appointmg  all 
military  and  judicial  officers,  of  adjourning  and  even  of 
dissolving  the  assembly  at  pleasure,  mws,  although 
approved  by  him,  might  be  abrogated  by  the  king,  within 
three  years  after  their  enactment. 

87.  The  king)  to  render  the  new  charter  more  accepta- 
ble, appointed  Sir  William  Phipps,  a  native  of  the  province,  - 
governor,  and  in  1692,  he  arrived  at  Boston.  The  new 
government  went  into  operation  without  any  opposition 
from  the  inhabitants ;  and  almost  the  first  act  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Phipps  and  his  council^  was  the  institution  of  a  court 
to  try  the  unfortunate  victims  of  popular  delusion,  accused 
of  witchcraft,  at  Salem.  ^      -  '  ife  ^ 

88.  ITie  belief  in  this  supposed  crime,  had  been  so  pre- 
valent in  England,  that  parliament  had  enacted  a  law 
punishing  it  with  death.  Under  this  law,  multitudes  had 
been  tried  and  executed  in  that  country,  and  two  or  three 
in  Massachusetts,  some  of  whom  acknowledged  they  were 
guilty.     Accounts  of  these  trials  and  confessions,  and 

{ particularly  of  some  trials  before  Sir  Matthew  Hale,  a 
^udge  revered  in  the  colonies,  had  been  published  and  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  country.    They  were  read,  in  a 


16 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


lime  of  deep  distress  and  gloom,  by  a  people  naturally 
sedate,  and  accustonied  to  regard  with  awe  the  surprising 
and  unaccountable  incidents  and  appearances  which,  iii  this 
new  world,  were  oflcn  presented  to  their  contemplation. 

89.  In  l<^bruary,  lii92,  a  daughter  and  a  niece  of  Mr. 
Paris,  the  minister  of  Salem,  were  a^icted  with  disor* 
ders  afl^ting  their  bodies  in  the  most  sin^ar  manner^. 
The  physicians,  unable  to  account  for  their  contortions, 
pronounced  them  bewitched ;  and  the  children,  hearing  of 
this,  declared  that  an  Indian  woman,  who  lived  in  the 
house,  was  the  cause  of  their  torments.  Mr.  Paris  con* 
curred  with  the  physicians.  Several  private  fasts  were 
kept  at  his  house,  and  the  cloom  was.  increased  by  a 
solemn  fast  throughout  the  cmony. 

00.  Fhe  Indian  woman  confessed  herself  guiltv.^  The 
children  were  visited,  noticed,  and  pitied.  This  en- 
couraged them  to  persevere,  and  other  children,  .either 
from  sympathy  or  the  desire  of  similar  attentions,  exhibited 
similar  coiUortions.  A  distracted  old  woman,  and  one 
who  had  been  a  long  time  confined  to  her  bed,  were  added 
to  the  list  of  the  accused ;  and,  in  the  progress  of  the 
infatuation,  women  of  mature  age  united  with  the  children 
in  their  accusations. 

91.  The  accused  were  multiplied  in  proportion  to  the 
accusers.  Children  accused  their  parents,  and  parents 
their  children.  A  word  from  those  who  were  su{>p<ised 
to  be  aftlieted,  occasioned  the  arrest  of  the  devoted  victim; 
and  so  (irmly  convinced  were  the  magistrates,  that  the 
prince  of  darkness  was  in  the  midst  of  them,  using  human 
intruments  to  accomp&sh  his  purpf)se8,  that  the  slightest 
testimony  was  deemed  sufficient  to  justify  a  conrnnitment 
for  trial. 

93.  The  court,  especially  instituted  for  this  purpose,  held 
a  session  in  June,  and  afterwards  several  others  by  ad- 
jinirnment.  Many  were  tried,  and  received  sentence  of 
death.  A  few  pleaded  guilty.  Several  were  convicted 
upoix  testimony,  which,  at  other  times,  would  not  have 
induced  suspicion  of  an  ordinary  crime,  and  some  uiK)n 
testimony  retracted  afler  con\  iction.  Nineteen  were 
executed,  and  many  yet  remained  to  be  tried. 

93.  At  this  stage  of  the  proceedings,  the  legislature 
established,  by  law,  a  ^rmaneut  court,  by  which  tne  other 
was  superseded,  and  nxed  a  distant  day  for  its  first  nes- 
sioft  at  Salem.  In  the  mean  time,  the  accusations  malti- 
plied,  and  additional  jails  were  required  to  bold  the  acciUBeii 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


4t 


re 

a 


The  iinpodtors,  hardened  by  hnpunity  and  sneeesB,  as^ 
cended  from  decrepid  old  women,  to  respectable  eharac- 
ters,  and  at  length,  in  their  ravings,  named  ministers  of 
tlie  gospel,  and  even  tae  wifo  of  the  governc% 

94.  The  commpjnity  were  thrown  into  consterr^^t\in. 
Each  felt  alarm  for  himself,  his  family,  and  friends.  The 
shock  mused  them  to  reflection.  They  considered  more 
closely  the  character  of  the  accusers ;  the  nature  of  the 
alleged  crime ;  the  testimony,  often  contradictory  and 
never  explicit ;  and  mure  than  alt  t}ie8e,tlie  high  standing 
of  some  who  were  implicated ;  and  began  to  doubt  whether 
they  had  not  been  too  credulous  and  precipitate. 

95.  At  the  next  term,  the  grand  jury  found  indictments 
against  fifty ;  but,  on  triaH  all  were  acquitted  except  three, 
and  them  the  governor  reprieved.  He^  also  dire<;ted^  that 
all  who  were  in  prison  should  be  set  at  liberty.  A  belief, 
however,  of  the  truth  of  the  charges,  still  .ingered  among 
the  people,  and  prevented  any  prosecuti<m  of  the  impostors. 
Tl>it  all  were  impostors,  cannot  be  believed.  Many  must 
have  acted  under  the  influence  of  a  disordered  imagination, 
which  the  attendant  circumstances  were  well  calculated; 
to  produce. 

96.  Besides  establishing  courts  of  justice,  the  legisla- 
ture, at  its  first  session  under  the  new  charter,  passed  a 
law  which  indicates  the  same  independent  spirit  that  af- 
terwards resisted  the  usurpations  of  the  British  parlia^ 
ment.  It  provided  that  no  tax  should  be  imposed  upon 
any  of  his  majesty^s  subjects,  or  their  estates,  iu  the  pro- 
vince, but  by  the  act  and  consent  of  the  governor,  council, 
and  representatives  of  the  people,  in  general  court  assem- 
oled.  It  is  almost  superfluous  to  say,  that  this  law  was 
disallowed  by  the  king.  ^ 

97.  The  war  with  the  French  and  Indians,  whteh  be- 
gan in  1690,  was  not  yet  terminated.  For  seven  years 
were  the  frontier  settlements  harassed  by  the  savages ; 
and  the  English  employed  in  expeditions  against  them.  A 
bi&tr)rY  of  these  would  consist  only  of  repeated  accounts 
of  Indian  cunning  and  barbarity,  and  of  English  enterprise 
and  fortitude.  Pence  between  England  and  I^Vance,  which 
took  place  in  1697,  was  soon  followed  by  peace  with  the 
savages. 

98.  But  in  a  few  years,  war  again  broke  out  in  Europe, 
which  was  the  signal  for  hostilities  in  America.  1  he  first 
HAomMi  upon  Deerfield.  In  February,  1704,  it  was  sur- 
pritno  in  the  nightf  about  forty  persons  Wjere  killedi  and 


48 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


J^^l'^ 


more  than  one  hundred  made  prisoners,  among  whom  were 
Mr.  Williams,  the  minister,  and  his  family.  The  killed 
were  scali>ed,  and  the  prisoners  commanded  to  prepare  for 
a  long  march  to  Canada. 

99.  On  the  second  day,  Mrs.  Williams  was  so  exhausted 
with  fatigue  that  she  could  go  no  farther.  Her  husband 
8olici;ted  permission  to  remain  with  her ;  but  the  retreat- 
ing savages,  according  to  their  custom  in  such  cases,  killed 
her  and  compelled  liim  to  proceed..  Before  the  tcrmin? 
tion  of  their  journey,  twenty  more  became  unable  to  walk* 
and  were  in  like  manner  sacrificed.  Those  who  survived 
the  journey  to  Canada  were  treated  by  the  French  with 
humanity ;  and  after  a  captivity  of  many  years,  most  of 
them  were  redeemed,  and  returned  to  their  friends. 

100.  New- York  having  agreed  with  the  French  and  the 
western  Indians  to  remain  neutral,  these  were  enabled  to 
pour -their  whole  force  upon  Massachusetts  and  New- 
Hami>shire,the  inhabitants  of  which,  for  ten  years,  erdured 
miseries  peculiar  to  an  Indian  war,  an^  mere  distressing 
than  their  descendants  can  well  imagine.  The  enemy 
were  at  all  times  prowling  about  the  frontier  settlements, 
watching  in  concealment  for  an  opportunity  to  strike  a 
sudden  blow  and  fly  with  safety.  The  women  and  chil- 
dren retired  into  the  garrisons ;  the  men  left  their  fields  un- 
cultivated, or  labored  with  arms  at  their  sides,  and  with  sen- 
tinels at  every  point  whence  an  attack  could  be  apprehended. 

101.  Yet  notwithstanding  these  precautions,  the  enemy 
were  often  successful,  killing  sometimes  an  individual  only, 
sometimes  a  %vI;ole  family,  sometimes  a  band  of  laborers, 
ten  or  twelve  in  i.nmber ;  and  so  swift  were  they  in  their 
movements,  that  but  few  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  whites. 
It  was  computed,  that  the  sum  of  one  thousand  pounds  was 
expended  for  every  Indian  killed  or  made  captive. 

102.  In  1707,  lilessachusetts,  New-Hampshire,  and 
Rhode  Island  despatched  an  armament  against  Port  Royal, 
ia  Nova  Scotia^  which  was  then  in  possession  of  the  French . 
It  returned  without  accomplishing  its  object.  In  1710, 
New-England,  assisted  bv  a  fleet  furnished  by  the  mother 
country,  succeeded  in  reducing  the  place ;  and  its  name, 
in  compliment  to  queen  Anne,  was  changed  to  Annapolis. 

103.  The  success  of  this  enterprise  encouraged  the 
commander,  general  Nicholson,  to  visit  England  and  pro- 
pose an  expedition  against  Uanada.    His  proposition  was 
adoptedyand  in  June,  1711,  admiral  Walker,  with  a  fleet  ^ 
of  fifteen  ships  of  war,  and  forty  transports,  bringing  an 


■^;»*-' 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


49 


army  of  vetevan  troops,  arrived  at  Boston.  Taking  on 
board  two  additional  regiments,  he  sailed  from  that  port 
about  the  last  of  July.  At  the  same  time,  general  Nichol- 
son repaired  to  Albany  to  take  conmiand  oi  the  troops  that 
were  to  proceed  by  land. 

104.  When  the  fleet  had  advanced  ten  leagues  up  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  the  weatlier  became  tempestuous  and 
foffg)'.  A  difference  of  opinion  arose  concerning  the  course 
tobe  pursued,  tlie  English  pilots  recommending  one  course, 
and  tlie  colonial  anoiner.  The  admiral,  entertaining,  like 
all  other  English  officers,  an  opinion  of  the  abilities  of  the 
colonidts  corresponding  with  their  dependent  condition, 
adopted  the  advice  of  hir^  own  pilots.  Pursuing  the  course 
thev  recommended,  nine  transports  wore  driven,  about 
midnight,  upon  the  rocks  and  dashed  to  pieces. 

105.  From  every  quarter  cries  of  distress  arose,  con- 
veying, through  the  darkness,  to  those  .who  were  yet  afloat, 
intelligence  of  the  fate  of  their  comrades  and  of  their  own 
danger.  The  shrieks  of  the  drowning  pleaded  powerraliy 
for  assistance,  but  none  could  be  afi'orfied  until  the  morn- 
ing dawned,  when  six  or  seven  hundred,  found  floating  on 
the  scattered  wrecks,  were  rescued  from  death,  more  tlian 
a  thousand  having  sunk  to  rise  no  more.  Not  a  single 
American  was  lost. 

106.  Weakened  by  this  terrible  disaster,  the  admiral 
determined  to  return  to  England,  where  he  arrived  in  the 
month  of  October.  Thither  mislbrtune  attended  him. 
On  the  fifteenth,  his  ship  blew  up  and  four  hundred  sea- 
men perished.  The  New-Ertgland  troops  returned  to  their 
homes,  and  Nicholson,  having  learned  the  fate  of  the  fleet, 
led  back  his  troops  to  Albany.  The  next  year  the  colonies 
found  no  repose.  In  1713,  France  and  England  made 
peace  at  Utrecht,  and,  in  the  same  year,  peace  was  con- 
cluded with  the  Indians. 

107.  Such  was  the  destruction  of  lives  in  this  war,  that 
the  population  ^f  New-England  was  sensibly  retarded. 
Her  expenses  were  also  cnonnous.  Although  the  annual 
taxes  paid  by  the  inhabitants,  were  greater  than  in  a-ny 
other  portion  of  the  British  ei.ipire,  yet  the  colonies  most 
exposed,  were  burdened,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  with  a 
heavy  debt,  in«the  shape  of  bills  of  credit,  or  paper  money, 
which  impeded  their  prosperity,  perplexing  individuals  and 
the  government  in  all  their  transactions. 

108.  In  17 IG,  Samuel  Shute,  a  colonel  in  the  army  of 
the  oelebrated  duke  of  Marlborough,  was  appointed  gov* 

B 


^LftaiSE&-.?''lfisP^ 


.-■^^r^r^-'-BHe^l 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


ernor.  On  his  arriyal  in  the  province,  he  fouiid  the  peo- 
ple divided  into  two  parties,  one  in  favor  of  a  public  bank* 
which  had  just  been  established,  the  other  of  the  inoor- 
•ration  of  a  private  bank.  He  joined  the  formei,  the 
.ter  of  course  bccan:e  hostile  ;  and,  led  by  a  Mr.  Cooke, 
opposed  with  virulence  all  his  measures. 

109.  In  1730,  this  party,  embracing  a  majority  of  the 
representatives,  elected  their  leader  speaker.  The  choice 
was  communicated  to  the  governor,  who  interpo8<>d  his 
negative*  The  house  persisted  in  their  choice,  denying 
his  right  to  interfere.  The  controversy  continued  several 
days,  when  the  governor  dissolved  the  assembly,  and 
directed  that  a  new  election  should  be  made  by  the  people. 

110.  The  charter  not  giving,  in  express  terms,  to  the 
governor,  the  power  to  reject  a  speaker,  the  people  resolved 
to  support  their  representatives,  and  nearly  all  of  them 
were  again  elected.  When  met,  to  avoid  a  second  disso- 
lution, they  chose  a  Mr.  Lindall  speaker ;  but  in  a  warm 
remonstrance  to  the  governor,  condemned  his  conduct, 
and  re-asserted  their  sole  and  exclusive  right  to  choose 
their  presiding  officer. 

111.  The  session  was  short,  and  but  little  was  done  that 
did  not  display  the  angry  feelings  of  the  house.  Instead 
of  six  hundred  pounds,  the  usual  grant  to  the  governor  for 
half  a  year's  salary,  they  appropriated  but  five  hundred, 
and,  as  a  mark  of  their  displeasure,  deferred  that  act  until 
near  the  close  of  the  session. 

113.  At  their  next  meeting,  the  same  feelings  prevailed 
and  the  same  diminished  sum  was  voted.  The  governor 
then  informed  them,  that  he  had  been  instructed  by  the 
king  to  recommend  to  the  assembly,  to  establish  for  him  a 
permanent  and  honorable  salary.  The  house,  aware  of 
the  importance  of  retaining  the  power  of  granting  such 
sums  as  the  governor  might  merit  by  his  conduct,  replied, 
that  the  subject  was  new,  and  expressed  a  wish  tliat  the 
court  might  rise.  With  this  request  the  governor  complied. 

113.  This  disagreement  continued,  the  ill  temper  of 
both  parties  increasing,  through  several  subsequent  ses- 
sions. The  representatives,  confident  of  the  support  of 
the  people,  refused  to  establi^  a  permanent  salary  for  the 
ffovemor,  and  often  withheld  the  pittance  they  gave,  until 
be  had  sanctioned  those  measures  which  they  desired 
should  be  adopted. 

114.  His  residence  in  the  provinc  *  bein^  rendered,  by 
Hiis  dispute,  unpleasaat,  he  suddenly  and  privately  quitted 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


at 


it,  in  December,  1733.  Upon  his  arrival  in  England,  he 
exhibited  charges  against  the  house,  of  having  made 
various  encroachments  upon  the  king*8  perogative,  which 
the  agents  of  the  province  were  instructed  to  answer  and 
repel.      '      '      ^ 

115.  He  remained  in  England  until  1728,  when  he 
resigned  his  office,  and  William  Burnet,  then  govornor  of 
^  New- York,  was  appointed  his  successor.  In  his  first 
^speech,  he  informea  the  house  that  lie  had  received  iM)si- 
tivo  instructions  from  the  king  to  insist  on  a  permanent 
salary.  The  representatives,  generous  of  their  money  but 
tenacious  of  their  rights^  appropriated  three  hundred  pounds 
for  the  expenses  of  his  journey,  and  fourteen  hundred 
pounds  towards  his  support,  not  Si.dcifying  for  what  time. 
The  first  sum  ho  accepted ;  but  absolutely  declined  re- 
ceiving any  compensation  for  his  services,  except  in  the 
mode  of  a  fixed  salary. 

no.  The  delegates  were  equally  decided;  and  having 
transacted  all  t  leir  necessary  business,  requested  the  gov- 
ernor, by  message,  to  adjourn  them.  He  replied,  that  he 
could  not  comply  with  their  recpiest,  as,  if  he  did,  he 
should  put  it  out  of  their  power  to  pay  immediate  regard 
to  the  King^s  instructions.  A  few  days  atlerwards,  the 
request  was  again  made  and  again  denied. 

117.  Messages,  containing  arguments  and  replies,  were 
often  interchanged  by  the  parties.  After  ^  .  o  jaonths  had 
been  consumed  in  the  controversy,  the  governor,  imagin- 
ing the  members  were  influenced  by  the  citizens  of  Bos- 
ton, transferred  the  general  court  to  Salem.  They  were 
detained  there  two  months  ;  were  ilien  allowed  to  return 
to  their  homes ;  were  again  assembled  after  a  short 
recess ;  and  having  sat  seventeen  drys,  were  again  ad- 
journed without  exhibiting  any  symptoms  of  compliance. 

118.  A  new  assembly  was  elected,  and  several  sessions 
in  the  summer  of  1729,  displaying  the  same  spirit  as  tlie 
former.  In  the  mean  time,  information  was  transmitted 
from  England,  that  the  kinjs^  approved  the  conduct  of  the 
governor,  and  condemned  that  of  the  house.  Still  the 
members  continued  inflexible.  In  August,  they  were 
removed  to  ('ambridge,  which  served  to  exasperate  rather 
than  to  convince  them.  Here,  however,  the  controversy 
was  suspendej,  for  a  time,  by  the  death  of  the  gov- 
ernor, which  was  supposed  to  have  been  hastened  by 
his  unsuccessful  contest  with  the  house  of  representa 
tives. 


\^^,,'?-' 


M 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


119.  His  successor  was  Mr.  Belcher,  then  agent  in 
England.  As  he  belonged  to  the  popular  party,  hij 
appointment  gave  rise  to  the  expectation,  that  the  instruc- 
tion, to  obtain  a  permanent  salary,  was  withdrawn.  But 
from  his  first  speech  it  appeared,  that  it  was  not  only 
unrescinded,  but  enforced  by  a  threat  of  punishment  in 
case  of  refusal. 

120.  ^  The  house,  unintimidated  by  the  threat,  refused. 
The  governor,  during  the  two  first  years  of  his  adminis- 
tration, made  several  attempts  to  induce  them  to  comply. 
All  failing,  he  endeavored  to  obtain  a  relaxation  of  his 
instructions.  Permission  was  at  length  granted  that  he 
might  receive  a  particular  sum,  which  was  voted,  and  a 
similar  permission  was  afterwards  annually  given.  Thus 
ended  a  contest  which  prepared  the  people  of  Massachu- 
setts to  embark  in  another  in  which  more  important  lights 
were  to  be  defended. 

121.  These  turbulent  times  were  succeeded  by  a  calm 
which  continued  several  years ;  during  which,  however, 
the  enemies  of  governor  Belcher,  by  incessant  misrepre- 
sentation, deprived  him  of  the  favor  of  the  ministry  in 
England.  In  1740,  he  was  removed  from  office,  and  Mr. 
William  Shirley  appointed  in  his  place. 

122.  In  1741,  war  again  broke  out  between  England  and 
France,  and  the  colonies  were  involved  in  its  calamities. 
Their  commerce  and  fisheries  suffered  great  injury  from 
privateers,  fitted  out  at  Louisburg,  a  French  port,  on  cape 
Breton.  Its  situation  gave  it  such  importance,  that  nearly 
six  millions  of  dollars  had  been  expended  on  its  fortifica- 
tions. Mr.  Vaughan,  of  New-Hampsliire,  who  had  often 
visited  that  place  as  a  trader,  .conceived  the  project  of  an 
expedition  against  it.  He  communijated  it  to  governor 
Shirley,  and,  being  ardent' and  enthusiastic,  convinced  him 
that  the  enterprise  was  practicable,  and  inspired  him  with 
his  own  enthusiasm. 

123.  Having  exacted  of  the  general  court  an  oath  of 
secrecy,  the  governor,  in  January,  1745,  communicated  to 
them  the  project.  Many  heard  it  with  amazement.  So 
strong  was  the  place,  and  so  weak  comparatively  were  the 
colonies,  that  the  thought  of  attacking  it  seemed  rash  and 
presumptuous.  From  respect  to  him,  however,  his  pro- 
posal was  referred  to  a  committee ;  they  reported  agamst 
It,  the  house  accepted  the  report,  and  the  members  dis- 
missed from  their  minds  all  thoughts  of  the  expedition. 

124.  During  the  secret  deliberations  the  people  watched 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


(tt 


with  anxiety  to  ascertain  their  object*    The  disclosnrt  | 
was  made  b^  an  honest  member,  'who  incautiously,  in  hi9  ; 
family  devotions,  praved  i«r  the  divine  blessing  on  the 
attempt,  should  it  be  made.    The  people  were  instantly 
struck  with  the  advantage  of  possessing  the  place.   Wheo 
the  decision  was  made  known,  a  petition,  signed  by  a  large 
number  of  merchants,  was  presented  to  the  general  court 
praying  them  to  comply  with  the  governor's  proposal.   The 
subject  was  again  discussed,  and  a  vote  in  favor  of  the 
expedition  was  passed  by  a  majority  of  one. 

125.  The  questipn  was  now  decided,  and  all  who  were 
before  averse  to  the  enterprise,  united  heartily  with  its 
supporters  to  carry  it  into  execution.  The  other  New- 
England  colonies  were  solicited,  and  agreed  to  furnish 
assistance;  and  a  boat  was  despatched  to  commodore 
Warren,  in  thf  West  Indies,  to  mvite  his  co-operation. 
Colonel  Pepper  1*  was  appointed  commander-in-chief,  and 
Roger  Wolcott,  of  Connecticut,  second  in  command. 

126.  In  two  months,  an  army  of  more  than  four  thousand 
men  was  enlisted,  clothed,  victualled,  and  equipped  for 
service,  in  the  four  New-England  colonies,  which  did  not 
then  contain  four  hundred  tiiousand  inhabitants.  On  the 
23d  of  March,  the  despatch  boat  returned  from  the  W'^st 
Indies,  with  advice  that  commodore  Warren  declined  fur- 
niohing  aid.  This  intelligence  was  kept  secret.  The 
troops  of  Massachusetts  embarked,  as  though  nothing  dis- 
couraging had  happened,  and  about  the  middle  of  April, 
they,  as  well  as  those  sent  by  Connecticut  and  New- 
Hampshire,  arrived  safe  at  Canso. 

127.  Commodore  Warren  had  but  just  despatched  his 
answer,  when  he  received  orders  to  repair  to  Boston  with 
such  ships  as  could  be  spared,  and  concert  measures  with 
governor  Shirley  for  his  majesty's  service  in  North  Ame- 
rica. He  sailed  instantly,  but  learning,  in  his  course,  that 
the  transports  had  left  Boston  for  Canso,  he  steered 
directly  for  that  place,  where  he  arrived  on  the  23d  of 
Apirl.  He  added  much  to  their  naval  strength,  and  much 
to  that  confidence,  which,  by  promising,  ensures  victory. 

128.  Several  vessels  of  war,  which  had  been  sent  to 
cruise  before  Louisburg,  had  captured  a  number  of  French 
ships,  and  prevented  any  intelligence  of  the  expedition 
from  reaching  the  enemy*  ,  These  vessels  were  daily  in 
sight  of  the  place,  but  were  supposed  to  be  privateers,  and 
caused  no  alarm.  The  appearance  of  the  fleet,  on  the  30th 
of  April,  gave  the  French  the  first  intimation  of  their  danger* 

E  3 


.:*\ 


air 


fn 


MASSAeHUSEfTJ^. 


129.  The  troops  immediately  landed,  and  the  next  day 
a  detachment  of  four  hundred,  marching  round  the  hills^ 
approached  within  a  mile  of  t\m  grand  battery,  setting  fire 
to  all  the  houses  and  stores  on  the  way.  Many  of  these 
contained  pitch  and  tar,  which  produced  a  thick  smoke^ 
that  .completely  enveloped  the  invaders.  The  fears  of  the 
French  were  increased  by  their  uncertainty.  They  ima- 
gined the  V,  hole  army  was  coming  upon  them,  and,  throw- 
ing their  powder  into  a  well,  deserted  the  battery,  of  which 
the  New- England  troops  took  possession  without  loss. 

130.  This  was  uncommon  good  fortune ;  but  the  most 
difficult  labors  of  the  siege  remained  to  be  performed* 
'J 'he  cannon  were  to  be  drawn  nearly  two  miles,  over  a 
doep  morass,  in  plain  view,  and  within  gun-shot,  of  the 
enemy's  principal  fortifications.  For  fourteen  nights,  the 
troops^  witii  straps  over  their  shoulders,  and  sinking  to 
their  knees  in  mud,  were  employed  in  this  service. 

131.  The  approaches  were  then  begun  in  the  mode  which 
seemed  most  proper  to  the  shrewd  understandings  of  un- 
taught militia.  Those  officers,  who  were  skilled  m  the  art 
of  war,  talked  of  zigzags  and  epauletnents  ;  but  the  troops 
made  themselves  merry  with  the  terms,  and  proceeded  in 
their  own  way.  By  the  20th  of  May,  they  had  erected 
five  batteries,  one  of  which  mounted  five  forty-two  poun- 
ders, and  did  great  execution. 

132.  Meanwhile  the  fleet,  cruising  in  the  harbor,  had 
Deen  equally  successful.  It  captured  a  French  ship  of 
sixty-four  guns,  loaded  with  stores  for  the  garrison,  to 
whom  the  loss  was  as  distressing,  as  to  the  besiegers  the 
capture  was  fortunate.  English^ships  of  war,  were,  be- 
sides, continually  arriving,  and  added  such  strength  to  the 
fleet  that  a  coiribined  attack  upon  the  town  was  resolved 
upon.  The  enemy,  discovering  this  design,  deemed  it 
unwise  to  abide  the  hazard  of  an  assault.  On  the  15th 
of  June,  the  French  commander  proposed  a  cessation  of 
hostilities,  and,  on  the  17th  capitulated. 

133.  Intelligence  of  this  event,  flying  swiftly  through 
the  colonies,  diffused  great  and  universal  joy.  And  well 
might  the  citizens  of  New-England  be  elated  with  the 
glad  tidings.  Without  even  a  suggestion  from  the  mothe\ 
country,  they  had  projected,  and,  with  but  little  assistance, 
had  achieved,  an  enterprise  of  vast  importance  to  her  and 
to  them.  Their  commerce  and  fisheries  were  now  secure, 
and  their  maritime  cities  relieved  from  all  fear  of  attack 
from  that  quarter.  ^,;;r       -       ;  v:* 


"w'' 


.^«^£: 


NEAV-HAMPSHIRE. 


65 


134.  France,  fired  with  resentment  at  her  loss,  made 
extraordinary  exertions  to  retrieve  it,  and  to  inflict  chas- 
tisement on  New-England.  The  next  summer,  she  des- 
patched to  the  American  coast  a  powerful  fleet,  carrying  a 
large  number  of  soldiers.  The  news  of  its  approach  bpread 
terror  throughout  New-England ;  but  an  uncommon  suc- 
cession of  disasters,  which  the  pious  of  that  time  attribut- 
ed to  the  special  interposition  of  Providence,  deprived  it 
of  all  power  to  inflict  injury.  After  remaining  a  short  time 
on  the  coast,  it  returned  to  France,  having  lost  two  admi- 
rals, both  of  whom,  it  was  supposed,  put  an  end  to  their 
lives  through  chagrin ;  having  also,  by  ter  "  jts,  been 
reduced  to  one  half  its  force,  and  effected  notmng. 

185.  In  1748,  peace  was  concluded,  each  party  restoring 
all  its  prisoners  and  conquests ;  a  striking,  hut  not  uncom- 
mon, illustration  of  the  folly  of  war.  Louisburg,  though 
conquered  by  the  colonies,  was  exchanged,  by  Great 
Britain,  for  territories  which  she  had  lost  in  Europe. 
New-England  murmared  at  this  injustice;  but  what  avail 
the  murmurs  of  the       \k1  ;  .  v^*         *^ 

136.  From  this  V'-  ^  i  to  the  commencement  of  the  next 
French  war,  but  few  important  events  occurred  in  Massa- 
chusetts. The  bills  of  credit,  which  the  colony  had  issued 
'  to  defray  its  enormous  expenditure,  were  redeemed  by  the 
government,  at  their  depieciated  value.  This  example 
was  followed,  though  tardily,  by  the  other  governmeiits. 
At  the  time  of  their  redemption,  they  were  worth  no  more, 
in  some  colonies,  than  one  tenth,  and  in  others,  onelwen- 
ticth,  of  the  sum  for  v/hich  they  had  been  issued.    _ 


^  CHAPTER  III. 

NEW-HAMPSHIRE.       *^-^ 

With  the  h'htory  of  Massachusetts,  the  parent  of  the 
New-Englan<!  colonies,  tiiat  of  New-Hamjrshire  has  been 
necessarily  jlended.  A  brief  relation  of  some  detached 
eventSi  vliich  occurred  in  the  latter  colony,  will  now  be 
given. 

2.  .Tohn  Mason,  Ferdinand  Gorges, ^nd  others,  having 
obta'ned,  of  the  Plymouth  or  New-Kngland  Company, 
grants  of  several  tracts  of  land,  lying  north  of  Massachu- 
Bwits,  sent  from  England,  in  1C23,  a  few  persons  to  begin 


:>K- 


66 


NEW-HAMPSHIRfi. 


a  settlement.  Part  landed,  and,  for  a  short  time,  remained 
at  Little  Harbor,  on  the  west  side  of  Piscataqua  river,  and 
near  its  mouth.  Here  the  first  house  was  Duilt,  which 
was  called  Mason  Hall.  The  remainder,  proceedinir 
higher  up  the  river,  settled  at  Cocheco,  afterwards  callea 
Dover. 

3.  Fishing  and  trade  being  the  principal  objects  of  these 
emigrants,  their  settlements  in«  eased  slowly.  In  1629, 
the  territory  situated  between  Merrimac  and  Piscataqua 
rivers,  and  extending  sixty  miles  from  the  sea,  was  granted 
to  Mason  alone,  and  then  first  called  New-Hampshire. 
In  163 1,  the  first  house  was  built  at  Portsmouth.  In  1638, 
the  Reverend  John  Wheelwright,  who,  in  1629,  but  pre- 
vious to  the  date  of  Mason's  patent,  had  purchased  the 
land  of  the  Indians,  laid  the  foundation  of  Exeter.  The 
next  year,  thirty-five  persons,  residing  in  that^  town, 
combined  and  established  civil  government.  Within  a 
year  or  two  afterwards,  the  inhabitants  of  Dover  and 
Portsmouth  followed  their  example,  each  town  remaining 
distinct  and  independent, 

4.  In  1641,  these  little  republics,  distrusting  their  ability 
to  protect  themselves,  formed  a  coalition  with  Massachu- 
setts, and  long  remained  a  part  of  that  colony.  The  civil 
wars  in  England  diverted  the  attention  of  Mason  from  his 
grant,  and  those  who  migrated  to  the  country  purchased 
of  Wheelwright,  the  lands  wijich  they  occupiea.  In  the 
war  with  Philip,  the  settlements  on  Piscataqua  and  Oyster 
rivers,  were  attacked  by  the  Indians,  and  suffered  severely. 

5.  In  1675,  Robert  Mason,  grandson  and  heir  of  John 
Mason,  applied  to  the  king  to  obtain  possession  of  the  ter- 
ritory and  rights  which  had  been  granted  to  his  ancestor. 
Notice  of  this  application  was  given  to  Massachusetts, 
and  the  parties  were  heard  before  the  king  in  council. 
In  1679,  a  decree  was  passed,  that  New-Hampshire  should 
be  constituted  a  separate  province,  to  be  ruled  by  a  presi- 
dent and  council,  who  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  king, 
and  a  house  of  representatives  to  be  chosen  by  the  people. 
No  decision  was  made  affecting  the  titles  to  land. 

6.  The  first  assembly,  consisting  of  eleven  members, 
met,  in  1680,  at  Portsmouth.  At  this  session,  a  code  of 
laws  was  adopted,  of  which  the  first,  in  a  style  worthy  of 
freemen,  declared,  "that  no  act,  imposition,  law,  or  ordi- 


rtf»nfo. 


1 1^  V»  n  l\i  4*  n««^  <« 

xiitiauxhaiivo 


province,  but  such  as  should  be  made  by  the  assembly, 
and  approved  by  the  president  and  council."    This  was 


:.r.f? 


NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 


57 


twelve  years  previous  to  the  enactment  of  a  similar  law  in 
Massachusetts. 

7.  In  the  same  ytar,  Mason,  who  had  been  appointed  a 
member  of  the  council,  arrived  in  the  colony.  He  assumed 
the  title  of  lord  proprietor,  claimed  the  soil  as  his  property, 
and  threatened  to  prosecute  all  who  would  not  take  from 
liim  leases  of  the  lands  the3r  occupied.  His  pretensions 
were  resisted  by  most  of  the  inhabitants,  who  claimed  the 
fee-simple  of  the  soil  by  a  more  righteous,  if  not  more 
legal  title. 

8.  The  peace  of  the  colony  was  long  distuibed  by  these 
conflicting  claims.  At  the  head  of  those  who  contended 
with  Mason,  stood  major  Waldron,  of  Dover.  Against 
him,  and  many  others,  suits  were  instituted.  No  defence 
was  made,  judgments  were  obtained,  but  so  geneial  was 
the  hostility  to  Mason,  that  he  never  dared  to  er/)rce  them, 

9.  Over  Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire,  the  same 
governor  usually  presided.  After  Andross  was  deposed, 
the  inhabitants  of  the  latter  colony  desired  to  be  incorpo 
rated  with  their  *brmer  brethren.  Their  request  was 
opposed  by  Samuel  Allen,  who  had  purchased  Mason's 
title,  and  was  refused.  Allen  was  made  govenior  of  the 
colony,  and,  by  his  influence,  John  Usher,  his  son-in-law, 
was  appointed  lieutenant  governor.  Under  his  adminis- 
tration, the  disputes,  occasioned  by  adverse  claims  to  land^ 
continued  to  rage  with  increased  violence.  Other  suitr 
were  instituted,  and  judgments  obtained ;  but  the  sherifl 
was  forcibly  resisted,  by  a  powerful  combination,  whenevei 
he  attempted  to  put  the  plaintiff  in  possession. 

10.  From  Indian  wars  this  colony  suffered  more  than 
any  of  her  sisters.  The  surprise  of  Dover,  in  1669,  was- 
attended  by  circumstances  of  the  most  shocking  barbarity. 
That  the  natives  had  been  cruelly  injured  l)y  major  Waldron, 
the  principal  citizen,  may  account  for,  if  not  extenuate, 
their  ferocity  in  obtaining  revenge. 

11.  Having  determined  upon  their  plan  of  attack,  they 
employed  more  than  their  usual  art,  to  lull  the  suspicions 
of  the  inhabitants.  .So  civil  and  respectful  was  their 
behavior,  that  they  often  obtained  permission  to  sleep  in 
the  fortified  houses  in  the  town.  On  the  evening  of  the 
fatal  night,  they  assembled  in  the  nei^;hborhood,  and  sent 
their  women  to  apply  for  lodgings,  at  the  houses  devoted 

,  to  destruction ;  who  were  not  only  admitted,  but  were 
shown  how  they  could  open  the  doors  should  they  have 
occasion  to  go  out  in  the  night.  ,   . 


■^ 


■*. 


S8 


NEW-HAMPSfflRE. 


12.  When  all  was  quiet,  the  doors  were  opened  and  (he 
signal  given.  The  Indians  rushed  into  Waldron'o  l^ouoe, 
and  hastened  to  his  apartment.  Awakened  by  the  ..oise, 
he  seized  his  sword  and  drove  them  back,  but  when 
returning  for  his  other  arms,  was  stunned  with  a  hatchet, 
and  fell.  They  then  dragged  hiir.  into  his  hall,  seated 
Him  in  an  el1)ow  chair,  urjn  a  long  table,  and  insultingly 
asked  him, "  who  shall  juoge  Indians  now  ?"  After  feastmg 
upon  provisions,  which  they  compelled  the  rest  of  the 
family  to  procure,  each  one,  with  his  knife,  cut  4^^shes 
across  his  breast,  saying, "  I  cross  out  my  account."  When, 
weakened  with  the  loss  of  blood,  he  was  about  to  fall  from 
the  table,  his  own  sword  was  held  under  him,  which  put 
an  end  to  his  misery. 

13.  At  other  houses,  similar  acts  of  cruelty  were  perpe- 
trated. In  the  whole,  twenty-three  persons  were  killed, 
twenty-nine  carried  prisoners  to  Canada,  and  mostly  sold 
to  the  French.  Remembering  kindness  as  well  as  injury, 
they  spared  one  woman,  who,  thirteen  years  before,  had 
conferred  a  favor  on  one  of  the  party.  Many  houses  were 
burned,  much  property  was  plundered,  and  so  expeditious 
were  the  Indians,  that  they  had  fled  beyond  reach  before 
the  neighboring  people  could  be  coUectea. 

14.  Tlie  war  thus  commenced  was  prosecuted  with  great 
vigor.  The  French,  by  giving  premiums  for  scalps,  and 
by  purchasing  the  English  prisoners,  animated  the  Indians 
to  exert  all  their  activity  and  address,  and  the  frontier 
inhabitants  endured  the  most  aggravated  sufferings.  The 
settlements  on  Oyster  river  were  again  surprised ;  twenty 
houses  were  burned,  and  nearly  one  hundred  persons  were 
killed  or  made  prisoners.  Other  towns  were  attacked, 
many  persons  slain,  and  many  carried  into  captivity.  The 
peace  of  Ryswick,  in  1697,  closed  the  distressing  scene. 
In  1703,  another  war  began,  which  continued  ten  years*^, 

ir%  In  1719,  above  one  hundred  families,  mostly  Pres- 
oyterians,  emigrated  from  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  settled 
the  town  of  Londonderry.  They  introduced  the  foot 
spinning-wheel,  the  riianufacture  of  linen,  and  the  culture 
of  potatoes.  They  were  industrious,  hardy,  and  useful 
citizens. 

16.  From  1722,  to  1726,  the  inhabitants  again  suffered 
the  afflictions  of  an  Indian  war.  Following  the  example 
of  the  French,  the  government  offered  premiums  for  scalps, 
which  induced  several  volunteer  companies  to  undertalce 
expeditions  against  the  enemy.    One  of  these,  commanded 


CONNECTICUT. 


59 


by  captain  Lovewell,  was  greatly  distinguished,  at  first  by 
its  successes,  and  afterwards  by  its  misfortunes. 

17.  Long  afler  the  transfer  from  Mason  to  Allen,  some 
defect  in  the  conveyance  was  discovered,  which  rendered 
it  void.  In  1746,  John  Tufton  Mason,  a  desccndajit  of 
the  original  grantee,  claiming  the  lands  possessed  bv  h<s 
ancestors,  conveyed  them,  for  fifteen  hundred  pounds,  to 
twelve  persons,  subsequently  called  the  Masonian  proprie- 
tors. They,  to  silence  opposition,  voluntarily  relinquished 
their  claim  to  the  lands  already  occupied  by  others. 

18.  They  also  granted  townships  on  the  most  liberal 
terms.  Reserving  certain  portions  of  the  land  for  them- 
selves, for  tho  first  settled  ministers,  and  for  schools,  they 
required  merely  that  the  grantees  should,  within  a  limited 
time,  erect  mills  and  meeting  houses,  clear  out  roads,  and 
settle  ministers  of  the  ^gospel.  In  process  of  time,  nearly 
all  the  Masonian  lands,  being  about  one  fourth  of  the  whole, 
were,  in  this  manner,  granted ;  and  contention  and  lawsuits 
ceased  to  disturb  the  repose,  and  to  impede  the  prosperity 
of  the  colony. 


■  ■<*• 


CHAPTEIi  IV. 
CONNECTICUT. 


4  ^■•'     ■■<■  '^'^  *J- 


In  1G31,  viscount  Say  and  Seal,  lord  Brook,  and  others, 
obtained  from  the  Plymoutli  Company,  in  England,  a  grant 
of  the  territory  which  now  constitutes  tlie  state  of  Con- 
necticut ;  and  so  little  was  then  known  of  the  geography 
of  the  new  world,  that  the  grant  was  made  to  extend,  in 
longitude,  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  South  Sea.  In 
the  same  year,  the  Indians,  living  on  Connecticut  river, 
having  invited  the  colony  of  Pl3rmouth  to  make  a  settlement 
on  their  lands,  governor  Winslow,  an'l  others,  visited  the 
country,  and  selected  a  place  near  the  mouth  of  the  little 
river  in  Windsor,  for  the  erection  of  a  trading  house. 

2.  The  Dutch  at  New- York,  apprized  of  this  project  of 
the  English,  and  determined  to  anticipate  them,  immedi- 
ately despatched  a  party,  who  erected  a  fort  at  Hartford. 
In  September,  1633,  a  company  from  Pl.vmouth,  having 
prepared  the  frame  of  a  house,  put  it  on  board  a  vessel, 
and,  passing  the  fort,  conveyed  it  to  the  place  previously 
selected.    In  Octoberi  they  raised,  covered,  and  fortified 


.       i5 


60 


CONNECTICUT. 


it  witl^  palisades.  The  Dutoh,  considering  thoni  intruderiSf 
sent,  the  next  year,  a  party  of  seventy  men  to  drive  them 
from  the  country,  but  finding  them  strongly  posted^  they 
relinquished  the  design. 

3.  In  the  autumn  of  1635,  manv  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Dorchester  and  Watertown,  in  Massachusetts,  having 
heard  of  the  fertile  meadows  on  Connecticut  river,  re- 
moved thitlier,  and  began  settlements  at  Weathersfield 
and  Windsor.  During  the  next  winter,  their  sufferings 
from  famine  were  extreme.  So  destitute  were  they  of 
provisions,  that  many,  in  dread  of  starvation,  returned,  in 
December,  to  Massachusetts.  In  their  journey  through 
the  drearv  wilderness,  at  this  inclement  season,  they  en- 
counterea  indescribable  hardships. 

4.  In  the  same  autumn,  Mr.  Winthrop  arrived  from 
England,  with  instructions  from  the  patentees  to  'erect  a 
fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  make  the  requisite 
preparation  for  planting  a  colony.  The  fort  was  but  just 
completed  when  a  party,  sent,  for  the  same  purpose,  by 
the  Dutch,  at  New-York,  arrived  in  a  vessel,  but  were 
not  permitted  to  land. 

5.  The  next  spring,  those  who  had  been  compelled  by 
famine  to  revisit  Massachusetts,  returned  to  Connecticut. 
In  June,  the  Reverend  Mr.  Hooker,  of  Cambridge,  and 
about  one  hundred  men,  v/omen,  and  children,  belonging 
to  his  congregation,  travelling  through  the  wilderness, 
laid  the  foundation  of  Hartford.  They  were  nearly  two 
weeks  on  their  journej  ;  they  drove  tlieir  cattle  with  them, 
and  subsisted,  by  the  way,  upon  the  milk  of  their  cows. 

6.  In  1637,  all  tlie  settlements  in  New  f^nglaad  were 
involved  in  hos  dlities  with  the  Pequods,  a  tribe  of  Indians 
inhabiting  Nev/  London  and  the  country  around  it.  Some 
account  of  this  war  has  been  given  in  the  history  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. Previous  to  any  expedition  against  them, 
they  had  killed  many  of  the  emigrants  to  Connecticut, 
had  captured  others,  and  tortured  them  to  death.  In  the 
short  war  w  ?h  followed,  their  surviving  brethren,  for 
braver>  '  '  e  an^  fortitude  in  suffering,  were  not  sur- 
passed h\         J      ^^li  of  the  English  troops. 

7.  At  first,  the  emigrants  acknowledged  the  authori'y 
of  Massachusetts'.  In  January,  1639,  the  freemen,  haviiig 
convened  at  Hartford,  adopted  a  constitution  for  them- 
selves. They  ordained  that  two  general  courts,  or  assem- 
blies, should  be  held  annually,  one  in  April,  the  other  in 
September;  that  at  the  court  held  in  April,  styled  the  cvml 


CONNECTICUT. 


ex 


9f 

m 

of 


of  election,  the  freemen  should  choose  a  governor,  six 
magistrates,  and  all  the  public  officers  ;  that  to  the  other, 
the  several  towns  should  send  deputies,  who,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  governor  and  magistrates,  were  authorized 
to  enact  laws,  and  perform  all  necessary  public  services. 
No  general  court  could  be  adjourned  or  dissolved,  without 
the  consent  of  a  major  part  of  the  members. 

8.  In  the  same  year,  George  Fenwick,  one  of  the 
patentees,  came  over  with  his  tamily,  and  settled  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river.  In  honor  of  lord  Say  and  Seal,  and 
lord  Brook,  he  called  the  place  Saybrook.  Others  sifter- 
■wards  joined  him  ;  and  for  several  years,  they  were  gov- 
erned  by  their  own  magistrates  and  laws.  In  1644,  Mr. 
Fenwick,  for  seven  thousand  dollars,  assigned  to  the 
general  court  of  Connecticut,  the  fort  at  Saybrook,  and 
ail  the  rights  conferred  by  the  patent  from  the  Plymouth 
compan^  in  England.  This  settlement  then  became  a  part 
of  the  colony.  The  claim  of  Plymouth  colony,  founded 
upon  their  having  first  made  an  establishment  at  Windsor, 
had  been  previously  purchatied. 

9.  In  the  mean  time,  another  colony  had  been  planted 
within  the  limits  of  tho  Connecticut  patent.  In  June,  1637, 
two  large  ships  arrived  at  Boston,  from  England,  having 
on  board  Mr.  Davenport,  Mr.  Eaton,  and  many  others, 
whom  pious  motives  had  impelled  to  emigrate  to  New- 
England.  Being  highly  respectable,  and  some  of  them 
possessing  great  wealth,  the  generdl  court,  of  Massachu- 
setts, desirous  of  detaining  them  in  the  colony,  offered 
them  any  place  they  might  select  for  a  plantation. 

10.  Wishing,  however,  to  institute  a  civil  and  religious 
community,  conforming  in  all  things  to  their  peculiar 
principles,  they  removed,  the  next  yefir,  to  Quinnipac, 
which  they  called  New  Haven.  Soon  aiter  their  arrival, 
at  the  close  of  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer,  they  subscribed 
what  they  termed  a  plantation  r.ovenant,  solemnly  binding 
themselves,  "  until  otherwise  ordered,  to  be  governed  in 
all  things,  of  a  civil  tis  well  as  religious  concern,  by  the 
rules  which  the  scripture  held  forth  to  them."  They  pur- 
chased of  the  natives,  large  tracts  of  land  ;  and  laid  out 
their  towns  in  squares,  designing  it  for  a  great  and  elegant 
city. 

11.  In  1639,  all  the  free  planters,  assembled  in  a  large 

barn,  proceeded  to  lay  the  foundation  of  their  civil  and 

religious  polity.     They  resolved  that  none  but  church 

members  should  be  allowed  the  privilege  of  voting,  or  be 

F 


":>y\<'*-; 


.li*i«Ji. 


C3 


CONNECTICUT. 


elected  to  office;  that  all  the  freemen  should  annually 
assemble  and  e^ect  the  officers  of  the  colony ;  and  that 
the  word  of  God  shofild  be  the  only  rule  for  ordering  the 
affairs  of  the  commonwealth.  Such  was  the  original  con- 
stitution of  New-Haven ;  but  as  the  population  increased, 
and  new  towns  were  settled,  different  regulations  were 
adopted,  and  the  institutions  and  laws  became  gradually 
assimilated  to  those  of  Connecticut. 

12.  With  the  Dutch  at  New- York,  both  colonies  had 
constant  and  vexatious  disputes.  The  former  claimcid  all 
the  territory  as  far  east  as  Connecticut  river ;  the  latter 
complained  that  the  Dutch  often  plundered  their  property ; 
that  they  sold  gims  and  ammunition  to  tne  Indians,  and 
even  encouraged  them  to  make  war  upon  the  Knglish. 
The  fear  of  attack  from  that  Quarter,  was  one  of  the  rea- 
sons which,  in  1643,  induced  the  colonies  of  New-Eiiglaud 
to  form  a  confederation  for  their  mutual  defence 

13.  In  1650,  a  treaty  of  amity  and  partition  was  con- 
cluded at  Hartford,  between  the  Englisn  and  Dutch,  the 
latter  relinquishing  their  claim  to  the  territory  of  Connec- 
ticut, except  the  lands  which  they  actually  occupied. 
Soon  after,  England  and  Holland  were  involved  in  war 
with  each  other,  but  their  colonies  in  America  agreed  to 
remain  at  peace.  Notwithstanding  this  agreement,  the 
Dutch  governor  was  detected  in  concerting  with  the  In- 
dians a  plot  for  the  total  extirpation  of  the  English. 

14.  Connecticut  and  New-Haven  were  alarmed;  a 
meeting  of  the  commissioners  of  the  united  colonies,  was 
called,  and  evidence  of  the  plot  laid  before  them.  A 
majority  was  in  favor  of  war ;  but  the  colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts, being  remote  from  the  danger,  was  averse  to  it. 
As  she  was  much  stronger  than  either  of  the  others,  it 
,was,  at  the  suggestion  of  her  deputies,  resolved,  that 
agents  should  first  be  sent  to  demand  of  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernor an  explanation  of  his  conduct. 

15.  The  agents  obtained  no  satisfactory  explanation. 
On  their  return,  another  meeting  of  the  commissioners 
was  held  at  Boston,  additior.al  testimony  was  laid  before 
them,  and  several  ministers  of  Massachusetts  were  invited 
to  assist  at  their  deliberations,  a  practice  not  unusual  at 
that  period. 

^  16.  The  opinion  of  these  ministers  being  reouested, 
they  obseiveu,  "  that  the  proofs  of  the  execrable  plot, 
tending  to  the  destruction  of  the  dear  saints  of  God,  wer« 
«f  such  weight  as  to  induce  them  to  believe  the  reality 


CONNECTICUT, 


r*.-. 


of  it ;  yet  they  were  not  so  fully  conclusive  as  to  bear  up 
their  hearts  with  the  fulness  of  persuasion  which  was 
meet  in  commending'  the  case  to  God  in  prayer,  and  to 
the  people  in  exhortations ;  and  that  it  would  be  safest  for 
the  colonies  to  forbear  the  use  of  the  sword." 

17.  But  all  the  commissioners,  except  one,  were  of 
opinion  that  recent  aggressions  justified,  and  self  preser- 
vation dictated,  an  appeal  to  the  sword.  They  were  about 
to  declare  war,  when  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
in  direct  violation  of  one  of  the  articles  of  the  confedera- 
tion, resolved,  *'  that  no  determination  of  the  commission 
ers,  though  all  should  agree,  should  bind  the  colony  tc 
engage  in  Ijostilities." 

18.  At  this  declaration,  Connecticut  and  New-Haven 
felt  alarmed  and  indignant.  They  considered  the  other 
colonies  too  weak,  without  the  assistance  of  Massachu- 
setts, to  contend  with  the  Dutch  and  their  Indian  allies. 
They  argued,  entreated,  and  remonstrated,  but  she  contin-< 
ued  inflexible.  They  then  represented  their  danger  to 
Cromwell,  and  implored  his  assistance.  He,  with  his 
usual  promptitude,  sent  a  fleet  for  their  protection,  and  for 
the  conquest  of  their  enemies ;  but  peace  in  Europe,  intelli- 
gence oi  which  reached  New-England  soon  after  the  arrival 
of  the  fleet,  saved  the  Dutch  from  subjugation,  and  relieved 
the  colonies  from  the  dread  of  massacre. 

19.  After  Charles  II  was  restored  to  the  throne,  Con- 
necticut applied  to  him  for  a  royal  charter.  A  trifling 
circumstance  induced  him,  forgetting  all  his  arbitrary 
maxims,  to  comply  with  her  wishes  to  their  utmost  extent. 
Her  agent,  Mr.  Winthrop,  having  an  extraordinary  ring, 
which  had  been  given  to  his  grandfather  by  Charles  1, 
presented  it  to  his  son.  He  immediately  granted  a  char- 
ter, more  liberal  in  its  provisions  than  any  that  had  yet 
been  granted,  and  confirming,  in  every  particular,  the 
constitution  which  the  people  had  themselves  adopted. 

20.  This  charter  comprehended  New-Haven ;  but,  for 
several  years,  the  people  of  that  colony  utterly  refused  to 
consent  to  the  union.  In  this  opposition  to  the  commands 
of  the  king,  and  the  remonstrances  of  Connecticut,  they 
persevered  until  1665,  w^hen  the  apprehension  of  the 
appointment  of  a  general  governor,  and  of  their  being 
united  with  some  other  colony,  having  a  charter  less  favor- 

21.  In  the  war  with  Philip,  which  began  in  1675,  Con- 
necticut suffered  less  than  her  sister  colonies.    Her  aidy 


64 


CONNECTICUT. 


Viov/evor,  in  full  proportion  to  her  strength,  was  always 
freely  afforded ;  and  no  troops  surpassed  her  volunteers  in 
bravery  and  enterprise.  A  large  nitmber,  and  many  of 
them  officers,  were  killed  at  the  assault  upon  the  fort  at 
Narraganset. 

22.  In  1686,  king  James  II,  desirous  of  annulling,  not 
only  the  charters  wirich  had  been  granted  to  his  English 
cities,  but  those  also  which  had  been  granted  to  his  Ameri 
can  colonies,  smnmone''  the  governor  of  Connecticut  to 
appear  and  sliow  cause  why  ner  charter  should  not  be 
declared  void.  And  Sir  Edmund  Andross,  who  had  been 
appointed  govornor  of  New-England,  advised  the  colony, 
as  the  course  best  calculated  to  ensure  the  good  will  of 
his  majesty,  to  resign  it  voluntarily  into  his  hands,  he 
having  been  instriiotcd  to  receive  it.  But  the  people 
estimated  too  highly  the  privileges  it  conferred  to  surrender 
it  until  necessity  compelled  them. 

23.  Sir  Edmund,  therefore,  repaired,  with  a  body  of 
troops,  to  Hartford,  when  the  assembly  were  in  session, 
and  demanded  of  them  the  charter.  They  hesitated  and 
debated  until  evening.  It  was  then  produced  and  laid  upon 
the  table,  a  largo  number  of  people  being  present.  Sud- 
denly, the  candles  were  extinguished.  With  counterfeited 
haste,  they  were  again  relighted ;  but  the  charter  could  no 
where  be  found,  in  the  dark,  it  had  been  privately  carried 
off,  by  a  captain  Wadsworth,  and  concealed  in  a  hollow 
tree.  Sir  Edmund,  however,  assumed  the  government  of 
the  colony,  and  ruled  with  tlie  same  absolute  sway,  though 
not  with  the  same  oppressive  tyranny,  as  in  Massachusetts. 

24.  When  James  was  driven  from  his  throne  and  king- 
dom, and  his  governor  deposed,  Connecticut  resumed  her 
former  government.  The  assembly  voted  a  flattering 
address  to  king  William.  The  suit,  instituted  for  the 
purpose  of  annulling  her  charter,  was  abandoned ;  and  her 
mhabitants,  while  enjoying  greater  privileges  than  any  of 
their  brethren,  had  reason  to  congratulate  themselves  upon 
their  address  and  good  fortune  in  preserving  them. 

25.  But,  not  long  afterwards,  they  were  again  called 
upon  to  defend  these  privileges  from  encroachment.  In 
1692,  colonel  Fletcher  vvas  appointed  governor  of  New- 
York,  and  was  authorized,*  by  his  commission,  to  take 
command  of  the  militia  of  Connecticut.  This  power 
having  been  given,  by  the  charter,  to  the  governor  of  the 
colony,  he  determined  not  to  relinquish  it,  and  in  this 
dotermination  was  supported  by  the  people.     pf.;i./ 


CONNECTICUT. 


6ft 


S6.  The  next  year,  when  the  aeneral  court  were  in 
•ession,  colonel  Fletcher  repaired  to  Hartford,  and  required 
that  the  militia  of  the  colony  should  be  placed  under  his 
command.  This  was  resolutely  refused.  He  then  ordered 
the  trainbands  of  the  city  to  Be  assembled.  This  beins 
done,  hu  appeared  before  them,  and  directed  his  aid  to  read 
to  them  his  commission  and  instructions  from  the  kinff. 

27.  Captain  Wudsworth,  the  senior  officer  of  the  militia 
present,  instantly  ordered  the  drums  to  beat,  and  such  was 
the  noise,  that  nothing  else  could  be  heard.  Colonel 
Fletcher  commanded  silence  ;  and  again  his  aid  besan  to 
read.  **  Drum,  drum,  I  say,"  exclaimed  Wadsworth,  and 
a  command  so  acceptable  to  the  players,  was  obeyed  with 
spirit.  Once  more  the  colonel  commanded  silence,  and  a 
p?,usc  ensued.  "  Drum,  drum,  I  say,"  cried  the  captain, 
and  turning  to  governor  Fletcher,  addressed  him,  with 
energy  in  his  voice  and  meaning  in  his  looks,  "  If  I  am 
interrupted  airain,  I  will  make  the  sun  shine  through  you 
in  a  moment." 

28.  Deeming  it  unwise  to  contend  with  such  a  r  pirit, 
colonel  Fletcher  desisted,  left  Hartford  the  next  night, 
and  returned  to  New- York.  A  representation  of  the 
opposing  claims  being  made  to  the  king,  he  decided  that 
the  governor  of  Connecticut  should  have  the  command  of 
the  militia ;  but  in  time  of  war,  a  certain  number  should 
be  placed  under  the  orders  of  Fletcher.  " 

29.  In  1700,  Yalo  college  was  founded.  It  owes  its 
existence  to  thcbeneficence  and  public  spirit  of  the  clergy. 
It  was  first  established  at  Saybrook;  and,  in  1702,  the 
first  degrees  were  there  conferred.  Elihu  Yale  made 
several  donations  to  the  institution,  and  from  him  it  der!  -?«» 
the  name  it  bears.  A  succession  of  able  instructers  i  -is 
raised  it  to  the  second  rank  among  the  literary  institutions 
of  the  country. 

30.  in  1708,  an  act 
lequiring  the  ministers  and  ^^.^^^^ 
and  form  an  ecclesiastical  constitution  for  the  colony.  A 
meeting  was  in  consequence  held  at  Saybrook,  the  result 
of  which  was  the  celebrated  Saybrook  platform.  At  the 
subsequent  session  of  the  legislature,  it  was  enacted  that 
all  the  churches,  united  according  to  this  platform,  should 
be  owned  as  established  by  law,  allowing,  however,  to 
other  churches,  the  right  or  exercising  worship  and  disci-^ 
pline  in  their  own  way,  according  to  their  consciences. 

31.  In  the  several  abortive  attempts  to  reduce  the  French 


was  passed  by  the  legislature, 
nd  deiecatRS  of  churches  to  meet 


'3M 


66 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


settlements  in  Canada,  and  in  the  expedition  agaiiist  LoViis- 
burg,  Connecticut  furnished  her  full  quota  of  troops,  and 
bore  her  proportion  of  the  expenses.  Of  these,  a  history 
is  elsewhere  civen.  ^  fter  the  death  of  Philip,  most  of  the 
Indians  abandoned  her  territory,  and  seldom  returned  to 
molest  the  inhabitants ;  who,  living  in  the  enjoyment  of 
hU  the  privileges  they  desired,  felt  no  inducement,  and 
were  afforded  no  opportunity,  to  perform  such  actions  as 
enliven  the  pages  of  liistory. 


*»; 


t-4., 


:-*h>' 


f    :  CHAPTER  V. 

RHODE  IStAND. 

RoGEfi  Williams,  who  was  banished  from  Massachu- 
setts, for  avow?ng  the  doctrine,  that  the  civil  magistrate  is 
bound  to  grant  equal  protection  to  every  denomination  of 
Christians,  a  doctrine  too  liberal  for  the  age  in  which  he 
lived,  repaired  to  Seeconk,  where  he  procured  a  grant  of 
land  from  the  Indians.  Being  informed,  by  the  governor 
of  Plymouth,  that  the  land  was  within  the  limits  of  that 
colony,  he  proceeded  to  Mooshausic,  where,  in  1638,  with 
those  friends  who  followed  him,  he  began  a  plantation. 

2.  He  purchased  the  land  of  the  Indians,  and,  in  grateful 
acknowledgfnent  oi  the  kindness  of  heaven,  he  called  the 
place  Providence.  Acting  in  conformitjr  with  the  wise 
and  liberal  principle,  for  avowing  and  maintaining  w^hich, 
he  had  suffered  banishment,  he  allowed  entire  freedom  of 
conscience  to  all  who  came  within  his  borders.  And  to 
him  must  be  given  the  glory  of  having  first  set  a  practical 
example  of  the  equal  toleration  of  all  religious  sects  in  the 
same  political  community. 

3.  His  benevolence  w^as  not  confined  to  his  civilized 
brethren.  He  labored  to  enlighten,  improve,  and  conciliate 
the  savages.  He  learned  their  language,  travelled  among 
them,  and  gained  the  entire  confidence  of  their  chiefs. 
He  had  often  the  happiness,  by  his  influence  over  them, 
of  saving  from  injury  the  colony  that  had  proclaimed  liim 
an  outlcw,  and  driven  him  into  the  wilderness.  >»■ 

4.  In  1638,  William  Coddington,  and  seventeen  others^ 
being  persecuted  for  their  religious  tenets  in  Massachusetts, 
followed  Williams  to  Providence.  By  his  advice,  they 
purchased  of  the  Indians  the  island  of  Aquetneci  now 


titiODB  ISLAND. 


67 


called  Rhode  Island,  and  remoyed  thither.  Coddington 
was  chosen  thei  r  judee,  Or  chief  magistrate.  The  fertility 
t)f  the  soil,  and  the  tokration  of  all  christian  sects,  a:  ■  racted 
numerous  emigrants  from  the  adjacent  settlements. 

5.  When  the  New-England  colonies,  in  1643,  formed 
their  memorable  confederacy,  Rhode  Island  applied  to  be 
admitted  a  member.  Plymouth  objected ;  asserting  that 
the  settlements  were  within  lier  boundaries.  The  com- 
missioners decided  that  Rliode  Island  might  enjoy  all  the 
advantages  of  the  confederacy,  if  she  would  submit  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  Plymouth.  She  declined,  proudly  preferring 
independence  to  all  the  benefits  of  dependent  union. 

G.  In  1644,  Williams,  having  been  sent  to  England  as 
agent  for  both  settlements,  ootained  of  the  Plymouth 
Company,  a  patent  for  the  territory,  and  permission  for  the 
inhabitants  to  institute  a  government  for  themselves.  In 
1647,  delega*;es  chosen  by  the  freemen,  held  a  general 
assembly  at  Portsmouth,  organized  a  government,  and 
established  a  code  of  laws.  The  executive  power  was 
confided  to  a  president  and  tour  assistants. 

7.  Upon  the  application  of  the  inhabitants,  the  king,  in 
1663,  granted  a  charter  to  Rhode  Island  and  Providence 
Plantations.  The  supcerae,  or  legislative  power,  was  to 
be  exercised  by  an  assembly,  which  was  to  consist  of  the 
governor,  of  ten  assistants,  and  of  representatives  from 
the  several  towns,  all  to  be  chosen  by  the  freemen.  This 
assembly  granted  to  all  christian  sects,  except  Roman 
Catholics,  the  right  of  voting.  In  1665,  they  authorized, 
by  law,  the  Geizurc  of  the  estates  of  Quakers,  who  refused 
to  assist  in  defending  the  colony;  but  this  law,  being  gencr 
rally  condemned  by  the  people,  was  never  executed. 

8.  When  Andross  was  made  governor  over  New-Eng- 
land, he  dissolved  the  charter  government  of  Rhode  Island, 
and  ruled  the  colony,  with  the  assistance  of  a  council 
appointed  by  himself.  Afler  he  was  imprisoned,  at  Boston, 
the  freemen  met  at  Newport,  and  voteil  to  resume  their 
charter.  All  the  officers  who,  three  yea^s  before,  had  been 
displaced,  were  restored. 

^  9.  The  benevolence,  justice,  and  pacific  policy  of  Wil- 
liams, secured  to  the  colony  an  almost  total  exemption 
from  Indian  hostility.    In  1730,  the  number  of  inhabitants 

,- "     'O  rkAA  .    :_    »!.•/»«     ii. A/\  t\/\/\        T» TT_: i^— 

^ivfvas    ioy\j\nj  ^  III  i/oi,  ii  waa  'tvi,uuu.     xjfuwii  ijiuversiiy 

was  founded,  at  Warren,  in  1764^  and  was  removed,  a  few 
years  afler,  t^  Providence.  Its  founder  was  Nicholas 
Browfli  who  gave  to  the  institution  five  thcnisand  dollars 


*if*,<*^ 


CItAPtER  VI. 
NEW-YORK. 


V;^ 


In  1609,  Henry  Hudson,  an  Englishman,  but  sailing  it\ 
the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  discovered 
Long  laland,  the  harbor  of  New- York,  and  the  fiver  to 
which  his  name  has  been  given.  In  1613,  several  DutcJi 
merchants,  to  whom  the  republic  of  Holland  had  granted 
the  exclusive  right  of  trading  to  this  part  of  America, 
.-^cted  a  fort  near  Albany,  which  they  named  fort  Oiange, 
and  a  few  trading  houses  on  the  island  of  New- York,  then 
called,  by  the  Indians,  Manhattan. 

2.  In  the  same  year,  captain  Argal,  who  had  been  sent 
by  Virginia  to  drive  the  French  from  their  settlements  on 
tlie  bay  of  Fundy,  visited,  on  his  return,  the  Dutch  on 
Hudson's  river.  Claiming  the  country  for  his  nation,  by 
right  of  prior  discovery,  he  demanded  the  acknowledgment 
of  lis  authority.  Being  few  in  number,  they  prudently 
submitted,  without  attempting  to  resist. 

3.  But,  receiving  a  reinforcement,  the  next  year,  they 
again  asserted  the  right  of  Holland  to  the  country,  and 
erected  fort  Amsterdam,  on  the  south  end  of  the  island. 
The  English,  for  many  years,  forebore  to  interfere  in  their 
IKirsuits  or  claims.  In  1621,  the  republic,  desirous  of 
ibuoding  a  colony  in  America,  granted  to  the  Dutch  W^est 
India  Company,  an  extensive  territory  on  both  sides  of 
the  Hudson.  The  country  was  called  New-Netherlands. 
The  boundaries  were  not  accurately  defined,  but  were 
considered,  by  the  company,  as  including  Connecticut  river 
at  the  north,  and  Delaware  river  at  the  south. 

4.  In  1623,  they  erected  a  fort  on  the  Delaware,  which 
they  called  Nassau  ;  and,  ten  years  :  Stewards,  another  on 
the  Connecticut,  which  they  called  Good  Hope.  Near  the 
former,  the  Swedes  had  a  settlement.  From  the  inter- 
fering claims  of  the  two  nations,  quarrels  arose  between 
the  settlers,  which,  after  continuing  several  years,  termi- 
nated in  the  subjugation  of  the  Swedes.  Towards  the 
fort  on  the  Connecticut,  the  settlements  of  the  English 
rapidly  approached,  and  soon  occasioned  disputes,  wiiich 
had  ajonger  duration  and  a  different  result. 

5.  The  LIuteh  did  not  escape  the  caJamity  of  war  with 
the  ravages.  Hostilities  commenced  in  1643,  continued 
•everal  yearSf  and  were  very  destructive  to  both  parties 


■.u 


NEW-YORK. 


09 


K.-;. 


m-  ■■ 


William  Kiefl,  the  governor  of  the  New-Netherlands, 
invited  captain  Underhill,  who  had  been  a  soldier  in  Europe, 
and  had  made  himself  conspicuous  in  New-Hampshire)  oy 
his  eccentricities  in  religion  and  conduct,  to  take  command 
of  his  troops.  Collecting  a  flying  party  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty  men,  he  was  enabled  to  preserve  the  Dutch  settlements 
from  total  destruction.  The  number  of  Indians,  whom  he 
killed  in  the  course  of  the  war,  was  supposed  to  exceed 
four  hundred.  Jn  164G,  a  severe  battle  was  fought  on  that 
part  of  Horse-neck  called  Strickland's  Plain.  The  Dutch 
were  victorious ;  on  both  sides  great  numbers  were  slain ; 
and  for  a  century  afleru^ards  the  graves  of  the  dead  were 
distinctly  visible. 

6.  In  1650,  Peter  Stuyvesant,  then  the  able  governor 
of  the  New-Netherlands,  met  the  commissioners  of  the 
New-England  colonies  at  Hartford,  where,  after  much 
altercation,  a  line  of  partition  between  their  respective 
territories  was  fixed  by  mutual  agreement.  Long  Island 
was  divided  between  them ;  the  Dutch  retained  the  lands 
which  they  occupied  in  Connecticut,  surrendering  their 
claim  to  the  residue. 

7.  But  Charles  II,  denying  their  right  to  any  portion  of 
the  country,  determined  to  expel  them  from  it.  In  1664, 
he  granted  to  his  brother,  the  duke  of  York  and  Albany, 
all  the  territory  between  Nova  Scotia  and  Delaware  bay ; 
and  though  England  and  Holland  were  then  at  peace, 
immediately  sent  three  ships  and  three  hundred  troops  to 
put  him  in  possession  of  his  grant.  Colonel  Robert  Nichols 
conducted  the  expedition.  The  squadron,  having  visited 
Boston,  reached  the  place  of  its  destination  in  August. 

8.  The  commander  summoned  governor  Stuyvesant  to 
surrender  the  town,  promising  to  secure  to  the  inhabitants 
their  lives,  liberty,  and  property.  At  first,  he  refused ; 
but  the  magi  ites  and  people,  allured  by  the  proffered 
terms,  constrained  him  to  consent.  Fort  Orange  surren- 
dered, soon  after,  to  Sir  George  Carteret.  In  compliment 
to  the  duke,  the  name,  Manhattan,  was  changed  to  New- 
York,  and  Orange  to  Albany^  ;;.y 

9.  Nichols  assumed  the  government  of  the  country  he 
had  conquered,  and  continued,  for  three  yearsy  to  rule  over 
it,  with  absolute  power,  but  with  great  lenity  and  justice. 
During  his  administration,  New-York  was  made  a  city. 
Upon  his  return  to  England,  he  was  succeeded  by  colonel 
Lovelace,  who  administered  the  governiraat  with  e/jvu 
moderation.  •  ,-...,,    ,j  ..? 


a-^' 

% 


U' 


lb 


JVEW-YORK. 


10.  In  1673,  England  and  Holland  being  then  ut  war,  a 
few  Dutch  ships  were  despatched  to  reconquer  the  country. 
On  vheir  arrival  at  Staten  Island,  a  short  distance  from  the 
city,  John  Manning,  who  had  command  of  the  fort,  sent 
down  a  messen^r  and  treacherously  made  terms  with  the 
enemy.  The  Dutch  sailed  up  the  harbor,  landed  their 
men,  and  took  possession  of  the  fort  and  city,  without 
firing  or  receiving  a  shot. 

11.  Captain  Anthony  Colve  was  appointed  governor,  but 
he  retained  the  authority  for  a  few  months  only.  The 
next  year,  peace  was  concluded,  and  the  country  restored 
to  the  i^'iclish.  The  duke  obtained  a  new  patent,  confirm- 
ing hi*^^  ^tle  to  the  province,  and  appointed  major  Andross, 
the  same  who  was  afterwards  the  tyr&nt  of  New-England, 
to  be  governor  over  his  territories  in  America. 

12.  Neither  the  administration  of  Andross,  nor  that  of 
hh  successor,  Anthony  Brockholst,  was  distinguished  by 
ftny  remarkable  event.  In  1663,  colonel  Thomas  Dongan, 
who,  88  well  as  the  duke,  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  was 
appointed  governor,  and  the  next  year  arrived  in  the  colony. 
Until  this  time,  the  governor  aitd  council  had  poss(;ssed 
absolute  power-  The  inhabitants,  who,  whether  Dutch 
or  English,  were  born  the  subjects  of  a  state  comparatively 
free,  having,  in  an  address  to  the  duke,  claimed  a  share  in 
the  legislative  authority,  colonel  Dongan  was  directed  to 
allow  the  freeholders  to  meet  and  choose  representatives. 

13.  On  the  17th  of  October,  the  first  assembly  met, 
eonsistinff  of  the  council  and  eighteen  representatives. 
By  the  cfeclaration  of  the  governor,  they  were  invested 
with  the  sole  power  of  enacting  laws  and  levying  taxes ; 
but  the  laws  could  have  no  force  until  ratified  by  the  duke. 
With  this  participation  of  power,  the  people  were  gratified 
and  contented ;  and  the  colony  began  to  enjoy  the  inestim- 
able advartages  of  a  regular  government. 

14-  The  inte^wT  of  New-York  was  originally  inhabited 
by  a  confec'erae.,  'v?  hich  consisted  at  first  of  five,  and  after- 
wards of  SIX,  nations  of  Indians.  This  confederacy  was 
formed  for  mutual  defence  against  the  Algonqums, a  power- 
ful Canadian  nation,  and  displayed  much  of  the  wisdom 
and  fegacity  which  mark  the  institutions  of  a  civilized 
people.  By  their  union,  they  had  become  formidable  to 
the  aorronnding  tribes.    Being  the  allies  of  the  English, 


Mit?  X- iciiuii  were  aian,^ieu  ei 


HUuuestictf,  aiiu  beuaiiie 


jealous  of  their  power. 
16.  lo  1684,  D«  la  Barre,  the  governor  of  Cauai^ 


■:>k.'  . 


\^L»  jMiii^M 


:r,-1, 


NEW-YORK, 


71 


^.     I 


murclied  to  attack  them*  with  an  anuy  of  seventeen  hun- 
dred men.  His  troops  sneered  so  much  from  hardships, 
famine,  and  sickness,  that  he  was  compelled  to  ask  peace 
of  those  whom  he  had  crme  to  exterminate.  He  invited 
the  chiefs  of  the  five  naticms  to  meet  him  at  his  camp, 
and  those  of  three  of  them  accepted  the  invitation. 
Standing  in  a  circle,  formed  by  the  chiefs  and  Ids  own 
officers,  he  addressed  a  speech  to  Garrangula,  of  the 
Ononda^o  tribe,  in  which  he  accused  the  confederates  of 
conductmg  the  English  to  the  trading  grounds  of  the 
French,  and  threatened  them  with  war  and  exterminatioa 
if  they  did  not  alter  their  behavior. 

16.  Garrangula,  knowing  the  distresses  of  the  French 
troops,  heard  these  threats  with  contempt.  Afler  walking 
five  or  six  times  round  the  circle,  he  addressed  the  follow- 
ing bold  and  sarcastic  language  to  De  la  Barre,  calling  him 
Yonnondio,  and  the  English  governor,  Corlear.   • ,  .;  ■  ,1 ;; 

17.  "  Yonnondio,  I  honor  you,  and  the  warriors  that  are 
with  me  likewise  honor  you.  Your  interpreter  has  finished 
your  speech ;  I  now  begin  mine.  My  words  make  haste 
to  reach  your  ears ;  hearken  to  thenu  Yonnondio,  you 
must  have  believed,  when  you  left  Quebec,  that  the  sun 
had  consumed  all  the  forests  which  render  our  cmmtrv 
inaccessible  to  the  French,  or  that  the  great  lakes  hvA 
overflown  their  banks  and  surrounded  our  castles,  so  that 
it  was  impossible  for  us  to  get  out  of  them.  Yes,  Yon- 
nondio, you  must  have  dreamed  so,  and  the  curiosity  of  so 
great  a  wonder  has  brought  you  so  far.  Now  you  are  un- 
deceived, for  I,  and  the  warriors  here  present,  are  come  to 
assure  you,  that  the  Senecas,  Cayugas,  Onondagos,  Ohey- 
does,  and  Mohawks,  are  yet  alive. 

18.  "  I  thank  you,  in  their  name,  for  bringing  back  into 
their  country  the  pipe  of  peiice,  which  your  predecessor 
received  from  their  hands.  It  was  happy  for  you  that 
vou  left  under  ground  th^t  murdering  hatc!»'"t  which  hjMi 
been  so  often  dyed  in  the  blood  of  the  French.  Hea?, 
Yonnondio,  I  do  not  sleep;  I  have  my  eyes  open,  and  th^* 
sun  which  enlightens  me»  discovers  to  me  a  great  captain 
at  the  head  of  a  company  of  soldiers,  who  speaks  as  if  he 
was  dreaming.  He  says  that  he  only  came  to  smoke  the 
great  pipe  of  peace  with  the  Ononda^os.  But  Garrangula 
says,  that  he  sees  the  contraiy;  that  it  was  to  knock  them 
on' the  head,  if  sickness  had  not  weakened  the  arms  of 
the  French. 

19-  "  We  carried  tbo  English  to  out  lakes,  to  trade  there 


J*:- 


.^.  a;  .    ,i*f 


ll 


72 


>  <j*.'«;^  f 


NEW-YORX. 


■  ...i,.. 


-,,,^ 


with  the  Utawawas,  and  Q"/itoghies,  as  th(  Adirondacs 
brought  the  French  to  our  ca^  t'rt^  to  carry  on  a  trade  which 
the  Lnglish  say  is  theirs,    "e  ^re  born  free ;  we  neither 
depend  on  Yonnondio  nor  Coii&ar.    We  may  go  where  we 
please,  and  buy  and  sell  wiiat  we  please.    If  your  allies  . 
are  ^our  slaves,  use  them  as  such ;  command  them  to 
receive  no  other  but  your  pev)ple. 
20.  "  Hear,  Yonnondio ;  what  I  say  is  the  voice  of  all 
" '  the  Five  Nations.    When  the^  buried  the  hatchet  at 
Cadaracui,  in  the  middle  of  tlie  tort,  they  planted  the  tree 
of  peace  in  the  same  pjace,  to  he  there  carefully  preserved, 
that  instead  of  a  ret?  eat  for  soldiers,  the  fort  Hiight  be  a 
rendezvous  for  nierch^ints.     Take  care  that  the  many 
soldiers  who  appear  thi  re,  do  not  choke  the  tree  of  peace, 
and  prevent  it  from  ci>vering-  your  couniry  and  ours  with 
its  branches.    I  assure  yot;,  tli^t  our  warriors  sliall  dance 
under  its  leaves,  and  will  never  6ifj:  v-  .  the  httohet  to  cut 
1  it   aovvn,  till  their  brother  Yonn<;;>  lio  or  Corlear  shall 
I, invade  the  country  which  the  Git 31  Spirit;  has  given  to 

our  ancestors."' 
*  ^If  De  l;j  Barre  was  mortified  rnd  enraged  at  this  bold 
reply;  but,  submitting  to  necessity,  he  concluded  a  treaty 
of  peace,  and  returned  to  Montreal.  His  successor,  De 
Nouyille,  led  a  larger  army  is  gainst  the  confederates ;  but 
fell  into  an  ambjiscade  and  was  defeated.  These  wars 
within  the  limits  '^f  the  colony,  kept  colonel  Dongan 
actively  employed,  aid  served  to  perpetuate  the  eumity  of 
the  Indians  against  the  French,  and  their  attachinent  to 
the  English. 

S2.  in  the  mean  time,  the  duke  of  York  ascended  the 
throne  of  England.  Cltiiming  unlimited  authority  as  king, 
and  professing  the  Catholic  religion,  he  was  hated  and 
feared  by  a  great  portion  of  the  inhabitants,  who  were 
devoted  to  the  causes  of  freedom,  and  to  the  principles  of 
the  protestants.  The  governor  was  also  an  object  of  their 
dislike  and  distru'^U  Catholics,  countenanced  by  him, 
repaired  in  great  numbers  to  the  colony,  and  pious  protest- 
ants trembled  for  their  religion. 

.  23.  In  tlie  beginning  of  the  year  1089,  information  was 
received  from  England  that  the  pe^^o  had  resolved  to 
dethrone  their  sovereign,  and  offer  i      crown  to  William, 

f>rince  of  Orange;  and  from  Massachusetts,  that  thecitiaens 
lad  deposed  and  imprisoned  Sir  Edmund  Andreas,  tinMr 
^^overnor.  This  encouraged  the  disaflSected,  and  presented 
an  example  for  their  imijation.  - 


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f4.  (StereniBttlitia  c^pttks  ««MHnl49d  to  detennkie  mt 
the  meastxres  eicpedi«nt  f^  pe  sdofAed.  Of  Uiese,  Jacob 
lieielejr  waa  tke  most  a^trti^.  Ha  ilraa  daatitute  of  mreiy 
^Qal^oatkui  oe^iiaiy  to  ooBdiict  a  ^KiQledlt  enitaipricff, 
h^t  ibaaeaaea ;  the  esteem  and  oonft^iice  of  the'0lher 
«i^<:;1x:r»  mictf  the  people.  Milboiiie,  hia  %&i^i^'ikw^ 
tmi^med  all  lua  moasiirea,  and  ecMAtrolled  hia  eoiw^* 
)  S^r^^r  determined  t^  obtain  poa^esfilQA  of  thiii  fort* 
'ijf^kler . ;  .ere^it  with  ^hy  men,  and  pahUahed  a  deelaia* 
tion  in  i&vb^  of  Ihe  princi^  of  Oranga.  ilW  ixtagiatralda 
and  moat  reapectable  citizens  discountenanced  the  pro- 
ceedingf  ^li^,  at  &st,  but  few  had  the  eouxage  to  deoiare 
.thi^mtStt^A  his  fieienaa.  To  induce  th^n  to  act,  a  report 
wat^t;u*01llt^ed  that  three  ships»  with  orders  &om  the 
p^  I  {{ne-f  went  sailing  up  the  hiurbour.  His  party  waa  instantly 
augmented  by  aix  captains,  aiid  nearly  ^ve  huillred  men, 
a  force  siiiSicient  to  overpower  all  opposition. 

26.  Before  these  disturbances,  colond  Donetn  had  re- 
signed his  ofllce,  and  embarked  for  England.  Liieutenant- 
goveifnor  Nicholson,  unable  to  contend  with  Leisl^ 
absconded  in  the  nij|rht.  The  province  being  thus  Wi^ 
without  a  chief  magistrate,  'Xtejisler  was  promoted,  by  his 
adherents,  to  that  station.  He  sent  an  address  to  Idnx 
William  and  < queen  Mary,  whose  authority  he  acknow- 
ledged, and,  soon  afler^  a  private  letter  to  the  king, 
expressing,  in  low  and  incorrect  language,  the  warmeat 
protestations  of  loyalty  and  zeal. 

37.  His  sudden  elevation  excited  the  envy  of^ 
magistrates  and  citizens  who  had  declined  to  join 
proclaiming  king  William.  Bavard  and  Courtlandt,  uni&i»| 
to  raise  a  party  agaiiiJt  him  in  the  citv,  retired  to  Albany, 
where  their  exertions  were  succeiisful.  To  diminish  their 
influpn':d,  and  to  allay  che  jealousy  of  others,  he  invited 
several  woxthy  citizens  to  unite  with  him  m  administering 
the  government,  a  trust  wliich  had  been  confided  to  him 
alone,  by  the  militia. 

29.  In  a  few  montb/  liiwevf^r,  a  letter  arrived  from  the 
ministry  in  Eiglar  »  uireeted  "i  such  as,  for  the  time 
being,  tiJce  care  ror  <  iminiateringthe  laws  of  he  province,** 
and  conferring  authority  to  perwrm  all  the  uuties  of  lieu- 
tenant-governor. Leieler  considered  this  letter  aod^^ssed " 
to  himself,  assumed  the  authority  conferred,  appoiiitfi^  hk 
council,  and  issued  commissions  in  his  own  ^ame^^  % 

^-  Tlie  people  of  Albany,  led  by  Bayard,  C(mxt!3^u}t« 

Q 


>^ 


T* 


JNEW-YOKKi 


tnd  Living8ton»  aclmowledged  king  William,  but  refused  to 
submit  to  Leisler.  Milbome  was  sent  with  a  body  of 
troops  to  enforce  obedience,  but,  finding  them  uniten,  he 
returned  without  attempting  it.  The  next  spring,  going 
with  a  stronger  force,  he  succeeded.  The  leaders  of  tlie 
party  fled,  and  their  property  was  confiscated.  This 
arbitrary  and  ur\ju8t  measure  so  exasperated  the  sufferers, 
that  tliey  and  their  posterity  lon^  retained  the  most  violent 
anhnosity  against  Leisler  and  his  adherents. 

30.  D'iring  these  troubles  in  the  colony,  war  was  de- 
clared between  France  and  England.  Da  Nonville  being 
recalled,  count  Frontenac  was  appointed  governor  ot  ' 
Canada.  In  January,  1690,  he  despatched  several  parties 
against  the  English  settlements.  One  of  these,  consisting 
of  Frenchmen  and  Caghnuaga  Indians,  was  sent  against 
Albany,  but  resolved  to  attack  Schenectady.  To  the^ 
inhabitants  of  this  villa|[9,  infoimation  was  given  of  theii 
danger ;  but  they,  judgmg  it  impossible  for  the  enemy  to 
march  several  hundred  miles  m  the  depth  of  winter, 
disregarded  the  inteUigence.  No  regular  watch  was  kept, 
nor  military  order  observed,   i         .^  '.  ^ 

'  31.  The  French  and  Indians  arrived  near  tlie  town  on 
the  ^eighth  of  February.  They  divided  their  number  into 
small  parties,  that  every  house  might  be  invested  at  the 
same  time.  On  Saturday  night,  at  eleven  o'clbck,  they 
entered  at  the  gates  which  tliey  found  unshut.  The  m- 
habitants  having  retired  to  rest,  universal  stillness  reigned. 
Suddenly,  in  every  quarter,  the  horrid  yell  was  heard. 
They  sprang  from  their  beds,  conscious  of  the  danger 

hich  surrounded  them.  Opening  their  doors,  they  met 
tlie  savages,  with  uplifted  tomahawks,  on  the  threshold. 
Each,  at  the  same  instant,  heard  the  cry  of  his  affrighted 
neighbor.  Soon  succeeded  the  groans  of  the  dying.  In  a 
few  minutes,  the  buildings  were  on  fire.  Women  were 
liutchered,  and  children  thrown  alive  into  the  flames.  The 
Indians,  frantic  from  slaughter,  ran,  with  fatal  haste, 
through  the  village,  massacreing  many,  who,  in  their 
attempts  to  escape,  were  betrayed  by  the  light  of  their 
own  houses. 

32.  Some  eluded  their  pursuers ;  but  a  fate  almost  as 
dreadful  awaited  them.  They  were  naked;  a  furious 
storm  came  on ;  Albany,  their  only  refuc[e,  was  at  a  dis- 
tance ;  and  oflpn  their  terror  converted  mio  savages  the 
4ree8  and  wUdibeasts  which  they  asw  in  their  flight.  Part 


iU"'-. 


-€%i-''Wlr 


#,-•■ 


arrived  in  safety;  twenty-fii[q||y«t  Iheix  limbs  by  the 
severity  of  th^  cold.  At  Scheneotady,  sixty  were  killed, 
and  twenty-five  made  prisoners. 

33.  To  avenge  these  barbarities,  and  others  perpetrated 
in  New-England,  a  combined  expedition  against  Canada 
was  projected.  An  anny,  raised  m  New-'V(>rk  and  Con- 
necticut, proceeded  as  far  as  the  he.ad  of  Iftke  CItamplain, 
whence,  nndins  no  boats  prepared,  thev  were  obliged  to 
return.  Sir  William  Phipps,  with  a  fleet  of  more  than 
thirty  vessels,  sailed  from  Boston  into  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and,  landing  a  body  of  troops,  made  an  attack  by  land  and 
water  upon  Quebec ;  but  the  return  of  the  anny  to  New- 
York,  allowing  the  whole  force  of  the  enemy  to  repair  to 
the  assistance  of  the  garrison,  ho  was  obliged  to  abandon 
the  enterprise.  To  the  miscr^nduct  or  incapacity  of 
Leisler  and  Mlborne,  the  failu'u  of  this  expedition  was 
attributed. 

34.  As  soon  as  king  William  could  find  leisure  to  attend 
to  his  colonies,  he  appointed  colonel  Henry  Sloughter 
governor  of  New- York.  Never  was  a  governor  more 
necessary  tO'the  province,  and  never,  perhaps,  has  it  been 
ruled  by  one  less  qualified  for  the  station.  He  was  desti- 
tute of  talents,  licencious,  avaricious  and  a  bankrupt. 

35.  Leisler,  when  informed  of  this  appointment,  ought 
to  have  relinquished  the  authority  he  had  exercised ;  but 
he  was  weak,  intoxicated  with  power,  and  determined  to 
retain  it.  Although  twice  required,  he  refused  to  surren- 
der the  fort;  but  sent  two  persons  to  confer  with  the 
governor,  who,  declaring  them  rebels,  arrested  and  con- 
fined them.  Alarmed  by  this  measure,  Leisler  attempted 
to  escape,  but  was  apprehended,  with  many  of  his  adhe- 
rents, and  brought  to  trial. 

36.  In  vain  did  they  plead  their  zeal  for  king  William. 
In  vain  did  Leisler  insist  that  the  letter  from  England 
authorized  him  to  administer  the  government.  They  had 
lately  resisted  a  governor  with  a  regular  commission,  and 
this  governor,  and  a  subservient  court,  were  resolved  upon 
their  conviction.  Leisler  and  M ilborne  were  condemned 
to  death  for  hish  treason  > 

37.  Soon  after  theii  J,  the  affairs  of  the  province 
required  Slonghter^s  pre.,ence  at  Albany.  The  faction 
opposed  tu  t.em,  entreated  him,  before  his  departure,  to 
sign  the  warrant  for  their  execution ;  but  he,  unwilling 
to  sacrifice  two  men,  t  ho,  though  they  had  sometimes 
erred,  had  served  his  xi(u.4er  with  zeal,  refusM.    Unable 


.,*"''^ 


70 


-NEW-YORK. 


to  effect  tlieir  purpoBe  bv  persuasion,  they  resorted  (o  a 
detestable  expedient.  A  sumptuous  feast  was  prepared, 
to  which  the  governor  was  invited.  When  he  had  drunk 
to  intoxication,  they  presented  him  the  warrant,  which  he 
signed,  and  when  he  Iiad  recovered  his  senses,  the  priso- 
ners were  no  more. 

38.  On  application  to  the  king,  their  esi.a.  '\  .kich  had 
lieen  confiscated,  were  restor^  to  ine'i:  hens.  Their 
bodies  were  afterwards  taken  up  and  interred,  with  great 
pomp,  in  the  old  Dutch  church ;  and  their  descendants  are 
<son8idered  honored,  rather  than  disgraced,  by  the  conduct 
and  fall  of  their  ancestors. 

39.  In  July,  1691,  S^ooghter,  having  returned  irom 
Albany,  ended,  by  a  sudden  death,  a  short,  weak,  and 
turbulent  acbninistration.  >^out  the  same  time,  maior 
Peter  Schuyler,  at  the  head  -y  three  hundred  Mohawks, 
made  a  sudden  and  bold  att^ek  upon  the  French  settle- 
ments, at  the  north  end  of  .\j.ikc  Champlain.  An  amiv  of 
eight  hundred  men  was  despatched  from  Montreal  to 
oppose  him.  With  these  he  had  several  irregular,  but 
successful  conflicts;  in  which  he  LlUed  a  number  of  the 
enemy,  greater  than  that  of  his  whole  party. 

40.  In  1692,  colonel  Fletcher  arrived  as  successor  to 
Sloughter.  He  was  a  good  soldier,  was  active,  avaricious, 
and  passionate.  From  thv)  talents  and  information  of 
major  Schuyler,  he  derived  great  assistance,  and  was 
l^ovenied  by  his  advice,  particularly  in  trahsactions  rel? 
tive  to  the  Indians. 

41.  As  a  great  portion  of  the  inhabitants  were  Dutch, 
all  the  governors,  to  produce  uniformity  iu  religion  md 
language,  had  encouraged  English  preaclr^rs  ^ad  sci  ol- 
masters  to  settle  in  the  colony.  No  one  pursued  this 
object  with  more  zeal  than  Fletcher,  who-w^s  devoted  to 
the  church  of  England.  At  two  successive  sessions,  ho 
recommended  theisubject  to  the  attention  of  the  assembly ; 
but  the  members,  being  ^-enerally  attached  to  the  -^hui  h 
of  Holland,  disregarded  his  recommendations.  F  '  this 
neglect,  he  gave  them  a  severe  reprimand. 

42.  The  subject  being  laid  before  them,  at  a  subsjqueiit 
tession,  they  passed  a  t ''^  providing  for  the  settlement,  in 
certain  parishes,  of  ministers  of  the  gospel,  to  be  chosen 
by  t}te  people.  The  council  added  an  amendment,  giving 
to  the  povernor  the  power  of  approval  or  rejection.  The 
liottse  refused  to  concur  in  the  amendment,  at  which 
Fletcher  was  so  much  enraged,  that  he  commanded  them 


■  -'  ^'>:-^i*^.':^  .-- . 


KirW^OMC. 


rt 


instantly  to  attend  hiniy  and,  addressing  t     n  in  an  angry 
speech,  prorogued  tliem  to  the  next  ye:  r. 

43.  In  lt»97,  a  peace,  which  gave  security  and  repose  to 
the  colonies,  was  conchided  between  Great  Britain  and 
France.  The  next  year,  the  earl  of  Bellainont  was  ap- 
pointed governor.     He  was  particularly  instructed  to  cle^r 

'  the  American  seas  of  the  pirates  who  infested  them,  and 
who,  it  was  suspected,  haa  even  received  encouragement 
from  Fletcher. 

44.  The  government  declining  to  furnish  the  necessary 
naval  force,  the  earl  engaged,  with  others,  in  a  private 
undertaking  against  them.  The  associates,  procuring  a 
vessel  of  war,  gave  the  command  of  it  to  a  captain  Kid, 
and  sent  him  to  cruise  against  the  pirates.  He  had  been 
but  a  short  time  at  sea,wnen,disregarding  his  instructions, 
he  made  a  new  contract  with  his  crew,  and,  on  tKe  Atlantic 
and  Indian  Oceans,  jecame  himself  .«,  daring,  atrocious, 
and  successOil  pirate. 

45.  Three  vcars  afterwards,  he  returned,  burned  his 
ship,  and,  with  a  strange  infatuation,  appeared  publicly  at 
Boston.  He  was  apprehended  and  sent  to  England,  where 
ho  was  triod  and  exer^uted.  The  earl  and  his  partners, 
some  of  w  om  resif^Pu  in  England,  were  accused  of 
sharing  in  h  plundi  r,  but  in  all  his  examinations  he 
declared  them  innocent.  ^^'*" 

46.  Notwit  mding  the  death  of  Leisler,  the  people 
were  still  divided  into  Leislerians  and  anti-Leislerians. 
Fletcher  had  been  '  ^  instrument  of  the  latter;  Lord 
Bellamont  espoused  tiie  cause  of  the  former.  He,  how- 
ever, persecuted  no  one ;  but  exercised  authority  with 
justice  and  moderation.    He  died  in  1701. 

47.  The  next  year,  lord  Cornbury  was  appointed 
governor.  He  presented  a  striking  proof  of  the  folly  of 
hereditary  distinctions.  He  was  the  son  of  the  celebrated 
earl  of  Clarendon ;  but  possessed  not  one  of  the  virtues 
of  his  ancestor.  Mean,  profligate,  and  ujprincipled,  he 
was  a  burden  to  his  friends  at  home,  and  was  sent  to 
America  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  his  creditors. 

48.  He  declared  himself  an  anti-Leislerian,  and  the  first 
assembly  that  he  summoned  was  composed  principally  of 
men  of  that  party.  They  presented  him  t\vo  t-iousand 
pounds  to  defray  the  expense's  of  liis  voyage..  Tney  raised 
several  sums  of  money  lor  public  purposes,  but  the  ex- 
penditure being  intrusted  to  him  as  governor,  he  appre* 
priated  mo9f  of  it  to  hit  oim  use.  « 


1§  NBW-YORK 

49.  His  sots  of  ii^uttice  and  oppression;  his  prodigaHtr; 
his  indecent  and  vufffar  manners,  rendered  him  universally 
odions.  In  1708,  tne  assemblies  of  New- York  and  of 
New-Jersey,  of  which  colony  he  was  also  governor,  com* 
plained  to  the  queen  of  his  misconduct.  She  removed  him 
from  office ;  he  was  soon  afler  arrested  bv  his  creditors, 
and  remained  in  custody  until  the  death  of  his  illustrious 
fiither,  when  he  returned  to  England  and  took  his  scat  iu . 
the  house  of  lords.  :>  ^v 

60*  A  proceeding  of  the  house  of  rspresentatives,  near 
the  close  of  his  administration,  ought  not  to  be  passed 
over  without  notice.  Wearied  by  their  suffering's,  they 
appointed  a  committee  of  grievances,  who  reported  a  scries 
of  resolutions  having  reference  to  recent  transactious, 
which  resolutions  were  adopted  by  the  house.  One  of 
them,  in  explicit  language,  asserted  the  principle,  *'  that 
the  imposing  and  levying  of  any  moneys  upon  her  majesty's 
subjects  of  this  colony,  under  any  pretence  or  colour 
whatsoever,  without  consent  in  general  assembly,  is  a 
grievance  and  a  violation  of  the  people's  property.'  It  is 
not  uninstructive  to  observe  how  early,  in  soipe  of  the 
colonies,  were  sown  the  seeds  of  the  American  revolution. 

51.  In  1710,  general  Hunter,  who  had  been  appointed 
governor,  arrived  in  the  province.  He  brought  with  him 
near  three  thousand  Germans,  some  of  whom 'settled  in 
New- York,  and  some  in  Pennsylvania.  The  latter  trans- 
mitted to  their  native  land  such  favourable  accounts  of 
the  country  which  they  had  chosen  for  their  residence, 
that  many  others  fbllowed  and  settled  in  that  colony. 
The  numerous  descendants  of  these  Germans  are  honest, 
industrious,  and  useful  citizens. 

^.  The  prodigality  of  lord  Combury,  had  taught  the 
assembly  an  important  lesson.  Before  his  removal,  they 
kad  obtained  from  the  (}ueen  permission,  in  cases  of  special 
appropriations  to  appoint  their  own  treasurer.  They  now 
|»issea  a  bill  confiding  to  this  officer  the  disbursement  of 
certain  sums  appropriated  for  ordinary  purposes.  The 
coimcil  proposed  an  amendment.  The  house  denied  the 
right  of  that  body  to  amend  a  money  bill.  Both  continuing 
obstinate,  the  governor  prorogued  them,  and  at  their  next 
session  dissolved  them. 

53.  At  this  time,  war  existed  between  England  and 
France.  In  1709,  expensive  preparations  were  made  for 
wi  attack  upon  Canada,  but  the  promised  assistance  not 
Ajrriving  from  EnglaQdi  the  enterprise  was  abandoned.    la 


%,-  .■ 


NBW-YORK* 


7a 


17U,  the  project  was  resumed.  A  fleet  saikd  up  tke 
St.  Lawrence,  to  attack  Quebec;  aud  an  army  of  four 
thouHand  men,  raised  by  New- York,  New-Jersey,  and 
Couiiecticut,  marched  to  invade  Canada,  by  the  route  of 
Lake  Champlain.  -The  fleet,  siiattered  by  a  storm,  was 
compelled  to  return.  The  army,  informed  of  the  disasters 
of  the  fleet,  returned  also,  having  accomplished  nothing. 

54.  The  people,  approving  the  conduct  of  their  repre- 
sentatives in  relation  to  the  revenue,  had  re-elected 
nearly  all  of  them,  and  they  were  now  in  session.  To 
defray  the  expenses  of  the  late  expedition,  they  passed 
several  bills  which  were  amended  in  the  council.  Be- 
tween these  two  bodies,  another  contest  ensued.  The 
representatives,  deriving  their  authority  from  the  people, 
considered  themselves  lK)und  to  watch  over  the  expendi- 
ture of  their  money.  The  council,  deriving  their  authority 
from  the  same  source  as  the  §;overnor,  we;e  desirous  of 
increasing  his  influence  by  givmg  him  the  management  of 
the  revenue.  During  tlds,  and  a  subsequent  session,  both 
continued  inflexible.  The  governor,  provoked  at  the 
obstinacy  of  the  representatives,  dissolved  the  assembly. 

55.  At  the  ensuing  election,  which  was  warmly  con- 
tested, most  of  the  members  chosen,  were  opposed  to  the 
governor  This  assembly  was  dissolved  by  the  death  of 
the  queen.  T^e  next  was  dissolved  by  the  governor,  soon 
after  it  flrst  met,  a  majority  of  the  representatives  being 
known  to  be  unfriendly  to  his  views.  The  people  became 
weary  of  contending.  Most  of  the  members  chosen  at  the 
succeedine  election,  were  his  friends  and  partisans,  and, 
for  several  years,  the  utmost  harmony  existed  between 
the  different  branches  of  the  government. 

56.  Governor  Hunter  quitted  the  province  in  1719,  and 
his  authority  devolved  on  Peter  Schuyler,  the  oldest 
member  of  the  council.  The  next  year^  William  Burnet, 
son  of  the  celebrated  bishop  of  that  name,  was  appointed 
governor.  Turning  his  attention  towards  the  wilderness, 
he  perceived  that  the  French,  in  order  to  connect  theif" 
settlements  in  Canada  and  Louisiana,  to  secure  to  them- 
selves the  Indian  trade,  and  to  conflne  the  English  to  the 
sea  coast,  were  busily  employed  in  erecting  a  chain  of 
forts  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Mississippi.  - 

'  57.  He  endeavored  to  defeat  their  design,  by  building  a 
trading  house,  and  afterwards  a  fort,  at  Oswego,  on  Lake  ,, 
Ontario.     But  the  French  had  the  command  of  iiyoro 
abundant  resourcesi  and  applii^d  them  to  the  ^ccomi^ial^ 


t*i..5'S.: 


"i^hfi 


NEW-YORK. 


ment  of  their  olgect,  with  great  activity  and  zeal.  They 
launched  two  vessels  upon  that  lake ;  and,  ^oing  farther 
into  the  wilderness,  erected  a  fort  at  Niagra,  commanding 
the  entrance  into  it ;  they  had  previously  elected  fort 
Frontenac,  commanding  the  outlet. 

68.  The  assembly,  elected  in  1716,  had  been  so  obse-* 
quious  to  tlie  governor,  that  he  continued  it  in  existence 
until  the  clamors  of  tho  people  induced  him,  in  1727,  to 
dissolve  it.  That  which  next  met,  was  composed  entirely 
of  his  opponents.  The  court  of  chancery,  in  which  he 
presided,  had  become  exceedingly  unpopular.  It  had  been 
instituted  by  an  ordinance  of  the  governor  and  council, 
without  the  concurrence  of  the  assembly;  the  mode  of 
proceeding  was  novel;  and  some  of  the  decisions  had 
given  great  offence  to  powerful  individuals.  The  house 
passed  resolutions  declaring  it  "  a  manifest  oppression 
and  grievance,"  and  intimating  that  its  decrees  were  void. 
The  governor  instantly  called  the  assembly  before  him, 
and  dissolved  it.  , 

59.  Being  soon  after  appointed  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, he  was  succeeded  by  colonel  Montgomery,  upon 
whose  death,  in  1731,  the  supreme  authority  devolved 
upon  Rip  Van  Dam,  the  senior  member  of  the  council. 
Under  his  short  and  inefficient  administration,  the  French 
were  permitted  to  erect  a  fort  at  Crown  Point,  within  the 
acknowledged  boundaries  of  New- York,  from  which  par- 
ties of  savages  were  often  secretly  despatched  to  destroy 
the  English  settlements. 

GO.  Van  Uam  was  superseded  by  William  Cosby,  who 
arrived  m  August,  1733.  Having  been  the  advocate,  in 
parlianrent,  of  the  American  colonies,  he  was  at  first 
popular,  but  soon  lost  the  affectioii  and  confidence  of  the 
people.  By  his  instigation,  one  Zenger,  the  printer  of  a 
newspaper,  was  prosecuted  for  publishing  an  article  de- 
clared to  be  derogatory  to  the  dignity  of  his  majesty's 
government.  He  was  zealoasly  defended  by  able  counsel, 
and  an  independent  jury  gave  a  verdict  of  actpiital.  The 
k)eople  applauded  their  conduct,  and  the  magistrates  of  the 
city  of  New-York  presented  to  Andrew  Hamilton,  one  of 
his  defenders,  the  freedom  of  the  city,  in  a  gold  box,  and 
their  thanks  for  "  his  learned  and  generous  defence  of  the 
rights  of  mankind,  and  the  liberty  of  the  press." 

6U  Governor  Cosby  died  in  1736,  and  was  succeeded 
by  George  ulark,  at  that  time  senior  counsellor,  but  soon 
after  appointed  lieutenaut-goremon    ^igain  wa»  revived 


,.^^ 


^ 


♦-, 


NEW-YORK. 


mr 


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U 


»t>s'5'. 


i'^' 


i 


the  conteet  which  had  ended,  twenty  years  heibre,  in  the 
victory  gained  by  governor  Hunter,  over  the  house  of 
representatives.  The  colony  being  in  debt,  the  house 
voted*  to  raise  the  sum  of  six  thousand  pounds ;  but,  in 
order  to  prevent  i^'s  misapplication,  declared,  that  it 
should  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  certain  specified 
debts.  Offended'  by  this  vote,  Clark  resorted  to  the  ex- 
pedient which  had  usuully  been  adopted  to  punish  or 
mtimidate ;  he  immediately  dissolved  the  assembly. 
>  62.  At  the  next  election,  great  exertions  were  made 
by  the  opposing  parties.  The  popular  party  was  trium* 
phant.  At  their  second  session,  the  house  voted  an 
address  to  the  lieytenani-ffovernor,  which  is  worthy  of 
particular  notice.  In  bold  and  explicit  language,  they 
state  some  of  the  vital  principles  of  free  government, 
refer  to  recent  misapplications  of  money,  and4)roceed : 

63.  "  We  therefore  beg  leave  to  be  plain  with  your 
honor,  and  hope  you  will  not  take  it  amiss  when  we  tell 
you,  that  you  are  not  to  expect  that  we  will  either  raise 
sums  unfit  to  be  raised,  or  put  what  we  shall  raise,  into 
the  power  of  a  goverirur  to  misapply,  if  we  can  prevent 
it ;  nor  shall  we  malie  up  any  other  deficiencies  than 
what  we  conceive  are  fit  and  just  to  be  paid ;  nor  con- 
tinue what  support  or  revenue  we  shall  raise,  for  any 
longer  time  than  one  year ;  nor  do  we  think  it  convenient 
to  do  even  that,  until  such  laws  are  passed  as  we  conceive 
necessary  for  the  safety  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  colony, 
who  have  reposed  a  trust  in  us  for  that  only  purpose,  and 
which  we  are  sure  you  will  think  it  reasonable  we  should 
act  a^eeably  to ;  and  by  the  grace  of  God  we  shall 
endeavor  not  to  deceive  them." 

64.  With  a  body  of  men,  so  resolute  in  asserting  their 
rights,  the  lieutenant-governor  wisely  forebore  to  contend. 
He  thanked  them  for  their  address,  and  promised  his 
cordial  co-operation  in  all  measures  calculated  to  promote 
the  prosperity  of  the  colony.  He  gave  his  assent  to  a 
law  providing  for  the  more  frequent  election  of  represen- 
tatives ;  which  law,  however,  two  years  afterwards,  was 
abrogated  by  the  king.  "      ^ 

65.  But  between  a  house  of  representatives  and  a  chief 
magistrate,  deriving  their  authority  from  different  sources, 
harmony^  could  not  long  subsist.  Mr.  Clark,  in  his  speech 
at  the  oneninff  of  the  next  session,  declared  that  unless 
the  revenue  was  granted  for  as  long  a  time  as  it  had  been 
grjuited  by  feimer  assemblieS9  his  duty  to  his  majesty 


69 


NEW-YORIL 


forbade  him  from  assenting  to  any  act  for  contintiiDg  the 
excise,  or  for  paying  the  colonial  bills  of  credit.  The 
house  unanimously  resolved,  that  it  would  not  pass  any  bill 
for  the  grant  of  money,  unless  assurance  should  be  given 
that  the  excise  should,  be  continued  and  the  bills  of  credit 
redeemed.  ^ 

66.  The  lieutenant-governor  immediately  ordered  the 
members  to  attend  him.  He  told  them  that  "  their  pro- 
ceedings were  presumptuous,  dfiring,  and  unprecedented; 

v^  that  he  could  not  look  upon  them  without  astonishment, 
nor  with  honor  sijffer  the  house  to  sit  any  longer ;"  and  he 
accordingly  dissolved  it.  Little  more  than  a  year  had 
elapsed,  since  the  members  were  chosen ;  but  in  that  time 
they  had,  by  their  firm  and  spirited  conduct,  in  support  of 
the  rights  of  the  people,  merited  the  gratitude  of  their 
<^onBtitueiits.  -     *^ 

67.  ^bout  this  time,  a  supposed  "  negro  plot"  occasioned 
fir*eat  commotion  and  alarm  in  the  city  of  New- York. 
Ihe  frequent  occurrence  of  fires,  most  of  which  were 
evidently  caused  by  design,  first  exciied  the  jealousy  and 
suspicion  of  the  citizens.  Terrified  by  danger  which 
lurked  unseen  in  the  midst  of  them,  they  listened  with 
eager  credulity  to  the  declaration  of  some  abandoned 
females,  that  the  negroes  had  combined  to  burn  the  city 
and  make  one  of  their  number  governor.  Many  were 
arrested  and  committed  to  prison.  Other  witnesses,  not 
more  respectable  than  the  first,  came  forward;  other 
negroes  were  accused,  and  even  several  wh'  a  men  were 
designated  as  concerned  in  the  plot.  r-.- 

68.  When  the  time  of  trial  arrived,  so  strong  was  the 
prejudice  against  the  miserable  negroes,  that  every  lawyer 
in  the  city  volunteered  against  them.  Ignorant  and 
unassisted,  nearly  all  who  were  tried  were  condemned. 
Fourteen  were  sentenced  to  be  burned,  eighteen  to  be  hung, 
seventy-one  to  be  transported,  and  all  these  sentences 
were  executed.  Of  the  whites  two  were  convicted  and 
suffered  death. 

69.  All  apprehension  of  danger  having  subsided,  many 
began  to  doubt  whether  any  plot  had  in  fact  been  concerted. 
None  of  the  witnesses  were  persons  of  credit,  their  stories 
were  extravagant  and  often  contradictory ;  and  the  pr(nect 
was  such  as  none  but  fools  or  madmen  would  form.  The 
two  white  men  were  respectable;  one  had  received  a 
liberal  education,  but  he  was  a  Catholic,  and  the  prejudipe 
a^idnst  Catholics  was  too  violent  to  permit  the  free  exer* 


,.^„wa- 


'•#'■,. ■"'j*'" 


NEW-YORK. 


88 


oise  of  reason.  Some  ofthe  accused  were  doubtless  ^Ity 
of  sotting  fire  to  the  city;  but  the  proof  of  the  alleged  plot 
was  not  sujQiciently  clear  to  justify  the  numerous  and  cruel 
punishments  that  wore  inflicted.  ^ 

ii  i  70.  In  Aprili  1740,  tho  assembly  again  met.  It  had 
now  risen  to  importance  in  the  colony.  The  adherence  of 
the  representatives  to  their  determination,  not  to  grant  the 
revenue  for  more  than  one  year,  made  annual  meetings 
of  the  assembly  necessery.  This  attachment  to  liberty 
was  mistaken  fur  the  ddsire  of  independence.  Lieutenant- 
governor  Clark,  in  a  speech  delivered  in  1741,  alludes  to 
"a  jeaJousy  which  for  some  years  had  obtained  in  Eng- 
land, that  the  plantations  were  not  without  thoughts  of 
throwing  off  their  dependence  on  the  crown." 

71.  In  1743,  George  Clinton  was  sent  over  as  governor 
of  the  colony.  Like  most  of  his  predecessors  he  was 
welcomed  with  joy;  and  one  of  his  earlie£t  measures 
confirmed  the  favorable  accounts,  which  had  preceded 
him,  of  his  talents  md  liberality.  To  show  his  willingness 
to  repose  confidence  in  the  people,  he  assented  to  a  bill 
limiting  the  duration  of  the  present  and  all  succeeding 
assemblies.  The  house  manifested  its  gratitude  by 
adopting  the  measures  he  recommended  for  the  defence 
of  the  province  against  tho  French,  who  were  then  at  war 
with  England. 

72.  In  1745,  the  savages  in  alliance  with  France  made 
freqaent  invasions  of  the  English  territories.  The  inhiib- 
itants  were  compelled  to  desert  Hosi.ck ;  Saratoga  was 
destroyed;  the  western  settlements  in  New-England  were 
often  attacked  and  plundered.  Encouraged  by  success, 
the  enemy  became  more  daring,  and  small  parties  ventured 
within  the  suburbs  of  Albany,  and  there  lay  in  wait  for 
prisoners.  It  is  even  said  that  one  Indian,  called  Tomon- 
wilemon,  oflen  entered  the  cit>  and  succeeded  in  taking 
captives. 

73.  Distressed  by  these  incursions,  the  assembly,  in 
1746,  determined  to  unite  with  the  other  colonies  and  the 
mother  country  in  an  expedition  against  Canada.  They 
appropriated  money  tj  purchase  provisious  for  the  army, 
^ixd  offered  liberal  bounties  to  recruits.  But  the  fleet  from 
England  did  not  arrive  at  the  appointed  time :  the  other 
colonies  were  dilatory  in  their  preparations,  and  before 
thej  were  completed,  the  ssason  for  military  operatious 
had  passed  away. 

74.  Early  in  the  mift  year^  a  treaty  yns  concluded,  and 


■f^^ 


•■•• 


84 


NEW-J£RSEy. 


the  inhabitaiits  were,  fbr  a  sliopi  period,  reliered  froni  the 
tedens  and  distres»es  of  war.  During  tho  interval  of 
ibeao!6,  no  event  of  importance  ha^^ned  in  the  colony. 
Upon  the  recurrence,  a  few  yeaM  afterwards,  of  hostilities, 
its  territory  was  the  theatre  of  san^inary  conflicts.  But 
of  that  war,  in  which  all  the  colonies  acted  in  concert,  a 
connected  history  wiU  be  hereafter  given. 


m 


CHAPTER  VII. 

NEW-JERSEY. 

The  first  settlement  within  the  limits  of  New-Jersey 
Was  made  by  the  Danes,  about  the  year  1624,  at  a  place 
calk'd  Bergen,  from  a  city  of  that  name  in  Norway.  Soon 
afterwards,  several  Dutch  i^unilies  seated  themselves  in 
the  vicinity  of  New*»York.  In  x626,  a  company  was 
formed  in  Sweden,  under  the  patronage  of  king  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  for  the  purpose  of  planting  a  colony  in  Americao 
The  next  year,  a  number  of  Swedes  and  Finns  came  over, 
purchased  of  the  natives  the  land  on  both  sides  of  the  river 
Delaware,  but  ifiade  their  first  settlement  on  its  western 
bank,  near  Christina  creek. 

2.  About  the  year  1640,  the  English  began  a  plantation 
at  Elsingburghj-on  its  eastern  bank.  The  Swedes,  in 
concert  with  the  Dutch  who  then  possessed  New- York, 
drove  them  out  of  the  country.  The  former  "built  a  fort 
on  the  spot  whence  the  Engliiih  had  been  driven;  and, 
gaining  thus  the  command  of  the  river,  claimed  and  exer- 
cised authority  over  all  vessels  that  entered  it,  even  those 
of  the  Dutch,  their  late  associates. 

3.  They  continued  in  possession  of  the  country,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Delaware,  until  1655,  when  Peter  Stuyvesant, 
governor  of  the  New- Netherlands,  having  obtained  assist- 
ance from  Holland,  conquered  all  their  posts  and  trans- 
ported most  of  the  Swedes  to  Europe.  The  Dutch  were 
now  in  possession  of  the  territory  comprising,  at  this  Limt, 
the  states  of  New- Jersey,  New- York,  i*nd  Delaware.     :■ 

4.  Soon,  however,  this  territory  changed  masters.  King 
Charles  11',  having  granted  it  to  the  duke  of  York,  sent  an 
armament,  in  1664,  to  wrest  it  from  the  Dutch.  Aftei* 
reducing  New- York,  the  squadron  proceeded  to  the  settle* 
iuants  on  the  Delaware,  which  ioixiiediately  submitted* 


be 


W" 


NEW-JERSEY. 


same 


governor  or  the  island  of  Jersey,  and  had  held  it  for  king 
Charles  in  his  contest  with  the  parliament. 

6.  The  two  proprietors  formed  a  constitution  for  the 
colony,  securing  equal  privileges  and  liberty  of  conscience 
to  all,  and  appointed  Philip  CarteJ  "t  governor.  He  came 
over  in  1665,  fixed  the-  seat  of  government  at  Elizabeth- 
town,  purchased  land  of  the  Indians,  and  sent  agents  into 
New-England  to  invite  settlers  from  that  quarter.  The 
terras  offered  were  so  favorable  that  many  accepted  the 
invitation. 

6.  A  few  years  afterwards,  the  repose  of  the  colony  began 
to  be  disturbed  by  domestic  disputes.  Some  of  the  inhabit- 
ants, having  purchased  their  lands  of  the  Indians  previous 
to  the  conveyance  from  the  duke,  refused  to  pay  rent  to 
the  proprietors.  Others  were  discontented  from  different 
causes.  In  1G72,  an  insurrection  took  place,  the  people 
assumed  the  government,  and  chose  James  Carteret,  the 
son  of  Philip,  tlieir  governor.  The  father  returned  to 
England,  and  obtained  from  the  proprietors  such  favorable 
concessions  and  promises  as  quieted  the  people,  and 
induced  them  again  to  submit  to  his  authority. 

7.  Lord  Berkeley  disposed  of  his  property,  rights,  and 
privileges  in  the  territory,  to  Edward  Billingo;  and  he, 
ueinff  involved  in  debt,  consented  that  they  should  be  sold 
for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors.  William  Penn,  Gawen 
Lowrie,  and  Nicholas  Lucas,  were  appointed  trustees  for 
that  purpose.  In  1676,  the  trustees  and  Sir  George  Car- 
teret made  partition  of  the  territory,  they  taking  the  western 
and  he  the  eastern  portion. 

8.  West- Jersey  w?s  then  divided  into  one  hundred 
shares,  which  were  separately  sold.  Seme  of  the  pur- 
chasers emigrated  to  the  country,  and  all  made  great 
exertions  to  promote  its  population.  Possessing  the 
powers  of  government,  as  well  as  the  right  of  soil,  thoy 
formed  a  constitution,  in  which,  for  the  encouragement  of 
emigrants,  they  secured  to  them  amplo  privileges. 

9.  But  previous  to  the  transfer  from  Berkeley  to  Biliinge, 

the  Dutch,  being  at  war  with  England,  reconquered  the 

country,  and  retained  it,  until  16745  when  it  was  restored 

by  treaty.    A  new  patent  was  then  granted  to  the  duke, 

including  the  same  territorv  as  the  former,    hi  l(i78,  Sir 

II 


' '  *,;  •■ 


■X'i 


86 


NEW-JERSEY. 


'di 


Edmund  Andross,  whohad  been  appointed  his  sole  governor 
in  America,  claimed  jurisdiction  over  the  Jerseys,  msisting 
that  the  conquest  by  the  Dutch  divested  the  proprietors 
of  all  their  rights.  tii^. 

10.  He  forcibly  seized,  transported  to  New- York,  and 
there  imprisoned  those  magistrates  who  refused  to  acknow- 
ledge his  authority.  He  imposed  a  duty  upon  all  goods 
iffif  orted,  and  upon  the  property  of  all  who  came  to  settle 
in  the  country.  Of  this  injustice  the  inhabitants  loudly 
complained  to  the  duke;  and  at  length  their  repeated 
remonstrances  constrained  him  to  refer  the  matter  to 
commissioners. 

1 1.  Before  them  tlip  proprietors  appeared.  In  strong 
lan^age  they  asserted,  and  by  strong  arguments  supported, 
their  claim  to  the  privileges  of  freemen.  They  represented, 
that  the  king  Imd  granted  to  the  duke  the  right  of  govern- 
ment as  well  Hi  the  right  of  soil;  That  the  duke  had 
transferred  the  %.  ae  rights  to  Berkeley  and  Carteret,  and 
they  to  the  present  p  "  rietors. 

12.  "That  only,"  tiiey  added,  "could  have  induced  ua 
to  purchase  lands  and  emigrate.  And  the  reason  is  plain; 
to  all  prudent  men,  the  government  of  any  place  is  more 
inviting  than  the  soil ;  for  what  is  good  land  without  good 
laws  ?  What  but  an  assurance  that  we  should  enjoy  civil 
and  religious  privileges,  could  have  tempted  us  to  leave  a 
cultivated  eountr}',  and  resort  to  a  gloomy  wilderness  ? . 
What  have  we  gained,  if,  after  adventuring  in  this  wilder- 
ness many  thousands  of  pounds,  we  are  yet  to  be  taxed  at 
the  mere  will  and  pleasure  of  another  1  What  is  it  but  to 
say,  that  people,  free  by  law  under  their  prince  at  home, 
are  at  his  mercy  in  his  plantations  abroad  ] 

13.  "  We  humbly  say,  that  we  have  lost  none  of  ou^- 
liberty  by  leaving  our  country ;  that  the  duty  imposed  upon 
us  is  without  precedent  or  parallel ;  that,  had  we  foreseen 
it,  we  should  have  preferred  any  other  plantation  in  Ame- 
rica. Besides,  there  is  no  limit  to  this  power ;  since  we 
are,  by  this  precedent,  taxed  without  any  law,  and  thereby 
excluded  from  our  English  right  of  assenting  to  taxes ; 
what  security  have  we  of  any  thing  we  possess  ?  We  can 
call  nothing  our  own,  but  are  tenants  at  will,  not  only  for 
the  soil,  but  for  our  personal  estates.  Such  conduct  has 
destroyed  governments,  birt  never  raised  one  to  any  true 
greatness*" 

14.  The  commissioners  adjudged  the  duties  illegal  and 
<^preseiYe,   and  they  were  "^  not  afterwards  demanded. 


■    ijf^  '" 


''ZnT:iy 


■•\t  tifrt 


'  */*■■  ^y^rfi 


DELAWARE. 


Emigrants  continued  to  arrive  and  the  country  to  prosper. 
In  1681,  the  governor  of  West-Jersey  summoned  a  gen- 
eral assembly,  by  which  several  fundamental  laws  were 
enacted,  establishing  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  defining 
the  powers  of  ruleis. 

15.  In  1682,  the  territory  of  East-Jersey  passed  from 
Carteret  to  William  Penn,  and  twenty-three  associates, 
mostly  of  the  Qnaker  persuasion.  They  appointed  Robert 
Barclay,  author  of  the  "Apology  for  the  Quakers,"  gover- 
nor over  it  for  life.  The  multitude  of  proprietors,  and  the 
frequent  transfers  and  subdivisions  of  shares,  introduced 
such  confusion  in  titles  to  laud,  and  such  uncertainty  as  to 
the  rights  of  government,  that,  for  twenty  years  afterwards, 
both  Jerseys  were  in  a  state  of  continued  disturbance  and 
disorder.  In  1702,  the  proprietors,  weary  of  contending 
with  each  other,  and  with  the  people,  surrendered  the 
right  of  government  to  the  crown.  Queen  Anne  reu- 
nited the  two  divisions,  an^  appointed  lord  Cornbury 
governor  over  the  provinces  of  New- Jersey  and  New- York. 

16-.  These  provinces  continued,  for  several  years,  to  be 
ruled  by  the  same  governor,  but  each  chose  a  separate 
assembly.  In  1738,  the  inhabitants,  by  petition  to  the 
king,  desired  that  they  might,  in  future,  have  a  separate 
governor.  Their  request  was  granted,  Lewis  Morris  being 
tLe  first  tnat  was  appointed. 

17.  In  the  same  year,  a  college  was  founded  at  Prince- 
ton and  called  Nassau  Hall.  New-Jersey  then  contained 
above  forty  thousand  inhabitantb.  Being  remote  from 
Canada,  the  source  of  most  of  t)ie  Indian  wars  which 
afflicted  the  nortliern  colonies,  it  enjoyed  a  complete 
exemption  from  that  terrible  calamity,  and  until  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  furnished  no  materials  for 
history. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
DELAWARE. 

THIS  colony  was  rlrst  sol  tied  by  a  company  of  Swedes 
and  Finns,  under  the  patronage  of  king  Gustavus  Adolphus. 
They  came  over  in  1627,  and  landing  at  cape  Henlopen^ 
were  so  charmed  with  its  appearance,  that  they  gave  it 
the  name  of  Paradise  Point.    The  country  they  called 


.  U'^l.  .-i"  *Sk-.  /  ."'ji  ■ ; 


-m'  :(f;y 


'•7-fiU:. 


88 


DELAWARE, 


New-Sweden,  and  the  river  Delaware,  New-Swedeland 
Stream.  They  purchased  of  the  Indians  the  lands  on  both 
sides  of  that  river,  from  the  sea  to  the  falls,  and  seated 
themselves  at  the  mouth  of  Christina  creek,  near  Wil- 
mington. 

2.  Being  frequently  molested  by  the  Dutch,  who  claimed 
a  right  to  the  country,  they,  for  their  protection,  built  forts 
at  Clii  istina,  Lewistown,  and  Tinicum.  The  last  was 
their  seat  of  government,  and  there  John  Printz,  their 

fovernor,  erected  an  elegant  mansion  which  he  named 
»rintz  Hall. 

3.  In  1651,  the  Dutch  built  a  fort  at  New-Castle. 
Printz,  considering  this  place  to  be  within  the  Swedish 
territories,  formally  protested  against  the  proceeding. 
Risingh,  his  successor,  made  a  visit,  under  the  guise  of 
friendship,  to  the  commander  of  the  fort,  and,  being  ac- 
companied by  thirty  men,  treacherously  took  possession  of 
it,  while  enjoying  his  hospitality. 

4.  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  Dutch  governor  of  New- York, 
was  not  of  a  temper  to  permit  an  injury  thus  committed,  to 
pass  un-venged.  Accompanied  by  an  armament,  a  part  of 
which  was  furnished  for  the  occasion  by  the  city  of  Am- 
sterdam, in  Holland,  he,  in  1655,  returned  the  visit  of  tlie 
Swedes.  He  first  reduced  the  fort  at  Ncw-Ca«tle;  then 
that  at  Christina  creek,  where  Risingh  commanded ;  and 
afterwards  the  others.  Some  of  the  Swedes,  on  taking 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Holland,  were  permitted  to 
remain  ;  the  lest  were  sent  to  Europe. 

5.  The  settlements  on  the  Delaware  continued  under  the 
control  of  the  Dutch,  until  1664,  when  the  New-Nether- 
lands were  conquered  by  the  English.  They  were  then 
considered  as  a  part  of  New-York.  In  1682,  William 
Penn  purchased  of  the  duke  of  York,  the  town  of  New- 
Castle,  and  the  country  twelve  miles  around  it ;  and  by  a 
subsequent  purehase,  obtained  the  land  lying  upon  the 
Delaware,  and  between  New-Castle  and  cape  Henlopen. 
These  tracts,  which  constitute  the  present  state  of  Dela- 
ware, were  called  the  "Territories,"  and  were,  for  twenty 
years,  governed  as  a  part  of  Pennsylvania. 

6.  They  were  divided  into  three  counties,  New-Castle, 
Kent,  and  Sussex,  each  of  which  sent  six  delegates  to  the 
general  assembly.  In  1703,  these  delegates,  dissatisfied 
with  the  last  charter  which  Penn  haa  prepared,  and  a 
majority  of  the  assembly  had  adopted,  seceded,  and,  liberty 
being  given,  '"ormed  a  separate  and  distinct  assembly.  The 


'>Jf'«/' 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


m 


two  portions  of  the  province  were  never  aHerwards  united, 
but  the  proprietor  continued  to  possess  the  same  jurisdic- 
tion, and  the  same  person  uniformly  acted  as  governor 
over  both. 

7.  Sheltered  by  the  surrounding  provinces,  Delaware 
enjoyed  an  entire  exemption  fror :  vars,  except  those  in 
which,  as  a  part  of  the  British  empire,  she  was  obligud  to 
participate.  In  the  war  with  France,  which  terminated 
In  1763,  she  was  second  to  none  in  active  zeal  to  assist 
the  parent  state.  In  the  revolutionary  war,  the  Delaware 
regiment  was  considered  the  most  emeient  in  the  conti- 
nental army. 


i:ri. 


'7;.; 

'i-*: 


CHAPTER  IX. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 

William  Penn,  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania,  was  the 
son  of  Sir  William  Penn,  an  admiral  in  the  British  navy. 
In  his  youth,  he  joined  the  quakers,  then  an  obscure  and 
persecuted  sect.  While  superintending  the  settlement  of 
New-Jersey,  he  became  acquainted  with  an  extensive 
tract  of  fertile,  unoccupied  land  lying  between  the  terri- 
tories of  the  duke  of  York  and  lord  Baltimore.  At  his 
solicitation,  and  in  recompense  for  unrequited  ?  rvices 
which  his  father  had  rendered  tho  nation,  this  true:  was, 
1.1  1681,  granted  to  him  in  full  prop&rvy,  and  by  the  king 
called  Pennsylvania. 

2.  Desirous  of  selling  his  lands  and  founding  a  colony, 
he,  in  a  public  advertisement,  described  the  country,  and 
set  forth  the  advantages  which  it  offered  to  en.igrants. 
Many  persons,  chiefly  quakers,  were  induced  to  purchase. 
The  fee  simple  of  the  soil  was  sold  at  the  rate  of  twenty 
pounds  for  every  thousand  acres ;  and  they  who  rented 
lands,  agreed  to  pay  one  penny  yearly  per  acre.  Bef«»-e  tlie 
prriigrants  embarked,  certain  "  conditions  and  concessions" 
were  by  them  a.id  the  proprietor  agreed  upon  and  subscribed. 

3.  In  the^  fall,  three  ships,  canrying  settlers,  sailed  for 
Pennsylvania.  The  pious  and  philanthropic  proprietor 
sent  a  letter  to  the  Indians,  informing  them  hat  "the 
great  God  had  been  pleased  to  m?ke  him  <:  -  i  jrned  in 

^.iSir  TiSirT    r»T     TiiA    •XITrtrlH       on/4    ♦l-ior*    4Vi*4     Irin/r    /\  **    iiio       TJIlTltrV 


IrlltJir 


world, 


whfere  he  lived,  had  given  him  a  great  province  Hi 'rein 


m 


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pENNSVLVANlA. 


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.  4 

4ki' 


but  that  he  did  not  desire  to  eT\joy  it  without  their  consent 
that  he  was  a  man  of  peace ;  and  that  the  people  whom 
he  sent  were  of  the  saine  disposition;  and  if  any  diffe- 
rence should  happen  between  them,  it  rnnrh*  be  adjuoted 
by  an  equal  number  of  men  chosen  on  b^:.i  sides."  The 
position  selected  by  these  emigrant?,  for  a  settlement  was 
above  the  confluence  of  the  Delaware  and  the  Schuylkill. 

4.  In  April,  1682,  Penn  published  a  Frame  of  Govern'- 
tnenf.,  the  chief  object  of  which  was  declared  to  be  "  to 
support  power  in  reverence  with  the  people,  and  to  secure 
the  people  from  the  abuse  of  power."  He  published  also 
a  Bo(l(/  of  Laws,  which  had  been  examined  and  approved 
by  the  emigrants  in  England ;  and  which,  says  an  eminent 
historian,  '*does  great  honor  to  their  wisdom  as  statesmen, 
to  their  morals  as  men,  and  to  their  spirit  as  colonists." 
From  tlie  duke  of  York,  he  obtained  the  relinquishment 
of  a  tract  of  land,  lying  on  the  south  side  of  the  Delaware^ 
a  i»art  of  which  was  already  settled,  and  in  August,  ac* 
companied  by  about  two  thousand  emigrants,  set  sail  for 
America. 

5.  He  landed  first  at  New-Castlo,  which  was  a  part  of 
the  "  Territories,"  as  the  land  conveyed  to  him  by  the 
duke  was  called.  Upon  this  tract  he  found  about  three 
thousand  Dutch,  Swedes,  and  Finn;^.  He  proceeded  to 
Chester,  where  he  called  an  asseirihiy  on  the  fourth  of 
December.  This  assembly  annox.:;*!  Jie  Territories  to 
the  province,  adopted  the  Frame  of  Government,  and 
enacted  in  form  the  Body  of  Laws.  Penn  also  made  a 
treaty  with  the  Indians,  from  whom  he  purchased  as  much 
land  as  the  circumstances  of  the  colony  required.  He 
selected  the  site,  and  marked  out  the  plan,  of  an  extensive 
city,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Philadelphia,  or  the 
city  of  love.  Before  the  end  of  the  year,  it  contained 
eighty  houses  and  cottages. 

6.  The  settlement  of  none  of  the  colonies  commenced 
under  such  favourable  auspices  as  that  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  experience  of  half  a  century  had  disclosed  the  evils 
to  be  avoided,  and  pointed  out  the  course  to  be  pursued. 
The  Indians,  having  been  already  taught  to  fear  the  power 
of  the  whites,  were  the  more  easily  conciliated  by  t!ieir 
kindness.  The  soil  being  fertile,  the  climate  temperate, 
and  the  ^^me  abundant,  the  first  emigrants  escaped  most 
of  the  calamities  which  afflicted  the  more  northern  and 
southern  provinces.  The  increase  of  population  e25:oeeded| 
of  ccu7S8|  all  format  example. 


if: 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


n 


7.  In  ^he  new  city,  a  second  assembly  was  held  in 
March,  j83.  At  the  request  of  the  freemen  and  delegates, 
Penn  granted  them  a  second  charter,  which  diminished  the 
number  of  the  council  and  assembly,  and  was,  in  other 
respects,  different  from  the  first.  Some  of  the  regulations, 
at  that  time  adopted  bear  the  impress  of  the  proprietor's 
singular  genius,  and  benevolent  disposition. 

8.  It  was  ordained  "that,  to  prevent  lawsuits,  three 
arbitrators,  to  be  called  peace-makers,  should  he  chosen  - 
by  the  county  co  irts,  to  hear  and  determii  e         H  diife- 


d  bo 
Li  be 
they 
ley- 
iVat 


rences  between  man  and  man  :  That  chilareu 
taught  some  useful  trade,  to  the  end  that  n(  " 
idle,  that  the  poor  might  work  to  live,  and  th 
should  become  poor:  That  factors,  wronging  tiiei 
ers,  should  make  satisfaction  and  one  third  over 
every  thing,  which  excites  the  people  to  rudeness,  cruelty, 
and  irreligion,  should  be  discouraged  and  severely  punishea: 
That  no  one,  acknowledging  one  God  and  living  peaceably 
in  society,  should  bo  molested  for  his  opinions  or  his 
pract  ice,  or  compelled  to  frequent  or  maintain  any  ministry 
Whatever."  .w 

9.  These  judicious  regulations  attracted  numerous 
emigrants;  and  to  their  salutary  influence  must  be  at- 
tributed the  qualities  of  diligence,  order,  and  economy  for 
which  the  Pennsylvanians  are  so  iustly  celebrated. 
Within  four  years  from  the  date  of  the  grant  to  Penn, 
the  province  contained  twenty-settlements,  and  Philadel- 
phia two  thousand  inhabitants. 

10.  In  1684,  the  proprietor  returned  to  England.  He 
left  his  province  in  profound  tranquillity,  under  the  ad- 
ministration of  five  commissioners  chosen  from  the 
council.  The  unfortunate  James  II.  soon  after  ascended 
tne  throne.  "  As  he  has,"  said  Penn,  "  been  my  friend, 
and  my  father's  friend,  I  feel  bound  in  justice  to  be  a  friend 
to  him."  He  adhered  to  him  while  seated  on  the  thione, 
and  for  two  years  after  he  was  expelled  from  his  kingdom, 
tlie  government  of  the  province  was  administered  in  his 
hame. 

11.  By  this  display  of  attachment  to  the  exiled  monarch, 
he  incurred  the  displeasure  of  king  William.  .On  va^ue 
suspiisipn,  and  unfounded  charges,  he  was  four  tunes  im- 
prisoned. The  government  of  his  colony  was  taken  from 
him,  and  given  to  colonel  Fletcher,  the  governor  of  New- 
Vork,  But  by  the  severest  scrutiny,  it  was  rendered 
lippar©nt,'that  he  htftl,  in  all  his  conduct,  been  acttmted  as 


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much  by  the  love  of  his  country  as  by  persorial  gratita((«« 
He  regained  the  good  opinion  of  kino;  William ;  and,  beins 
pennitted  to  resume  and  exercise  his  rights,  appointea 
William  Markham  to  be  his  denuty  governor. 

13.  In  1699,  he  again  visitea  Pennsylvania,  and  found 
the  people  discontented.  They  complained  that  his  powers 
and  their  rights  were  noc  defined  with  sufficient  precision, 
and  demanded  a  new  charter.  In  1701,  he  prepared  and 
presented  one  to  the  assembly,  which  was  accepted.  It 
gave  to  the  assembly  the  right  of  originating  bills,  which, 
by  the  previous  charters,  was  the  right  of  the  governor 
alone,  and  of  amending  or  rejecting  those  which  might  be 
laid  bhi>fore  them.  To  the  /governor  it  gave  the  right  of 
rejftctmjr  bills  passed  by  the  assembly,  of  appointing  his 
own  council,  and  of  exercising  the  whole  executive  power. 
The  Territories,  now  the  state  of  Delaware,  refusing  to 
accept  the  new  chr^rter,  separated  from  Pennsylvania,  and 
were  allowed  a  distinct  assembly.  The  same  governor, 
however,  presided  over  both.  ;^i.>  ^?»f  jt^^T-      -    - 

13.  Immediately  after  his  third  charter  was  accepted, 
Penn  returned  to  England,  and  the  exejjutiv^  authority 
was  afterwards  administered  by  deputy  governors  appointea 
by  the  proprietor.  The  people  incessantly  murmured  and 
complained  ;  but  the  uninterrupted  and  unparalleled  pros- 
perity of  the  colony  demonstrates,  that  but  slight  causes 
of  complaint  existed.  That  which  produced  the  greatest 
and  most  constant  irritation  was  the  refusal,  by  the  deputy 
governors,  to  assent  to  any  law  imposing  taxes  on  the 
lands  of  the  proprietors,  although  the  sum  raised  was  to 
be  expended  for  the  benefit  t)f  the  whole  province.  This 
unwise,  and  indeed  unjust,  claim  of  exemption,  occasioned 
greater  disgust  than  injury,  and  embittered  all  the  enjoy- 
ments of  the  inhabitants. 

14.  But  these  dissensions  did  not,  in  the  letist,  retard  the 
prosperity  of  the  colony.  Nor  did  any  other  cause,  having 
that  tendency,  exist.  The  upright  conduct  of  Penn,  in 
his  intercourse  with  the  Indians,  was  imitated  by  those 
who  came  after  him ;  and,  for  seventy  years,  uninterrupted 
harmony  existed  between  them  and  Uie  whites.  In  the 
early  part  of  th»  revolutionary  war,  the  people  adopted  a 
new  constitution,  by  which  the  proprietor  was  excluded 
from  all  share  in  the  government.  He  was  offered,  and  % 
finally  accepted,  the  sum  of  670,000  dollars,  in  discharga: 
of  all  quit- rents  due  from  the  inhftlMtants. 


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Maryland; 


During  the  reign  of  James  I,  the  Iaw»^  acainst  Ro« 
man  Catholics  were  severe  and  the  popular  hat^^e<iwas 
inveterate.  Lord  Baltimore,  a  distinguished  memb^of 
that  sect,  resolved,  in  conseauence,  to  remove  from  Eng- 
land to  Virginia,  believing  that  he  might  there  enjoy  his 
religion  s  opmions,  without  violating  the  laws  or  incurring 
reproach.  But  the  people  among  whom  he  came  to  reside, 
were  almost  ab  intolerant  as  those  he  had  left,  and  he 
soon  found  it  necessary  to  seek  some  ether  asylum. 

2.  Having  ascertained  that  the  territory  on  both  sides 
of  Chesapeake  bay,  was  inhabited  only  by  the  natives,  he 
conceivea  the  project  of  planting  there  a  colony  for  himself, 
and  for  all  who  might  wish  to  retire  from  religious  persecu- 
tion. He  explored  the  country,  returned  to  England,  ob- 
tained the  assent  of  king  Charles  I  to  a  grant  of  territory, 
but  died  before  the  requisite  formalities  were  completed. 

3.  Cecil,  his  eldest  son,  and  heir  to  his  estate  and  title, 
obtained  for  himself  the  grant  intended  for  his  father.  To 
the  new  colony  the  name  of  Maryland  was  nven,  in  honor 
of  Henrietta  Maria,  the  royal  consort  of  Charles.  The 
land  conveyed  being  witnin  the  boundaries  of  Virginia,  the 
planters  in  that  province  remonstrated  against  the  granf. 
The  king  refusing  to  rescind  it,  lord  Baltimore  made 
preparations  to  commence  a  settlement.  He  appointed 
his  brother,  Leonard  Calvert^  governor ;  who,  near  the 
close  of  the  year  1633,  sailed  for  America,  accompanied 
by  about  two  nuhdred  emigrants,  mostly  Roman  Catholics  ' 

4.  They  arrived  in  February,  1634,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Potomac.  At  a  conference  with  the  Indians  who 
dwelt  on  the  shore,they  purchased  Yoamaco,  a  considerable 
village,  the  site  of  which  St.  Mary's  now  occupies.  By 
this  measure,  wise  as  well  as  just,  the  rightful  proprietors 
of  the  soil  were  satisfied,  convenient  habitations  and  some 
cultivated  land  were  obtained,  and  the  first  settlers  were 
of  course  exempted  from  the  miseries  of  famme,  fuid  from 
the  diseases  which  it  produces.  *:::#r  >  if  5^*^ 

.  5.  Other  circumstances  favored  the  rapid  population  of 
the  colony.  The  charter  granted  more  ample  privileges 
than  had  ever  been  conceded  to  a  subject ;  the  countrv 
waa  inviting ;  the  natives  were  friendly ;  from  the  SOtitb 


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MARYLAND. 


:•»#■  ■ 


churchmon  drove  puritans,  fhmi  the  north  puritans  drore^ 
churchmen,  into  her  borders,  where  all  were  freely  reoeiyed,^ 
protected,  and  cherished.  '-     v      v,r. 

6.  The  charter  granted  to  the  inhabitants  the  prlyilege 
of  passing  la^s  either  by  themselves  or  representatives, 
without  reserving  to  the  crown,  as  had  been  done  in  all' 
previous  charters,  the  right  to  reject  the  laws  so  passed. 
At  first,  when  the  freemen  were  few  in  number,  each 
attended  in  person,  or  authorized  some  other  freeman,  who 
chose  to  attend,  to  vote  and  act  in  his  stead.  The  increase 
of  population  soon  rendered  it  necessary  to  adopt  a  differ- 
ent mode  of  legislation.  In  1639,  an  act  was  passed, 
constituting  a  '*  house  of  assembly,'^  to  be  composed  of  such 
as  should  be  chosen  by  the  people^  of  such  as  should  be 
summoned  or  appointed  by  the  proprietor,  and  of  the  gover- 
nor and  secretioy.  These  were  to  sit  together,  and  the 
laws  which  they  should  enact  were  to  possess  the  same 
validity,  as  though  the  proprietors  uid  all  the  people 
had  concurred  in  enacting  tliom.        -  ' 

7.  In  1650,  a  second  iteration  was  made.  The  legis- 
lative body  was  divided  into  two  branches,  the  delegates 
ehosen  by  the  people  constituting  the  lower  house,  ana  the 
persons  summbnea  by  the  proprietors,  the  upper  house.  It 
ought  to  be  stated,  for  the  honor  of  lord  Baltimore  and 
his  associates,  that,  while  the  c;^tholics  retained  the 
ascendency  in  the  province,  the  a^  ibly  passed  no  law 
abriddng  the  liberty  of  conscience. 

8.  %ut  this  colony,  as  well  as  all  the  others,  in  the  early 
period  of  their  existence,  was  afflicted  with  intestine 
troubles.    They  were  principally  caused  by  one  William 
Claybome.    While  a  member  of  the  Virginia  council  he  -^ 
had  obtained  a  license  from  the  king,  to  traflic  in  those 
parts  of  America  where  no  other  person  enjoyed  the  exclu-  - 
sive  right  of  trade.    Under  this  license,  he  had  made  a  * 
small  settlement  on  the  island  of  Kent,  and,  when  the 
grant  was  made  to  lord  Baltimore,  refused  to  submit  to  his  ' 
authoritv.      He  persuaded  the  natives  that  the  "new 
comers''  were  Spaniards,  and  enemies  to  the  Virginians. 
An  Indian  war  was  the  consequence,  which  continued 
several  years,  and  was  productive  of  considerable  distress. 

9.  Claybome  was  indicted  and  convicted  of  murder,  • 
piracy,  and  sedition;  and  fleeing  from  justice,  his  estate 
was  confiscated..  He  applied  to  the  king  for  redress,  but 

^afler  a  full  hearing,  was  dismissed  without  obtaining  any 
order  in  his  favor.    When  ths  civil  war,  between  the  kin^ 


MARYLAND. 


W 


vnd  parJtament,  began,  he  embraced  the  cause  of  the  latter^ 
returned  to  Mauryland,  and,  by  his  intrigues  fomented,  in 
1(>45,  a  rebellion  aeainst  its  rulers,  who  were  attaohea  to 
the  royal  cause.  Calvert,  the  governor,  was  oompeiled  to 
fly  to  Virginia,  and  the  insurgents  seized  the  reins  of 
government.  The  next  year,  however,  the  revolt  was 
suppressed  and  tranquillity  restored. 

10.  But  after  the  parliament  had  triumphed  over  the 
king,  they  appointed  commissioners  for  '*  reducing  and 
ffoveming  the  colonies  within  the  bay  of  Chesapeake.*' 
Aniong  these  was  Claybome,  the  evil  eenius  of  Maryland. 
The  proprietor,  consenting  to  acknowledge  the  authority 
of  parliament,  was  permitted  to  retain  his  station,  but  was 
unable  to  prr^rve  tranquillity.  The  distractions  of  Eng- 
land, finding  their  way  into  the  colony,  occasioned  a  civil 
war,  which  ended  in  the  discomfiture  of  the  governor  and 
Roman  Catholics. 

11.  The  next  assembly,  which  was  entirely  under  the 
influence  of  the  victorious  party,  ordained  that  persons 
professing  the  Catholic  religion  should  not  be  considered 
within  the  protection  of  the  laws.  Thus  were  they 
un^atefully  persecuted  by  men  whom  they  had  taken  to 
their  bosom,  and  in  a  colony  which  they  had  founded. 
Laws*  unfavorable  to  the  Quakers  were  also  enacted,  and 
here,  as  in^  England,  the  up])er  house  was  voted  to  be 
useless.  At  the  restoration,  in  1660,  Philip^  Calvert  was 
appointed  governor,  and  the  ancient  order  of  things  restored. 
The  colony  then  contained  about  twelve  thousand  iiihab- 
itauts. 

12.  In  1676,  died  Cecil,  lord  Baltimore,  the  father  of 
the  province.  For  more  than  forty  years,  he  had  directed 
its  affairs  as  proprietor,  and  displayed,  in  all  his  conduct, 
a  benevolent  heart  and  enlightened  understanding.  Al- 
though he  lived  in  an  age  of  bigotry,  hi  was  liberal  in  his 
opinions ;  and  for  all  his  exertions  to  contribute  to  the 
happiness  of  his  fellow  beings,  he  desired  no  reward  but 
their  gratitude.  This  reward  he  received.  The  records 
of  the  Maryland  assembly  contain  freqiient  memorials  of 
the  respect  and  affection  of  the  people.  He  was  succeeded, 
as  proprietor,  by  his  eldest  son,  Charles,  who  had,  for 
several  years,  been  governor  of  the  colony,  and  displayed 
the  same  amiable  qualities  whicli  had  rendered  his  father 
respected  and  beloved.  ^ 

13.  In  the  year  1689,  the  epoch  of  the  revolution  in 
England,  the  repose  of  Maryland  was  agaui  disturbed.   A 


H 


NORTH-CAROLINA. 


ramor  was  artfully  circulated,  that  the  Catholics  had 
leagued  with  the  Indiai^s  to  destroy  all  the  Protestants  in 
the  province.  An  armed  association  was  immediately 
formed,  for  the  defence  of  the  Protestant  religion,  and  for 
asserting  the  rights  of  king  William  and  queen  Mary. 

^  The  magistrates  attemj^ted  to  oppose  by  force  this  asso- 
ciation ;  but,  meeting  with  few  supporters,  were  compelled 
to  abdicate  the  government. 
V  14.  King  Wifiiam  directed  those  who  had  assumed  the 
supreme  authority  to  exercise  it  in  his  name;  and  for 
twenty-seven  years  the  crown  retained  the  entire  control 
of  the  province.  In  1716,  the  proprietor  was  restored  to 
his  rights ;  and  he  and  his  descendants  continued  to  omoy 
them  until  the  commencement  of  the  revolution.  The 
people  then  assumed  the  government,  adopted  a  constitu- 

^  tion,  and  refused  to  admit  the  claims  of  lord  Baltimore  to 

/  jurisdiction  or  property.  ,     . 


i^^-'^-:.^^':^ 


••f    *., 


'••i'-.-!    .     : 


CHAPTER  XI. 
NORTH-CAROLINA. 


^tV  " 


Mt 


In  1630,  Charles  I  granted  to  Sir  Robert  Heath  all  the 
{territory  between  the  30th  and  36th  degrees  of  north 
^latitude,  and  extending  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the 
South  sea,  by  the  name  of  Carolina.    Under  this  grant,  no 
settlement  was  made.    Between  1640  and  1650,  persons 
suffering  from  religious  intolerance  in  Vir^nia,  fled  beyond 
her  limits,  and,  without  license  from  any  source,  occupied 
that  portion  of  North-Carolina,  north  of  Albemarle  sound. 
They  found  the  winters  mild  and  the  soil  fertik.    As  their 
cattle  and  swine  procured  their  own  support  in  the  woods 
and  multiplied  fast,  they  were  enabled,  with  little  labor, 
1  to  live  in  the  enjoyment  of  abundance.    Their  number 
I  was  annually  augmented ;  they  acknowledged  no  superior 
'  upon  earth,  and  obeyed  no  laws  but  those  of  God  and  nature. 
2.  In  1661,  another  settlement  was  made,  near  the 
^mouth  of  Clarendon  river,  by  adventujrers  from  Massachu- 
setts.   The  land  being  sterile  and  the  Indians  hostile, 
the^,  in  1663,  abandoned  it.     Immediately  afterwards, 
theu-  place  was  supplied  by  emi^ants  from  Barbadoes,  who 
^invested  Sir  John  Yeomans  with  the  authority  of  governor. 
*    3.  Sir  Robert  Heath  having  neglected  to  comply  with 


^Q' 


t 
o 

01 


«ej 


iniiiif'- 


NORTH-CAROLINA, 


fh 


*   I.-' 


( 


iL^ 


tlie  conmtibnf  of  ms  patent,  tiie  king,  in  166C,  granted 
the  same  territory  to  lord  Clarendon  and  seyen  others, 
and  invested  them  with  ample  powers  of  goyemment  over 
those  who  should  inhabii  it.  To  encOura^  emigration, 
they  gave  public  assurances,  that  all  who  mi^ht  remoye  to 
their  territory,  should  enjoy  unrestricted  religious  liberty, 
and  be  governed  by  a  free  assembly.  ^  The  settlers  on 
Albemarle  sound  were,  on  certain  conditions,  allowed  to 
retain  their  lands.  A  government  over  them  was  organized, 
at  the  head  of  which  a  Mr.  Drummond  wab  placed.  With 
the  regulations  impnosed,  they  were  dissatisfied,  and  re- 
volted ;  but  their  srievances  were  redressed,  and,  in  1668, 
they  returned  to  their  duty. 

"  4.  At  the  request  of  the  pro][jrietors,  the  celebrated 
John  Locke,  whose  political  writings  were  then  much 
read  and  admired,  prepared  for  the  colony  a  constitution 
of  government.    It  provided  that  a  chief  officer,  to  be     . 
called  the  palatine  and  to  hold  his  office  during  life,  should     ! 
be  elected  from  among  the  proprietors ;  that  a  hereditary     I 
nobility,  to  be  called  landgraves  and  caziques,  should  bo 
createct;  and  that,  once  m  two  years,  represer  atives    ; 
should  be  chosen  by  the  freeholders.    All  these,  with  the    I 
proprietors  or  their  deputies,  were  to  meet  in  one  assembly,    1 
which  was  to  be  called  the  parliament,^  and  over  which    ! 
the  palatine  was  to  preside.    The  parliament  could  de-    I 
liberate  and  decide  only  npon  such  propositions  as  should    i 
be  laid  before  it  by  a  grand  council  composed  of  the  J 
palatine,  nobility,  and  deputies  of  the  proprietors.  —^ 

5.  This  constitution,  howevef  wise  it  might  seem  to 
English  politicians,  was  not  adapted  to  the  sentiments 
and  habits  of  the  people  for  whom  it  was  prepared.  Its 
aristocratic  features  displeased^  them.  The  measures 
adopted  to  introduce  and  enforce  it,  produced,  in  connection 
with  other  causes,  an  insurrection,  in  the  process  of 
which  the  palatine,  and  the  deputies  were  seized  and 
imprisoned.  Application  was  made  to  Virginia  for  as- 
sistance in  restoring  order ;  but  the  fear  of  punishment 
induced  the  insurgents  to  submit,  before  an  firmed  force 
could  be  arrayed  against  them.  '^'^ 

6.  In  1670,  William  Sayle,  under  the  direction  of  the 
proprietors,  made  a  settlement  at  Port  Ro^^al,  within  the 
limits  of  South-Carolina.  The  next  year,  dissatisfied  with 
this  station,  he  removed  his  colony  northward,  to  a  neck 
of  land  between  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers,  where  he  hid 
out  a  town,  which,  in  honour  of  the  king  then  reigning, 


/^.v;* 


*J^4 


^■i'. 


06 


NORTH-CAROLINA- 


he  called  Charleston.  Dying  soon  afler,  Sir  John  Yeo- 
mans,  who  had,  for  several  years,  been  goyemor  at 
Clarendon,  was  appomted  to  succeed  him.  This  new 
settlement  attracted  at  first  many  inhabitants  from  that  at 
Clarendon,  and  at  length  entirely  exhausted  it.  Being 
remote  from  Albemarle,  the  proprietors  established  a 
separate  government  over  it,  and  hence  arose  ttie  distinc- 
tive appellations  of  North  and  South-Carolina. 

7.  The  prosperity  of  the  northern  colony  was  retarded 
by  domestic  dissensions.  To  allay  them,  Seth  Sothel, 
one  of  the  proprietors,  was  appointed  chief  magistrate. 
His  conduct,  far  from  restoring  quiet  and  contentment, 
increased  the  disorders  which  had  before  prevailed.  He 
is  represented  as  the  most  corrupt  and  rapacious  of 
<^olonial  governors.  He  plundered  the  innocent  and  re- 
ceived bribes  from  felons.  For  six  years,  the  inhabitants 
endured  his  injustice  and  oppression.  They  then  seized 
him,  with  a  view  of  sending  nim  to  England  for  trial.  At 
his  request,  he  was  detained  and  tried  by  the  assembly, 
who  banished  him  from  the  colony.  ;  .^''V  ' 

8.  His  successor  was  Philip  Ludwell,  of  Virginia,  and 
to  him  succeeded  John  Archdale,  who  was  a  quaker  and 
one  of  the  propflrietors.  Both  were  popular  governors; 
under  their  administration,  the  colony  prospered  and  the 
people  were  happy.  In  1693,  at  the  request  of  the  Caro- 
linians, the  constitution  of  Locke  was  abrogated  by  the 
proprietors,  and  each  colony  was  afterwards  ruled  by  a 
governor,  council,  and  house  of  representatives. 

9.  In  1707,  a  company  of  French  protestants  arrived 
and  seated  themselves  on  the  river  Trent,  a  branch  of  the 
Neuse,  in  1710,  a  large  number  of  Palatines,  fleeing  from 
religious  persecution  in  Germany,  sought  refuge  in  the 
same  part  ot  the  province.    To  each  of  these,  the  pro- 

<rietors  granted  one  hundred  acres  of  land.    They  lived 
ipy,  for  a  few  years,  in  the  enjoyment  of  liberty  of 
>  ^.science,  and  in  the  prospect  of  competence  and  ease. 

10.  But  suddenly  a  terrible  calamity  fell  upon  them. 
The  Tuscarora  and  Coree  Indians,  smarting  under  recent 
injuries,  and  dreading  total  extinction  from  the  encroach- 
ment of  these  strangers,  plotted,  with  characteristic 
secrecy,  their  entire  destruction.  Sending  their  families 
to  one  of  their  fortified  towns,  twelve  hundred  bowmen 
sallied  forth,  and,  in  the  same  night,  attacked,  in  sepantte 

.^parties,  the  nearest  settlements  of  the  Palatines.    Men, 
WMnepi  and  children  wers  indiscriminately  butcherede 


-■■JJiV 


NORTH-CAROUNA. 


99 


A- 


The  sarages,  with  the  swiftness  and  ferocity  of  woIyes« 
ran  from  villaffe  to  village.  Before  them,  was  the  repose 
of  innocence ;  oehind,  the  sleep  of  death.  A  iew,  escaping, 
alarmed  the  settlements  more  remote,  and  hastened  to 
South-Carolina  for  assistance. 

11.  GoveriiOr  Craven  immediately  despatched,  to  the 
aid  of  the  sister  colony,  nearlv  a  thousand  men,  under  the 
command  of  colonel  Bamwefl.  After  a  fatiguing  march 
throuffh  a  hideous  wilderness,  they  met  tho  enemy,  at- 
tacked, defeated,  and  pursued  them  to  their  fortified  town, 
which  was  immediately  besieged.  .  In  a  few  days,  peace, 
at  their  solicitation,  was  concluded,  and  colonel  Barnwell 
returned  to  South-Uarolina. 

13.  The  peace  was  short,  and  upon  the  recommence- 
ment of  hostilities,  assistance  was  again  sclicited  from  the 
sdutheru  colony.  Colonel  James  Moore,  an  active  young 
officer,  was  immediately  despatched,  with  forty  white 
men  and  eight  hundred  mendly  Indians.  He  found  the 
enemy  in  a  fort  near  Cotechny  river.  After  a  siege,  w^hich 
continued  more  than  a  week,  the  fbrt  was  taken  and  eight 
hundred  Indians  made  prisoners.  The  Tuscaroras,  dis- 
heartened by  this  defeat,  migrated,  in  1713,  to  the  north, 
and  joined  the  celebrated  confederacy,  denominated  the 
Five  Nations.  The  others  sued  for  peace,  and  afterwards 
continued  friendly. 

13.  Until  1729,  the  two  Carolinas,  though  distinct  for 
many  purposes,  remained  under  the  superintendence  and- 
control  of  the  same  proprietors.  Neither  had  betn  pros- 
perous; and  the  interests  of  ti^^  governors  and  governed 
being  apparently  adverse  to  each  other,  the  latter  became 
discontented  and  refractory.  They  complained  to  the 
king,  who  directed  inquiry  to  be  maae  in  his  courts.  The 
charter  which  he  had  granted  was  declared  forfeited,  and 
over  each  colony,  royalgovernments,  entirely  unconnected 
with  each  other,  were  established. 

14.  Soon  after  this  event,  the  soil  in  the  interior  of 
North-Carolina  was  found  to  be  t  perior  in  fertilitjr  to 
that  on  the  sea-coast.  The  set^  .ments,  consequently, 
advanced  rapidly  into  the  wilderness.  From  the  northern 
colonies,  particularly  Pennsylvania,  multitudes  were  al- 
lured to  this  reffion  by  the  mildness  of  the  climate,  and  by 
the  facility  of  (Staining  in  abundance  all  the  neccessarles 
of  life.  At  peace  with  the  Indians,  and  fortunate  in  her 
governors,  the  colony  continued  to  prosper  until  the  com- 
nenoeiiierit  of  the  troubles  which  preoeeded  the  revolution. 


m 


. 


CHAPTER  XII. 
SOUTH-CAROLINA.   ' 


-1"% . 


This  colony,  and  that  of  North-Carolina,  were,  as  has  al 
ready  been  stated,  included  in  the  same  charter.  In  1670, 
governor  Sayle  made,  at  Port  Royal,  the  first  permanent 
settlement  ivithin  its  limits.  The  next  year,  he  founded 
Old  Charleston,  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Ashley.  In 
1684,  all  the  freemen,  meeting  at  this  place,  elected  rep- 
resentatives to  sit  in  the  colonial  parliament,  according  to 
the  provisions  of  the  constitution  prepared  by  Mr.Locke. 

2.  Several  circumstances  contributed  to  promote  tho 
settlement  of  this  colony.  The  conquest  of  New- York 
induced  ]pany  of  the  Dutch  to  resort  to  it.  From  Eng- 
land, puritans  came  to  avoid  the  profanity  and  licentious- 
ness which  disgraced  the  court  of  Charles  II ;  and  cav- 
aliers, to  retrieve  their  fortunes,  exhausted  by  the  civil 
wars.  The  arbitrary  measures  of  Louis  XIV,  arove  many 
French  protestants*into  exile,  some  of  whom  crossed  the 
Atlantic  and  settled  in  Carolma.  Many  of  these  exiles 
were  rich ;  all  were  industrious,  and  by  their  exemplary 
demeanor  gained  the  good  will  of  the  proprietors. 

3.  The  situation  of  Charleston  hems  found  inconve- 
nient, the  inhabitants,  in  1680,  removed  to  Oyster  Point, 
where  a  new  city  was  laid  out,  to  which  the  name  of  the 
other  was  given.  In  the  same  year,  commenced  a  war  wit  h 
the  Westoes,  a  powerful  tribe  of  Indians,  which  threaten- 
ed great  injury  to  the  colony.  Peace,  however,  was  soon 
restored.  In  1690,  Seth  Sothel,  one  of  the  proprietors, 
having,  for  corrupt  conduct,  been  driven  from  North-Car- 
olina, appeared  suddenly  at  Charleston,  and,  aided  by  a 
powerful  faction,  assumed  the  reins  of  government.  Two 
years  afterwards  hj  was  removed  from  office. 

4.  The  propi^etors,  having  observed  the  good  conduct 
of  the  French  protestants,  directed  the  governor  to  permit 
them  to  elect  representatives,  a  privilege  which  they  had 
never  yet  exercised.  The  English  Episcopalians,  unwil- 
ling that  any  of  their  heriditary  enemies,  who  did  not  be- 
long to  their  church,  should  be  associated  with  l^hemselves 
in  the  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  freemen,  were  exasper- 
ated, and  opposed  the  concession  with  great  clamour  and 
zeal.  They  even  went  farther.  Warmed  by  opposition, 
they  proposed  to  enforce,  with  respect  to  them,  th^  laws 


•i 


■<•■ 


0i. 


■tw  - 


SOtTH-CAROUNA. 


i(n 


■I  ■■ 


of  England  against  foreigners,  insisting  that  tliey  oould 
not  legally  possess  real  estate  in  the  colony.  Thoy  also 
declared  that  their  marriages,  being  solemnized  by  French 
ministers,  were  void,  and  that  the  children  could  not  in-, 
iierit  the  property  of  their  fathers.  By  the  display  of  a 
spirit  so  illiberal  and  unchristian,  these  strancers  were 
alarmed  and  discouraged.  They  knew  not  for  whom  thfj 
labored.  But,  countenanced  by  the  goTejmor,  they  re- 
mained in  the  cQlonr,  and,  for  the  present,  withdrew  their 
claim  to  the  riffht  of  suffrage. 

5.  Yet  the  ferment  did  not  subside  on  the  rsmoval  of 
the  cause  which  produced  it.  Such  was  the  general 
turbulence  and  disorder,  the  people  complaining  of  their 
rulers  and  quarrelling  among  themselves,  that,  in  1695, 
John  Archdale  was  sent  over,  as  governor  of  both  Caro- 
linas,  and  invested  with  full  power  to  redress  all  grievan- 
ces. He  succeeded  in  restoring  order,  but  found  the 
antipathy  aeainst  the  unfortunate  exiles  too  great  to  be 
encountered,  with  anv  hope  o^  success,  until  softened  by 
time  and  their  amiable  deportment.  These  produced  the 
effects  which  he  anticipated.  In  a  few  years,  the  French 
protestants  were  admitted,  by  the  general  assembly,  to  all 
the  rights  of  citizens  and  freemen. 

6.  Although  the  proprietors,  by  thQ  reffulations  which 
were  in  force  before  the  constitution  of  Locke  was  adopted, 
and  which  were  restored  upon  its  abrogation,  had  stipula- 
ted, that  liberty  of  conscience  should  be  universally 
enjoyed;  yet  one  of  them.  Lord  Granville,  a  bigoted 
churchman,  and  James  Moore,  the  governor,  resolved  to 
effect,  if  possible,  the .  establishment,  in  the  colony,  of 
the  L^'iacopal  religion.  They  knew  that  a  maiorit}r  of 
the  people  were  dissenters,  and  that  by  art  and  intrigue 
only,  could  their  design  be  accomplished.  The  governor, 
who  was  avaricious  and  venal,  became  the  tool  of  Gran- 
ville. He  interfered  in  the  e]ections^>  and,  by  bribing  the 
voters,  succeeded  in  ]}rocuring  a  majority  in  the  assembly 
who  would  be  subservient  to  his  wishes. 

7.  A  law  was  passed,  establishing  the  episcopal  religion, 
and  excluding  dissenters  from  a  seat  in  the  assembly.  It 
was  laid  before  the  proprietors,  without  whose  sanction  it 
could  not  possess  permanent  validity.  Archdale,  who  had 
returned  to  England,  opposed  it  with  ability  and  spirit. 
He  insisted  that  good  faith,  policy,  interest,  «ven  piety, 
€QD0!irrcd  to  dictate  its  rejection.  But  lord  Granville  de- 
efarod  iimistif  in  favor  Of  it,  aiW  it  r^ive'd  (fonfinnatlUn 


.'■af-}..^:,.'A^,     ^.: 


lV^„t^*      .w...   ..;   'A-     -■>.<?- 


.A^ 


109 


SOUTH.CAROLINA. 


8.  The  dissenters  saw  themsolyes  at  once  deinriTed  of 
those  privileffes  for  which  they  had  abandoned  their  native 
country,  ana  encountered  the  dangers  and  hardships  of 
the  ocean  and  a  wildf^rness.  Some  prepared  to  leave  the 
colony  and  settle  in  Pennsylvania.  Others  proposed  that 
a  remon;<trance  against  the  law  should  first  be  presented 
to  the  house  of  lords,  and  this  measure  was  adopted.  The 
lords  expressed,  by  a  vote,  their  disapprobation  of  the  law, 
and  upon  tJicir  solicitation,  queen  Anne  declared  it  void. 
Soon  afler,  lord  Granville  died,  and  the  colony,  controlled 
by  more  liberal  councils,  again  enjoyed  the  blessings  of 
domestic  quiet. 

9.  In  1702,  war  then  exi  •sting  between  England  and 
Spain,  governor  Moore,  thirsting  for  Spanish  plunder,  led 
an  expedition  against  St.  Augustme.  It  was  badly  planned, 
worse  executed,  and  failed.  Returning  from  defeat  abroad, 
he  met.  at  hornc,  the  reproaches  of  his  people.  To  silence 
these,  lie  marched,  at  the  head  of  a  body  ot  troops,  against 
the  Apalachian  Indians,  who  had  become  insolent  and 
hostile.  Injjthis  expedition  he  was  successful,  taking  many 
prisoners,  and  laying  their  towns  in  ashes.  By  his  victories 
over  the  savages,  he  retrieved  his  character;  and,  by 
selling  the  prisoners  as  slaves,  obtained,  what  he  most 
coveted,  considerable  personal  emolument. 

10.  In  1706,  the  Spaniards,  from  Florida,  ttivaded 
Carolina.  The  governor,  Nathaniel  Johnson,  having  re- 
ceived intimation  of  their  approach,  erected  fortifications 
and  made  arrangements  to  ootain,  on  short  warning,  the 
assistance  of  the  militia.  When  the  enemy's  fleet  ap- 
peared before  Charleston,  the  whole  strength  of  the  colony 
was  summoned  to  defend  it.  A  force  so  formidable  ensured 
its  safety.  After  burning  a  few  detached  buildines,  the 
enemy  retired  without  mHicting  other  injury.  One  of 
their  ships,  having  ninety  men  on  board,  was  captured  bv 
the  Carolinians. 

11.  In  1715,  after  several  years  of  profound  peace,  an 
Indian  war  broke  out.  All  the  tribes,  from  Floriua  to  cape 
Fear,  had  been  long  engaged  in  a  conspiracy  to  extirpate 
the  whites.  In  the  monimg  of  the  15th  of  April,  the  first 
blow  was  struck.  At  Pocataligo,  and  the  settlements 
around  Port  Royal,  ninety  persons  were  massacred.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  latter  place  escaped,  by  embarking 

Erecipitately  on  board  a  vessel,  which  was  then  in  the 
arbor,  and  sailing  directly  to  Charleston. 
19*  This  massacre  was  perpetrated  by -the  eoutliern 


.r. 


.»*«.?*-v.«.i,i  J 


ii. 


,'.9    *{*-'e*;p  *i-^ 


^•*i-- 


-.    ^w 


aaUTR.€A.ROtINA,. 


101 


•d       •'  k  4 


.a'  "^ 


Indiana.  The  northern,  at  the  same  time,  attaclced  the 
settlements  near  them.  Manj  of  the  inhabitants  were 
killed,  and  many  fled  to  Charleston.  At  a  plantation  on 
Goose  creek,  seventy  whites  and  forty  faitnful  ne^oos, 
being  protected  bv  a  breast  work,  determined  to  mamtain 
their  post.  On  the  first  attack,  their  courage  failed,  and 
they  agreed  to  surrender.  The  instant  they  were  in  the 
power  of  the  enemy,  all  were  barbarously  murdered. 

13.  Governor  Craven,  at  the  head  oi  twelve  hundred 
men,  marched  against  the  savages.  He  discovered  in  the 
wilderness  several  small  parties,  who  fled  before  him.  At 
Saltcatchers.  he  found  them  all  assembled,  and  there  an 
obstinate  and  bloody  battle  was  fought.  The  whites  were 
victorious,  driving  the  enemy  before  them,  and  compelling 
them  to  leave  the  province.  Most  of  them  fled  to  Florida, 
where  they  were  received,  in  the  most  friendly  manner,  by 
the  Spaniards. 

"  11.  In  this  short  war,  four  hundred  v -ites  were  killed, 
property  of  great  value  destroyed,  and  a  large  debt  con- 
tracted. The  proprietors  though  earnestly  solicited,  refused 
to  afford  any  relief,  or  to  pay  any  portion  of  the  debt. 
The  assembly  determined  to  remunerate  the  colony,  by 
disposing  of  the  land  from  which  the  Indians  had  been 
driven,.^  The  terms  offered  were  so  favorable,  that  five 
hundred  Irishmen  immediately  came  over,  and  planted 
themselves  on  the  frontiers. 

15.  The  proprietors,  refusing  to  sanction  the  proceedings 
of  the  assembly,  deprived  these  emigrants  of  their  lands. 
Some,  reduced  to  extreme  proverty,  perished  from  want, 
others  resorted  to  the  northern  colonies.  A  strong  barrier 
between  the  old  settlements  and  the  savages,  was  thus 
removed,  and  the  country  again  exposed  to  their  incur- 
sions. The  people  were  exasperated,  and  longed  for  a 
change  of  masters. 

'  16.  The  corrupt  and  oppressive  conduct  of  Trdtt,  the 
chief-justice,  ana  Rhett,  the  receiver-general,  increased 
the  discontent.  Of  the  former,  the  governor  and  council 
complained  to  the  proprietors,  and  solicited  his  recall. 
Instead  of  removing  him,  they  tnanked  him  for  his 
services,  and  removed  the  governor  and  council.  "With 
the  governor  next  appointed,  though  a  man  generally 
beloved,  the  assembly  refused  to  have  any  concern  or 
intercourse.  They  drew  up  articles^  of  impeachment 
against  Trott,  accusing  him  of  corruption  and  gross  mis- 


i.^'k'*.  i«,-*.^  .^.M 


,..-\  V 


104  V      SOUTH-CAROLINA*  :     v 

iBonduct,  and  sent  an  agent  to  England,  to  maintain  ilieff 
4iccu8ation  before  the  proprietors.  He  was  nevertheless 
continued  in  office* 

17.  The  patience  of  the  people  wa|  exhausted,  and 
they  waited  only  for  a  favorable  opportmiity  to  throw  off 
their  oppressive  yoke.  In  1719,  at  a  general  review  of 
the  militia  at  Charleston,  occasioned  by  a  threatened  inva- 
sion of  the  colony,  from  Florida,  the  offi<;ers  and  soldiers 
bound  themselves,  by  a  solemn  compact,  to  support  each 
other  in  resisting  the  tjrranny  of  the  proprietors ;  and  the 
assembly,  which  was  then  in  session,  requested  the 
governor,  by  a  respectful  address,  to  consent  to  administer 
the  government  in  the  name  of  the  king. 

18.  He  refused,  and  by  proclamation,  dissolved  the  as- 
sembly. The  members  immediately  met  as  a  convention, 
and  elected  colonel  James  Moore  their  governor.  He  was 
a  bold  man,  and  exceedingly  well  qualified  for  a  popular 
leader,  in  a  turbulent  season.  He  accepted  the  ap|)oint- 
ment,  and,  assisted  by  the  convention,  and  supported  by 
the  people,  administered  the  affairs  of  the  colony.  * 

19.  The  conduct  of  the  proprietors  and  j)eople  was 
brought  before  his  majesty  in  council.  After  a  full  hearing, 
It  was  decided,  that  both  colonies  should  be  taken  under 
the  protection  of  the  crown.  Several  years  afterwards, 
seven  of  the  proprietors  sold  to  the  king  their  claim  to 
the  soil  and  rents,  and  all  assigned  to  him  their  right  of 
jurisdiction.  The  government  was  subsequently  adminis- 
tered by  executive  officers,  appointed  by  th«  crown,  and 
by  assemblies,  chosen  by  the  people,  and  under  their 
control  the  colony  prospered. 

20.  In  1738,  occurred  an  alarming  insurrection  of  the 
negroes.  A  number  of  them  assembled  at  Stono,  sui  prised 
and  killed  two  men  who  had  charge  of  a  ware-houss,  from 
which  they  took  guns  and  ammunition.  They  then  chose 
8  captain,  and,  with  drums  beating  and  colors  flying, 
marched  southwestward.  They  burned  everv  house  on 
their  way,  killed  all  the  whites  they  could  find,  and  com- 
pelled other  negroes  to  join  them. 

21.  Governor  Bull,  who  was  returning  to  Charleston, 
from  the  southward,  accidentally  met  them,  iiastened  out 
of  their  way,  and  spread  an  alann.  The  news  soon  reached 
Wiltown,  where,  fortunately,  a  large  congregation  were 
ftttendinj|  divine  service.  The  men  having,  according  to 
ft  law  cf  thb  prchriuce,  bfoiight  their  arms  to  the  place 


'  *'t:.*4*- 


•"•^l 


L.'-i.l2|»*V.-< 


*  i^" 


^^^     '    U  105 

of  worship,  marched  instantly  in  quest  of  the  negroes, 
who,  hy  this  time,  had  become  formidable,  and  spreaa 
terror  and  desolation  around  them. 

33.  While,  in  an  open  field,  they  were  carousing  and 
dancing,  with  frantic  exidtation  at  their  late  success,  tbef 
were  suddenly  attacked  by  the  whites.  Some  were 
killed,  the  remainder  fled.  Most  of  the  fugitives  wer» 
taken  and  tried.  They  who  had  been  compelled  to  join 
the  conspirators,  were  pardoned ;  but  all  the  leaders  and 
first  insurgents  suffered  death.  About  twenty  whites 
were  murdered. 

33.  From  this  period  until  the  era  of  the  reyolution,  no 
important  event  occurred  in  the  colony.  It  was  sometimes 
distressed  by  Indian  wars;  but  the  number  of  inhabitants 
and  the  means  of  subsistence  and  comfort,  were  constantly 
increasing.  Emigrants  came  principally  from  the  northern 
colonies;  but  often  large  bodies  of  protestants  arrived 
from  Euroi>b ;  in  one  year,  1753,  the  number  who  came 
exceeded  sixteen  hundred.  .  t 


••^1 


Wff. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 
GEORGIA. 


■r..y 


m 

'■r^ 


<•■.  ''f. 


*  :;in 


Upon  the  southern  part  of  the  territory  included  in  the 
Carolina  charter,  no  settlement  was  made,  until  several 
years  afler  that  charter  was  forfeited.  In  June,  1732, 
several  benevolent  gentlemen,  in  England,  concerted  a 
Reject  for  planting  a  colony  in  that  unoccupied  region. 
Their  principal  object  \fas  to  relieve,  by  transporting 
thither,  the  indigent  subjects  of  Great  Britain ;  but  their 
plan  of  benevolence  embraced  also  the  persecuted  protes- 
tants of  all  nations.  -,  ,  , 
3.  To  a  project  springing  from  motives  so  noble  and 
disinterested,  the  people  and  the  goverrftment  extended 
their  encouragement  and  patronage.  A  patent  was  granted 
by  the  kin^,  conveying  to  twenty-one  trustees  the  territory 
now  constituting  the  state  of  Ueoroia,  which  was  to  be 
apportioned  gratuitously  among  the  settlers;  and  liberal 
donations  were  made  by  the  charitable,  to  defray  the 
expense  of  transporting  them  across  the  Atlantic,  and  of 
providing  for  their  support  the  first  season. 
.  3.  The  concerns  of  the  colony  were  managed  by  th« 


,,^'4%  <.>'W  i 


4^ 


I*'. 


GEOAGlA. 


*  K 


igi] 


trustees,  who  freely  devoted  «iuch  of  their  time  to  ferd 
undertaking.  Among  other  regulations,  thev  provided, 
that  the  lands  sliould  not  be  sold  nor  def  *;sed  by  the  own- 
ers, but  should  descend  to  the  male  children  only;  they 
forbade  the  use  of  rum  in  the  colony,  and  strictly  prohi- 
bit^ the  importation  of  negroes.  But  none  of  these  re« 
galSions  remained  long  in  force* 

4.  In  November,  1733,  one  hundred  and  thirteen  emi- 
grants embarked  for  Georgia,  at  the  head  of  whom  the 
trustees  had  placed  James  Oglethorpe,  a  zealous  and  ac- 
tive promoter  of  this  scheme  of  benevolence.  In  Janu- 
ary, they  arrived  at  Charleston ;  and  the  Carolinians, 
sensible  of  the  advantage  of  having  a  barrier  between 
them  and  the  Indians,  save  the  adventurers  a  cordial  wel- 
come. They  supplied  them  with  provisions,  and  with 
boats  to  convey  them  to  the  place  of  their  destination. 
Yamacraw  bluff,  since  called  Savannah,  was  selected  as 
the  most  eligible  place  for  a  settlement. 

6.  The  next  year,  five  or  six  hundred  poor  persons  ar» 
rived,  and  to  each  a  portion  of  the  wilderness  was  as- 
signed. But  it  was  soon  found  that  these  emigrants, 
who  were  the  refuse  of  cities,  had  been  rendered  poor  by 
idleness,  and  irresolute  by  poverty,  were  not  fitted,  to  fiell 
the  mighty  groves  of  Georgia.  A  race  more  Imrdy  and 
enterprising,  was  necessary.  The  trustees,  therefore,  of- 
fered to  receive,  also,  such  as  had  not,  by  persecution  or 
poverty,  been  rendered  objects  of  compassion,  and  to  grant 
to  all,  who  should  settle  in  the  colony,  fifly  acres  of  land. 
In  consequence  of  this  offer,  more  than  four  hundred  per- 
sons, from  Germany,  Scotland,  and  Switzerland,  arrived 
in  the  year  1735.  The  Germans  settled  at  Ebenezer, 
the  Scotch  at  New-Inverness,  now  Darien. 

6.  In  1736,  John  Wesley,  a  celebrated  methodist,  made 
a  ^isit  to  Georgia,  for  the  purpose  of  preaching  to  the  co- 
lonists, and  converting  the  Indians.  He  was  then  young 
and  ardent,  the  people  around  him  felt  less  ardor  than 
himself,  and  his  pious  zeal  soon  brought  hhu  into  colli- 
sion with  some  of  the  principal  settlers.  He  was  accus- 
ed of  diverting  the  people  from  their  labor  to  attend  his 
religious  meetings,  and  of  exercising  unwarranted  3ccle- 
•iastical  authoritv.  Persecuted  by  his  enemies,  and  find- 
ing he  could  render  no  further  service  to  the  cause  of  re-  . 
j;gion  in  the  colony,  he  returned  to  England,  and  there, 
for  many  years,  pursued  a  distinguished  career  of  piety 
and  usefulness. 

7.  Two  years  aflerwards,  George  Whitfield,  another 


■;,  :,; 


GEORGIA^ 


■r-!': 


:W>^^' 


107 


*  hd  more  celebrated  Methodist,  arrived  in  the  colony. 
e  had  already  made  himself  conspicuous  in  England,  by 
nis  numerous  eccentricities,  his  ardent  piety,  his  extraor* 
dinary  eloquence,  his  zeal  and  activity  m  propagating  his 
opinions.  He  came  to  Georgia  for  the  benevolent  pur^se 
of  establishing  an  orphan  house,  where  poor  children  mi^ht 
be  fe&9  clothed,  and  educated  in  the  knowledge  of  diris- 
tianity.  In  prosecution  of  this  purpose,  he  often  crossed 
the  Atlantic,  and  traversed  Great  Britain  and  America, 
soliciting  aid  from  the  pious  and  charitable.  Wherever 
he  went,ne  preached,  withsincerity  and  fervor,  his  j^eculiar 
doctrines,  making  proselytes  of  most  who  hearJ  him,  and 
founding  a  sect  which  has  since  become  numerous  and 
respectable.  His  orphan  house,  during  his  life,  did  not 
flourish,  and  after  his  death,  was  entirely  abandoned.    ^-^ 

8.  In  1740,  the  trustees  rendered  an  account  of  their 
administration.  At  that  time,  two  thousand  four  hundred 
and  ninety-eight  emigrants  had  arrived  in  the  colony.  Of 
these,  fifteen  lumdred  and  twenty-one  were  indigent  Eng- 
lishmen, or  persecuted  Protestants.  The  benefactions* 
from  government  and  from  individuals,  had  been  nearly 
half  a  million  of  dollars ;  and  it  was  computed  that,  for 
every  person  transported  and  maintained  by  tlie  trustees, 
more  than  three  hundred  dollars  had  been  expended. 

9.  The  hope  which  the  trustees  had  cherished,  that  the 
colony,  planted  at  such  vast  expense,  would  be  prosperous, 
and  the  objects  of  their  benevolence  happy,  were  com- 
pletely disappointed.  Such  was  the  cnaracter  of  the 
greater  part  of  the  settlers,  and  such  the  restrictionis 
imposed,  that  the  plantations  languished  and  continued  to 
require  the  contributions  of  the  charitable. 

10.  War  having  been  declared  against  Spain,  Mr.  Ogle- 
thorpe was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  geneisl  in  the  British 
army,  and  at  the  head  of  two  thousand  men,  partly  from 
Virginia  and  the  Carolinas,  undertook  an  expedition  against 
Florida.  He  took  two  Spanish  forts  and  besieged  St. 
Augustine ;  but  encountering  an  obstinate  resistance,  was 
compelled  to  return  unsuccessful  to  Georgia.  -  < 4? 

11.  Two  years  afterwards  the  Spaniards,  in  retaliation, 
prepared  to  invade  Georgia ;  and  they  intended,  if  succesfs- 
ful  there,  to  subjugate  the  Carolinas  and  Yireinia.  On 
receiving  information  of  their  approach,  general  Oglethorpe 
solicited  assistance  ft^om  South-Carolina.  But  the  inhab- 
itants of  that  colony,  entertaining  a  strong  prejudice  against 
him,  in  consequence  of  his  late  defeat,  and  terrified  by  the 


li 


't  V. 


f*i 


loe 


G£:ORGU. 


>,  ^■ 


....t.. 


danger  which  threatened  themBelveSi  Jeiermlned  to  pro- 
yide  only  for  their  own  safety. 

12.  Meanwhile  ffeneral  Oglethorpe  made  inreparations 
ifor  a  vigorous  defence.  He  assembled  seven  hundred 
men  exclusive  of  a  bodv  Indians,  fixed  his  head  quarters 
at  Frede/ica,  on  the  island  of  St.  Simon,  anu  with  this 
small  band,  determined  to  encounter  whatever  force  might 
be  brought  against  him.  It  was  his  utmost  hope  that  he 
might  he  able  to  resist  the  enemy  until  a  reinforcement 
should  arrive  from  Carolina,  which  he  daily  and  anxiously 
expected. 

v  13.  On  the  last  of  June,  the  Spanish  fleet,  consisting  of 
thirty-two  sail,  and  having  on  board  more  than  three 
thousand  men,  came  to  anchor  off  St.  Simon^s  bar.  Not- 
withstanding all  the  resistance  which  general  Oglethorpe 
could  op])ose,  they  sailed  up  the  river^  Alatamaha,  landed 
upon  the  island,  and  there  erected  fortifications. 

14.  General  Oglethorpe,  convinced  that  his  small  force, 
if  divided,  must  be  entirely  inefilcient,  assembled  the 
whole  of  it  at  Frederica.  One  portion  he  employed  in 
strengthening  his  fortifications;  the  Highlanders  and 
Indians,  ranging  night  and  day  through  the  woods,  often 
attacked  the  out-posts  of  the  enemv.  The  toil  of  the 
troops  was  incessant ;  and  the  long  delay  of  the  expected 
succors,  so  cruelly  withheld  by  South-Carolina,  caused 
the  most  gloomy  and  depressing  apprehensions. 

15.  Learning  that  the  Spanish  army  occupied  two 
distinct  positions,  Oglethorpe  conceived  the  project  of 
attacking  one  by  suiprise.  He  selected  the  bravest  uf  his 
little  army,  and  in  the  night  marched,  entirely  unobserved, 
to  within  two  miles  of  the  camp  which  he  intended  to  assail. 
Directing  his  troops  to  halt,  he  advanced,  at  the  head  of  a 
small  body,  to  reconnoitre  the  enemy.  \Vhile  thus  em- 
ployed, a  French  soldier  of  his  party,  firing  his  musket, 
deserted  to  the  Spaniards.  Discovery  destroyinjs;  all  hope 
of  success,  the  general  immediately  returned  to  Frederica. 
lie  was  not  only  chagrined  at  this  occurrence,  but  appre- 
hended instant  danger  from  the  disclosure  which  the 
deserter  would  doubtless  make  of  his  weakness. 

16.  In  this  embarrassment,  he  devised  an  expedient 
which  was  attended  with  the  most  happy  success.  He 
wrote  a  letter  to  tlie  deserter,  instrjcting  him  to  acquaint 
the  Spaniards  with  the  defenceless  state  of  Frederica ;  to 
urge  them  to  attack  the  place,  and  if  he  could  not  succeed, 
to  persuade  them  to  remain  three  days  longer  on  the  island; 


fcf "     ,«.  II 

P 
h 

c 

{< 

■  ■.>'  b 


*|--^: 


«■!,••''        -^    " 


("■>:■ 


^ 


%^^ 


«^,::: 


Mf 


Una,  4|0  shouli  r^ecive  a  rdim>lt6iiient  ^  ti«i) 
nm^  dik  40^  of  war.   He  GaQtionMlliip 
dii)||^  anfvliitil  (^  tha  al^k  nn^ditate^r^^ 
y$^m0tii  i^^iN^  Attg^fl^ine^  and  i)3su|M  k^  tHair'^ 
re#:2|^fmb&  services  shottld  be  ample.  ^  |^ 

t7i  Foi^  ii>»ii^  a  86ldier  i9(h«^cliad  )b«^ 

wm^l^::^.:^     the  mamrous  ^sajmkim'OB^ise^  tm 
ij$^r;il|lilt1iill^i^  «^  wii  tfien  ie|>i^ 

S]pikniiBh  general,  who  iiDttnediaitely  auspi^ 
to  be  a  s^y  from  the  English  camp,  and  o' 
be  put  in  irons.    But  although .  his  suspici 
kened,  he  was  yet  uncertain  whether  the 
be  a  stratasem  of  his  antagonist. 

18.  WhiTe  hesitating  what  to  believe,  three 
of  war  appeared  off  the  coast.  Supposing  they 
the  reinforcements  alluded  to  in  the  letter  to  tM'^serter, 
he  hesitated  no  longer,  but  determined  to  make  ^  Yigc^ous 
attack  upon  the  English^  before  thfse  Teinforcemeiits 
could  arriye  and  be*vbrought  into  action.^ 

1^.   General  0^^^orpe»  by  mer^  s^pp^ 
information  of  their  mign.    rj.  fnuUl  ""*^ 
placed  in  ambuscade,  #e  Splpljjte  a< 
halted  to  rest,t|id  laid  a^^idfe  li^l^mo^ 
well  directed  |Mr^  kilM^  jii^  thre^  ^ 
ccmfusioBL.    Afw  tie#mdire  discharges,  tim 
fortificationsy  which  they  demolished,  ^i^ 
barking,  made  every  possible  eSbr^  to  ese^  from  tlie 
reinforcements  that  were  supposed  to  be  apraro^i^hing. 

ao.  Thus  was  Georgia,  with  tri&glos%4eIr^i|^ 
the  most  imminent  danger.  General  Oelethorps  !not  only 
retrieved,  but  exalted  his  reputation.  From  the  Carolini- 
ans, grateful  for  their  preservation,  a*id  from  the  governors 
of  most  of  ihe  north^n  colonies,  he  received  cordial  ceask' 
gratulafelons  upon  his  address  and  good  fortune.  And  J0 
mortined  were  the  Spaniards  at  the  result  of  the  expedition, 
that  the  commander,  on  his  return,  was  arrested,  tried^  And 
casliiered  for  mi^eonduct. 

21.  But  the  prosperity  of  the  colony  was  retarded  by 
these  disturbances.  For  ten  years  longer,  it  remained 
under  the  management  of  tne  tniglees,  who,  cmbarrasding 
it  by  too  much  regulation,  discouraged  the  em^ants  and 
checked  its  growth.  At  lengthy  disaf^inted  in  thetr 
hopes,  and  wearied  by  complHints*  they  suricndcxed  their 


d  to  their 
ily  ena- 


no 


fUENGH  WAR  OP  1754— 6^.        [17M. 


diarter  to  the  crown :  and.  in  1754,  a  royal  govermaent 
was  established  orer  the  colony.  v. 

SX3.  New  regulations  being  adopted,  Georda  began  to 
jfionrish.  Among  her  jpvemors,  James  Wright  deserves 
honorable  notice  for  his  wisdom  in  discerning,  and  his 
zeal  in  pursuing,  her  true  inteiests.  The  cultivation  of 
rice  uid  indiffo  was  prosecuted  with  augmented  industry, 
skill,  and  profit ;  and  in  every  succeeding  year,  an  increased 
amount  or  these  staple  commodities  was  exported  to  the 
mother  country.  The  Florida  Indians  were  sometimes 
troublesome,  but  were  as  often  chastised  and  compelled 
to  sue  for  peace. 


"    /      '    ■      ^•■,"   J 


CHAPTER  XIV. 
FRENCH  WAR  OF  1764--68. 

The  treaty  of  Aix  la  Chapelle  concluded  inl748,  between 
England  ana  France,  restored  tranc^uillity  to  America.  At 
this  period,  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  thirteen 
colonies  was  about  one  million  one  hundred  thousand. 
The  English  settlements  had  not  advanced  far  into  the 
wilderness,  but  extended  along  the. ocean  from  New- 
foundland to  Florida.  Those  of  the  French,  at  the  north, 
reached  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Montreal; 
and  they  had  built  forts  and  trading  houses  on  lake  On- 
tario. At  the  south,  they  had  planted  New-Orleans,  and 
having  discovered  the  river  Mississippi,  they  claimed  the 
fertile  and  delightful  valley  through  which  it  runs,  and 
the  whole  country  watered  oy  its  tributary  streams. 

2.  They  at  length  determined  to  connect  their  northern 
and  southern  settlements  by  a  chain  of  posts  extending 
al<«ng  the  frontiers  of  the  English,  from  Lake  Ontario  t5 
the  Ohio,  and  down  that  river  and  the  Mississippi  to  New- 
Orleans.  While  they  were  intent  on  this  project,  a  com- 
pany of  English  traders,  iiaving  obtained  from  the  king  a 
grant  of  land,  established  trading  houses  on  the  banks  of 
the  Ohio. 

'3.  The  French  seized  some  of  these  traders  and  con- 
veyed them  Drisoners  to  Canada.  The  company  complained 
to  governor  Dinwiddie,  of  Virginia.  The  fand  having  been 
granted  as  a  part  of  that  colony,  he  determined  to  send  a 
messenger  to  the  commander  of  the  French  forces  on  the 


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m*.]        FRENCH  WAR  OF  1T54— W. 


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Ohio,  and  require  him  to  withdraw  his  troops.  For  this 
misfikni  he  selected  George  Washington,  wha  was  then 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  who  afterwards  became 
il'ustnous  in  the  annals  of  his  country. 

4.  To  the  letter  of  Dinwiddle,  the  French  commaoder 
replied,  that  he  had  taken  possession  of  the  country  m 
pursuance  of  directions  from  his  seneral,  then  in  Canada, 
to  whom  h««  Tould  transmit  the  Tetter,  and  whose  orders 
he  should  ir;>v  dcitly  obey.  This  reply  not  being  satisfactory 
to  the  goyemor,  preparations  were  made  in  Virginia,  to 
maintain  by  force  the  rights  of  the  Britvih  crown.  Troops, 
constituting  a  regiment,  were  raised,  the  command  of 
whom,  on  the  death  of  the  colonel  furst  appointed,  was 
given  to  Mr.  Washington. 

5.  At  the  head  of  about  four  hundred  men,  he  advanced, 
early  in  the  spring,  into  the  territory  in  dispute.  On  his 
route,  he  met,  attacked,  and  defeated,  a  French  party 
under  the  command  of  one  Dijonville,  who  approachea  him 
in  a  manner  indicating  hostile  intentions.  He  proceeded 
towards  fort  Du  Quesne,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Alleghany  and  Monon^hela.  From  this  rort,  De  Villier, 
at  the  head  of  nine  hundred  men,  marched  out  to  attack  him. 

6.  Hearing  of  the  approach  of  this  party,  colonel 
Washington  haltild,  and  hastily  erected  some  imperfect 
works,  by  means  of  which  he  hoped  to  prolong  his  dufence 
until  the  arrival  of  reinforcements.  He  was  closely 
besieged  by  De  Villier,  but  making  an  obstinate  defence, 
was  offered  the  most  honorable  terms  of  capitulation. 
These  he  accepted,  and  returned  with  his  regiment  to 
Virginia. 

7.  In  this  year,  delegates  from  seven  of  the  colonies 
met  at  Albany,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  conference 
with  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians.  This  ousiness  being 
finished,  a  confederation  of  the  colonies  was  proposed  bv 
the  delegates  from  Massachusetts.    A  "Plan  of  Union'' 

':,  %va8  agreed  upon,  to  be  submitted  to  the  colonial  legisla* 
I  tiires^And  to  parliament,  for  their  adoption. 

8.  *rius  plan  provided  that  dolegates  to  a  General 
Council  should  he  chosen  by  the  representatives  of  the  / 
people,  in  the  colonial  assemblies,  and  that  a  president-  ■ 
general  should  be  appointed  by  the  crown.    This  council 

I  was^  to  possess  the  contlrol  of  the  military  force  of  the 
I  confederacy,  and  the  power  to  concert  all  measures  for  the 
I  common  protection  and  safety.  The  president-general  was 
*  to  have  a  negative  upon  the  proceedings  of  the  delegates. 


\- 


■:k,    i^'Mu^in,- 


119 


FR£NGH  WAR  OF  n6*-63. 


[17S5. 


9.  Tills  plan  was  rejected  by  parliament,  because  the 
delegates  were  to  be  chosen  by  the  representatives  of  the 
pepj^e.  It  was  rejected  by  the  colonies,  because  it  placed 
tck>  much  power  in  the  hands  of  the  king.  In  England, 
apprehensions  w^ere  already  entertained  of  the  |^owing 
importance  of  the  colonial  assemblies.  In  America,  the 
people  began,  nerhaps  unconsciously,  to  be  actuated  by 
the  spirit  of  inaepenaence. 

10.  The  conduct  of  the  French,  on  the  Ohio,  convinced 
the  cabinet  of  London  that  their  claim  to  the  country, 
through  which  that  river  flows,  must  be  relinquished,  or 
maintained  by  the  sword.  They  did  not  hesitate  which 
alternative  to  choose.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1755,  they 
despatched  general  Braddock  to  America,  with  a  respecta* 
ble  force,  to  expel  the  Frepch,  and  koep  possession  of  the 
territoiy.  Ana  preparations  having  been  made  by  France 
to  despatch  a  reinforcement  to  her  armies  in  Canada, 
adrnmu  Bosoawen  was  ordered  to  endeavour  to  intercept 
the  French  fleet  before  it  ^ould  enter  the  gulf  of  Stv 
Lawrence.  ;v  ^<^v 

11.  In  April,  general  Bradddck  met  the  governors  of 
the  several  provinces,  to  confer  upon  the  plan  of  the 
ensuing  campaign.  Three  expeditions  were  resolved  upon : 
one  against  Du  Quesne,  to  be  commanded  by  general 
Braddock;  one  against  forts  N'rv^r^a  and  Frontinac,  to  be 
commanded  by  governor  Shirley  :  and  one  against  Crown 
Point,  to  be  commanded  by  general  Johnson.  The  last 
mentioned  post  was  the  nearest  to  New-England  of  an> 
in  the  possession  of  the  enemy ;  and  from  it  almost  all  the 
Indian  parties,  which  had,  in  the  late  wars,  so  cruelly 
harassed  the  northern  colonies,  were  despatched  and  sup- 

Eorted.  The  expedition  against  it  was  proposed  and  urged 
y  Massachusetts,  and  was  to  be  executed  by  colonial 
troops,  raised  in  New-England  and  New- York. 

12.  While  preparations  were  making  for  these  expedi- 
tions, another,  which  had  been  previously  concerted,  was 
carried  en  against  the  French  forces  m  Nova  Scotia. 
This  province  was  settled  by  the  French,  but  was  ceded 
to  the  English  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht.  Its  hosmdaries 
not  having  been  defined,  the  French  continued  to  occnpy 
a  portion  of  the  territory  claimed  by  the  English,  and  had 
built  ibrts  for  their  defeiice.  To  gain  possession  of  thesd 
Was  the  object  of  the  expedition. 

13.  About  two  thousand  militia,  commanded  by  colonel 
Wiaslowy  embarked  at  Boston;  and  being  joined  on  |lieir 


1 


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■^¥-: 


17W.]        FRENCH  WAR  OF  1764—68. 


113 


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■*^^,' 


passftge  by  three  hundred  reffularfl,  arrived,  in  April,  at 
the  place  of  destination.  The  forts  were  invested ;  the 
resistance  made  was  trifling  and  ineffectual ;  and  in  a  short 
time  the  English  gained  entire  possession  of  the  province, 
according  to  their  own  definition  of  its  boundaricQ.  Tliree 
only  of  tneir  men  were  killed. 

14.  The  preparations  of  general  Braddock,  in  Virginia, 
had  proceeded  slowly.  It  had  been  found  extremely  dif- 
ficult to  procure  horses,  wagons,  and  provisions.  Impa- 
tient of  delay,  he  determined  to  set  out  with  twelve 
hundred  men,  selected  from  the  different  corps,  and  to 
proceed,  as  rapidly  as  possible,  towards  fort  Du  Quesne. 
The  residue  of  the  army,  and  the  heavy  baggage,  were  left 
under  the  command  of  colonel  Dunbar,  who  was  directed 
to  follow  as  soon  as  the  preparations  wore  completed. 

15.  Braddock  had  been  educated  in  the  English  army; 
and  in  the  science  of  war,  as  then  taught  in  Europe,  he 
deserved  and  enjoyed  the  reputation  of  more  than  ordinary 
skill.  Of  this  reputation  he  was  vain,  and  disdained  to 
consider  that  his  skill  was  totally  inapplicable  to  the  mode 
of  warfare  practised  in  the  forests  of  America.  Before  he 
lefl  England,  he  was  repeatedly  admonished  to  beware  of 
a  sui^rise ;  and  on  his  march  through  the  wilderness,  the 
provincial  officers  frequently  entreated  him  to  scour  the  Ar- 
rounding  thickets.  But  he  held  these  officers  and  the  ene- 
my in  too  much  contempt  to  listen  to  this  salutary  counsel. 

16.  On  ap^oaching  fort  Du  Quesne,  colonel  Washing- 
ton, who  accompaniecl  him  as  his  aid,  made  a  last  attempt 
to  induce  him  to  change  his  order  of  march.  He  explained 
the  Indian  mode  of  warfare;  represented  his  danger ;  afid 
offered  to  take  command  of  the  provincials  and  place  him- 
self in  advance  of  the  army.  This  offer  was  declined* 
The  general  proceeded,  confident  of  the  propriety  of  his 
conduct ;  the  provincials  followed,  trembling  for  the  con- 
sequences. 

17.  On  the  ninth  of  July,  the  army  crossed  the  Monon- 
ffahela,  within  a  few  miles  of  Du  Quesne.  Their  route 
led  through  a  defile,  which  they  had  nearly  passed,  when 
a  tremendous  yell  and  instantaneous  discharge  of  fire  arms 
suddenly  burst  upon  them  from  an  invisible  me.  The  van 
was  thrown  into  confusion.  The  general  led  the  main 
body  to.  its  support.  For  a  moment,  order  was  restored, 
and  a  short  cessation  of  the  enemy's  fire,  occasioned  by 
the  death  of  their  commander,  seemed  to  indicate  that  all 
danger  was  over.   >.v^-*---w..  ■^■'h..-,;^v  a 

-■■"'     '•"'  K9     ---v 


114 


fRBNCH  WAR  OF  17fti--M. 


[1755. 


18.  But  the  attack  was  soon  renewed  with  increased 
fury.  Concealed  behind  trees,  loss,  anA  rocks,  the  Indians 
poured  upon  the  troops  a  deadly  ana  incessant  fire.  Officers 
and  men  fell  4hickly  around,  and  the  survivers  knew  not 
where  to  direct  their  aim  to  reyen^e  their  slaughtered 
comrades.  The  whole  body  was  agam  thrown  into  con- 
fusion. The  ffeneral,  obstmate  and  courageous,  refused 
to  retreat,  but  oent  his  whole  efforts  to  restore  and  main- 
tain order.  He  persisted  in  these  efforts,  until  five  horses 
had  been  shot  under  him,  and  every  one  of  his  officers  on 
horseback,  except  colonel  Washington,  was  either  killed 
or  wounded. 

19.  l*he  e|eneral  at  length  fell,  and  the  rout  became 
universal.  The  troops  fled  precipitatel)r  until  they  met 
the  division  under  Dunbar,  then  sixty  miles  in  the  rear. 
To  this  body  the  same  panic  was  communicated.  Turn- 
ing about,  they  fled  with  the  rest^  and  although  no  enemy 
had  been  seen  during  the  engagement,  nor  aflerwards,  yet 
the  army  continued  retreating  until  it  reached  fort  Cum- 
berland, one  hundred  and  twentv  miles  fror.'  the  place  of 
action.  There  they  remained  but  a  short  time.  With 
the  remnant  of  the  army,  amounting  to  fifteen  hundred 
men,  colonel  Dunbar,  upon  whom,  on  the  death  of  Brad- 
d%;k,  the  command  devolved,  marched  to  Philadelphia, 
leaving  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  debtituto 
of  defence. 

20.  The  provincial  troops,  whom  Braddockhad  so  much 
despised,  displayed,  during  the  battle,  the  utmost  calmness 
and  courage.  Though  placed  in  tlje  rear,  they  alone,  led 
on  by  Washington,  advanced  against  the  Indians  and 
covered  the  retreat.  Had  they  been  permitted  to  fight  in 
their  own  way,  they  could  easily  have  defeated  the  enemy. 
In  this  b&ttle,  sixty-four,  out  of  eighty-five  officers,  were 
either  killed  or  wounded,  and  at  least  one  half  of  the 

privates*.     •  :i.::...^'^--'ru..'^:, 

21.  l*he  two  northern  expeditions,  though  not  so  disas- 
trous, were  both  unsuccessful.  General  Shirley,  who  had 
been  appointed  to  command  that  against  Niagara,  met  with 
so  many  delays  that  he  did  not  reach  Oswego  until  late  in 
August.  While  embarking  there  to  proceed  against 
Niagara,  the  autumnal  rains  began,  his  troops  became 
discouraged,  his  Indian  allies  deserted  him,  and  he  was 
compelled  to  relinquish  his  design. 

22.  ^The  forces  destined  to  attack  Crown  Point,  and  the 
recLuisiiTe  military  stores,  could  not  b^  colle(>tQd  at  All>any 


^ 


I 

4 


.CJ' 


-M 


M,aW 


1766.] 


FRENCH  WAR  OF  1754-^3. 


lis 


until  the  last  of  Augiist.  Thenco  the  army,  under  the 
command  of  general  Johnson,  proceeded  to  the  south  end 
of  Lake  George,  on  their  way  to  the  place  of  destination. 
There  he  learned,  th&t  the  armament,  titled  out  in  the 
p<  ts  of  France,  eluding  the  English  squadron,  had  arrived 
at  Quebec,  and  that  baron  Dieskau,  commander  of  tlio 
French  forces,  was  advancing  with  an  army  towar'ls  th.e 
territories  of  the  English.  He  halted,  erected  slight  breast- 
works,  and  detached  colonel  Williams  with  a  thousand 
men,  to  impede  the  progress  of  the  enemy. 

23.  Dieskau,  who  was  near,  was  immediately  informed 
of  the  approach  of  this  detachment.  Without  losing  a 
moment,  he  directed  his  troops  to  conceal  themselves. 
The  English  advanced  into  the  midst  of  their  enemy,  and, 
from  every  quarter,  received,  at  the  same  moment,  a  sudden 
and  unexpected  fire.  Their  leader  fellj  and  the  men  Hed, 
in  disorder,  to  the  camp. 

24.  They  were  followed  closely  by  the  enemy,  who 
npproachea  within  on«  hundred  and  fifty  yards  of  the 
l)reastwork :  and,  had  they  made  an  immediate  assault, 
would  probably,  such  was  the  panic  of  the  English,  have 
been  successful.  But  here  they  halted,  to  make  disposi- 
tions for  a  regular  i^ttack.  The  Indians  and  Canaaians 
were  despatched  to  the  flanks,  and  the  regular  troops 
began  the  a,ttack  with  firing,  by  platoons,  at  the  centre. 
Their  fire  was  ineffectual,  and  the  provincials  gradually 
resumed  their  courage. 

25.  A  few  discharges  of  the  artillery  drove  the  Cana- 
dians and  Indians  to  tlie  swamps.  The  regulars,  although 
deserted  by  the  auxiliaries,  maintained  the  conflict  for 
more  than  an  hour,  with  much  steadiness  and  resolution. 
Dieskau,  convinced  that  all  his  efforts  must  be  unavailing, 
then  gave  orders  to  retreat.  This  produced  some  con- 
fusion, which,  being  perceived  by  the  provincials,  they 
simultaneously,  and  without  orders  or  concert,  leaped  over 
the  intrenchments,  fell  upon  the  French  soldiers,  and 
killed,  captured,  or  dispersed  them.  The  baron  was 
wounded  and  made  prisoner. 

26.  The  next  day,  colonel  Blanchard,  who  commanded 
at  for*  Edward,  despatched  captain  Folsom,  of  New- 
Hampshire,  with  two  hundred  men,  to  the  assistance  of 
general  Johnson.  On  his  way,  he  discovered  between 
three  and  four  hundred  of  the  enemy  seated  around  a  pond, 
not  far  from  the  place  where  colonel  Williams  had  been 
ileieated.    Notwitlistaiidin^  his  inferiority  in  numbers,  he 


«^ 


116 


FRENCH  WAR  OP  1764-^3.         [1756. 


'  >nnincd  to  attack  them.  So  impetuous  was  the  onset, 
til  ^fter  a  sharp  conflict,  the  enemy  fled.  In  the  several 
engagements,  tlie  provincials  lost  about  two  hundred  men: 
the  enemy  upwaras  of  .seven  hundred. 

27.  General  Johnson,  though  strongly  importtined  by  tho 
government  of  Massachusetts,  refused  to  proceed  ujwn  his 
expedition,  which  wns  abandoned,  and  most  of  his  troops 
returnel  to  their  respective  colonies.  Thus  ended  the 
campaign  of  1755.  It  opened  with  the  brightest  prospects, 
immense  preparations  had  been  made,  yet  not  one  of  the 
objects  of  the  three  great  expeditions  had  been  attained. 

28.  During  the  fall  and  winter,  the  southern  colonies  J^ 
wore  ravag-^d,  and  the  Usual  barbarities  perpetrated  i^pon  * 
the  frontier  inhabitants,  by  the  savages,  who,  on  the  <^  ^at 
of  Braddock,  and  the  retreat  of  his  army,  saw  nolu  \(M  to 
restrain  their  fury.  In  Virginia  and  Pennsyi/ania,  dis- 
putes existed  between  the  governors  and  lecislatures, 
which  prevented  all  attention  to  the  means  of  defence. 
Scarcely  a  post  was  maintained,  or  a  soldier  employed  in 
their  service. 

29.  The  colonies,  far  from  being  discouraged  by  the 
misfortunes  of  the  last  campaign,  determined  te  renew  and 
increase  their  exertions.  General  Shirley,  to  whom  the 
superintendence  of  all  the  military  operations  had  been  *'  ' 
confided,  assemhljd  a  council  of  war  at  New- York,  to 
concert  a  plan  for  the  ensuing  year.  He  proposed  that 
expeditions  should  be  carried  on  against  Du  Quesne, 
Niagara,  and  Crown  Point,  and  that  a  body  of  troops 
should  be  sent,  by  the  way  of  thtf  rivers  Kennebec  ahd 
Chaudiere,  to  alarm  the  French  for  the  safety  of  Quebec. 
This  plan  was  unanimously  adopted  by  the  council. 

30.  Shirley,  on  the  last  of  January,  returned  to  Boston, 
to  meet  the  assembly  of  Massachuc  i  ,?^  of  which  colony 
he  was  governor,  lie  endeavored  i/>  ";  .ade  t'  u  to 
concur  in  the  measures  proposed ;  L»ut,  uisj^asted  witii  the 
proceedings  of  the  last  campaign,  and  especially  at  genersd 
Johnson's  neglecting  to  pursue  his  advantages,  they  were 
imwilling  to  engage  in  offensive  operatior»S;  unless  the 
.  Bmand  of  their  forces  should  be  given  to'  general  Win- 
t^iiv  iv,  wao  had  acquired  popularity  by  his  success  in  Nova^ 
Scotii.  Their  wishes  were  complied  with,  and  their 
cors'ijrrence  was  then  granted. 

91.    Tn    Anril.   nAtrra  ai*rit7o/1  ffrvm  flr-exn*    n^ifain    fVtof  tlnA 

conduct  of  general  Johnson,  instead  of  being  censured, 
was  aonsidered  highly  meritoricvis  j  fhafr,  as  a  rewaord  for 


l**rr 


^k 


1766.]         FRENCH  WAR  OF  1764— <^3; 


117 


•m.- 


]iis  Buc  3088,  the  king  had  conferred  upon  him  the  title  of 
baronet,  una  parliament  a  grant  of  five  thousand  pounds 
ptorlinf ;  that  hir^  majesty  disapproved  of  the  conouct  of 
Nhirloy ,  aud  had  determined  to  remove  him  from  command. 

32.  This  iuf  miation  not  being  official,  genera^  Shirlev 
continued  his  preparations  with  his  usual  activity  and  zeal. 
While  engaged  in  collecting,  at  Albar»y,  the  troops  from 
<  he  different  colonies,  general  Webb  brought  from  Kngland 
official  information  of  his  removal.  On  thf)  35th  .  June, 
4',eneral  Abercrombie  arrived,  and  took  command  u"  the 
army.  It  now  consisted  of  about  twelve  thousand  nieiu 
and  was  more  numerous  and  l>ettcr  prepared  for  the  fii  M 
I  ban  any  army  that  had  ever  been  assembled  in  An.pnoa 

33.  Singular  as  it  may  appear,  while  this  san?  iiary 
war  raged  in  America,  the  intercourse  betwe  n  th  two 
I. at  ions  in  Europe,  not  only  continued  unlnteirupteo,  but 
seemed  more  than  usually  friendly.  This  unnatural  str  te 
of  things  could  not  long  continu  \  Great  Britain  dec!  I 
war  in  May,  and  France  in  Jun* . 

34.  Tho  change  of  cotnmaude  rs  delayed  the  opcrat 

of  the  English  army.    The  Frc  ich  were  active ;  and  .  a 
t  he  12th  of  July,  general  Abercron  bie  received  intelligent  ' 
that  they  meditated  an  attack  upon  Oswego,  a  post  of  tK 
utmost  importance.    General  Wt  bb  was  ordered  to  pr<> 

iare  to  march  with  a  regiment  for  the  defence  of  that  place 
n  the  mean  time,  lord  Loudon,  who  had  been  appointeu 
o(mimander-in-chief  over  all  the    British  forces  in  tho 
oolonies,  arrived  in  America-^       '      - 

35.  Amidst  the  ceremonies  whicli  followed,  the  affairs 
of  the  war  were  forgotten.  Genera;  Webb  did  not  begin 
his  march  until  the  l;^th  of  August.  Before  he  had  pro- 
o.eeded  far,  he  learned  that  Oswego  v  as  actually  besie/?ed 
by  a  large  anny  of  French  and  Indiai  3.  Alarmed  for  his 
own  safety,  he  proceeded  no  farther,  but  employed  his 
troops  in  erecting  fortifications  for  their  defence. 

36.  General  Montcalm,  the  commander  of  the  French 
Iroops  in  Canada,  began  the  siege  of  Oswego  on  the  12th 
of  August.  On  the  14th,  the  English  commander  having 
been  killed,  terms  of  surrender  were  pr  »posed  by  the  gar- 
rison, and  were  agreed  to.  These  terms  were  shamefully 
violated.  Several  of  the  British  officers  and  soldiers  were 
insulted,  roi^bed,  and  massacred  by  the  Indians.  Most  of 
the  sick  were  scalped  in  the  hospitals,  and  the  French 
general  delivered  twenty  of  the  garrison  to  the  savages, 
that  being  the  number  they  had  lost  during  the  siege. 


■.>j^ 


MM 


""mm'^ 


-'jj.. 


118 


FRENCH  WAR  OF  1754—63.         [1767 


Mi'-  - 


,??.- 


I"^  b 


ik. 


Thccc  unhappy  wretches  were,  doubtless,  according  to 
tlie  Indian  custom,  tortured  and  burnt. 

37.  General  Webb  was  permitted  to  retreat,  unmolested, 
to  Albany.  Lord  Loudon  pretended  it  was  now  too  late 
in  the  season  to  attempt  any  thing  farther,  though  the 
troops  under  general  Winslow  were  within  a  few  days 
march  of  Ticondero^  and  Crown  Point,  and  were  suffi- 
cient in  number  to  justify  an  attack  upon  those  places. 
He  devoted  the  remainder  of  the  season  to  maldng  pre- 
parations for  an  early  and  vigorous  campaign  the  ensuing 

year.  ^■.■'•'^Hi^'iifi^-^'X'i:'--'^.  Ji^'^-f^i 

38.  This  spring  had  opened  with  still  more  brilliant 
prospects  than  the  last;  and  the  season  closed  without 
the  occurrence  of  a  single  event  that  was  honorable  to 
the  British  arms,  or  advantageous  to  the  colonies.  This 
want  of  success  was  justly  attributed  to,  the  removai  of 
the  provincial  officers,  who  were  well  acquainted  with  the 
theatre  of  operations,  but  whom  the  ministry,  desirous 
of  checking  the  growth  of  talents  in  the  coh)nies,  were 
unwilling  to  emplov.  Yet  the  several  assemblies,  though 
they  saw  themselves  thus  slighted,  and  their  money 
annually  squandered,  made  all  the  preparations  that  were 
required  of  them  for  the  next  campaign. 

39.  The  reduction  of  Louisburgh  was  the  object  to 
which  the  ministry  directed  the  attention  of  lord  lloudon. 
In  the  spring  of  1757,  he  sailed  from  New- York,  with 
6000  men,  and,  at  Halifax,  met  admiral  Holbourn,  with 
transports  containing  an  equal  number  of  troops,  and  a 
naval  force  consisting  of  fifteen  ships  of  the  line.  When 
about  to  proceed  to  their  place  of  destination,  intelligence 
arrived  that  the  garrison  at  Louisburgh  had  received  a 
large  reinforcement,  and  expected  and  desired  a  visit  from 
the  English.  Disheartened  by  this  intelligence,  the  gen- 
eral and  admiral  abandoned  the  expedition. 

40.  While  the  English  commanders  \^ere  thus  irreso- 
lute and  idle,  the  Irench  were  enterprising  and  act&v^ 
In  March,  general  Montcalm  made  an  attempt  to  surprise 
fort  William  Henry,  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  George, 
but  was  defeated  by  the  vigilance  and  bravery  of  the 
garrison.  He  returned  to  Crown  Point,  leaving  a  party 
of  troops  at  Ticonderoga.    Against^  this  post,  near  four 

h  hundred  men  were  sent  from  the  fort,  under  the  command 
of  colonel  Parker.  v  ;^ 

41.  The  colonel  was  deceived  in  his  intelligence,  de- 
coyed into  an  ambuscade,  and  attacked  with  such  fury, 


,'>>fit  I-    ■' 


P 


K  .^f; 


.;**.  Mk 


1767.L       FRENCH  WAR  OF  1764—63. 


U9 


that  bat  two  officers  and  seventy  privates  escaped.  En- 
couraged by  this  siiccesst  Montcalm  detemiinea  to  return 
and  besiege  fort  WiHiam  Henry.  For  this  purpose,  he 
assembled  an  army  consisting  of  regular  troops,  Canadians 
and  Indians,  and  amounting  to  near  ten  thousand  men. 

42.  Major  Putnam,  a  brave  and  active  partizan,  obtained 
information  of  the  purposes  of  Montcalm,  which  he  com- 
niunicated  to  general  Webb,  who,  in  the  absence  of  lord 
Loudon,  commanded  the  British  troops  in  that  quarter. 
The  general  enjoined  sibence  upon  Putnam,  and  adopted 
no  other  measure,  on  receiving  the  intelligence,  than 
sending  colonel  Monro  to  take  command  of  the  fort. 

43.  The  day  after  this  officer,  ignorant  of  what  was 
to  happen,  had  arrived  at  his  post,  the  lake  appeared 
covered  with  boats,  which  swiftly  approached  the  shore. 
Montcs^lm,  with  but  little  opposition,  effected  a  landing, 
and  immediately  began  the  siege.  The  garrison,  consisting 
of  two  thousand  five  hundred  men,  animated  by  the  ex- 
pectation of  relief,  made  a  gallant  defence. 

44.  General  Webb  had  an  army  at  fort  Edward,  of 
more  than  four  thousand  men,  and  i^  was  in  his  power  to 
call  in  a  large  number  of  provincial  troops  from  New- 
York  and  New-England.  To  him  colonel  Monro  sent 
repeated  and  pressing  solicitations  for  immediate  succor. 
These  he  disregarded,  seeming  entirely  indifferent  to  tho 
distressing  situation  of  his  fellow  soldiers. 

45.  At  length,  on  the  ninth  day  of  the  siege,  in  com- 
pliance with  the  entreaties  of  the  friends  of  Monro, 
general  Webb  despatched  Sir  William  Johnson,  with  a 
body  of  men,  to  his  relief.  They  had  not  nroceeded 
three  miles,  when  the  order  was  countermanded.  Webb 
then  wrote  to  Monro  that  he  could  afford  him  no  assis- 
tance, ^nd  advised  him  to  surrender  on  the  best  terms 
that  he  could  obtain. 

46.  This  letter  was  intercepted  by  Montcalm,  who,  in 
a  conference  which  he  procured,  handed  it  himself  to  the 
conmiander  of  the  fort.  All  hope  of  relief  being  ex- 
tinguished, articles  of  capitulation  v/ere  agreed  to.  In 
these  it  was  expressly  stipulated  by  Montcalm,  that  the 
prisoners  should  be  protected  from  the  savages,  by  a  guard, 
and  that  the  sick  s^nd  wounded  should  be  treated  with 
humanity. 

47.  But  the  next  morning,  a  great  number  of  Indians, 
having  been  permitted  to  enter  the  lines,  began  to  plunder. 
Meeting  with  no  opposition,  they  fell  upon  the  sick  and 


Wl 


.r 


«,j 


■4  "•  ■'•;•:-> 


■%..■.:.. 


IQO 


FRENOif  WAR  0^  HfBi^'        [iTS®. 


woundedf  \Vhom  they  immediately  ttiassacred.  Thlt  ex*' 
cited  theit  8Ep.etite  for  oamage.  The  defenceless  trbiyps 
were  surimmaed  uiid  attaokeawith  fiimd-like  fury.  Monro, 
hastening  to  Montcalm,  implored  him  to  provide  tho 
stipulates  giiard.  ^ 

48.  His  entreaties  were  inefTecttial,  and  the  massacre 
proceeded.  All  was  turbulence  and  horror.  On  eVery 
side,  Savages  were  butchering  and  scalping  their  wretcheti 
victims*  Their  hideous  yells,  the  groans  of  the  dyiJttg, 
and  the  fruntic  shrieks  of  others,  shrinking  from  the 
uplifted  tomahawk,  weire  heard  by  the  French  unmoved. 
The  fury  of  the  saVages  were  permitted  to  rage  without 
restraint,  until  a  large  number  were  killed,  or  hmried 
captives  into  the  wilderness. 

49.  The  day  after  this  awful  tragedy,  major  Putnam 
was  senty  with  his  rangers,  to  watch  th©  motions  of  the 
enemy.  When  he  came  to  the  shore  of  the  lake,  their 
rear  was  hardly  beyond  the  reach  of  musket  shot.  Tlie 
prospect  was  shocking  and  horrid.  The  fort  was  demo- 
lislied.  The  barracks  and  buildings  were  yet  burninjr. 
Innumerable  fragments  of  human  carcases  still  broiled  in 
the  decaying  fires.  Dead  bodies,  mangled  with  tomahawks 
and  scalping  knives,  in  all  the  wantonness  of  Indian  ba|- 
barity,  were  every  where  scattered  around^  ** 

^  50.  General  Webb,  apprehensive  of  an  attack  upon 
himself,  sent  expresses  to  the  provinces  for  reinforce- 
ments. They  were  raised  arid  despatched  with  expedition ; 
but  as' Montcalm  returned  to  Ticonderoga,  they  w^re  kept 
in  service  but  a  few  weeks.  And  thus  ended  the  third 
campaign  in  America. 

/  51.  These  continual  disasters  resulted  from  folly  and 
mismanagement,  rather  than  from  want  of  means  and 
railitaty  strength.  The  British  nation  was  alarmed  ana 
indignant,  and  the  king  found  it  necessary  to  change  his 
councils.  At  the  head  of 'the  new  ministry,  he  placed 
the  celebrated  William  Pitt,  who  rose,  by  the  force  of 
his  ialents  alone,  from  the  humble  post  of  ensign  in  the 
guards,  to  the  control  of  the  destinies  of  a  mi^lity  empirG. 
Public  confidence  revived,  and  the  nation  seemed  inspired 
v.'ith  new  life  and  vigor. 

53.  For  the  next  campaip,  the  ministry  determined 


upon  thix^e  expediiiuns ; 


tiiic  ui    iwviVT  thousand  men 


against  Louisburgh ;  one  of  sixteen  thousand  agninst 
Ticonderogn  and  Crown  Point,  and  one  of  eight  thcmsand 
against  fort  Du  Quesnc.    The  colonics  wer^  called  ux^ou 


'tj 


,?^fe'v 


*: 


n58.]        FRENCH  WAR  OF  1754—63. 


ISl 


to  render  all  the  assistance  in  their  power.  Lord  Loudon 
having  been  recalled,  the  command  of  the  expedition 
against  Loaisburgh  was  given  to  general  Amherst,  under 
whom  general  Wolfe  served  as  a  brigadier.  The  place 
was  invested  on  the  12th  of  June.  Amherst  made  his 
approaches  with  much  circumspection ;  and,  without  any 
memorable  incident,  the  siege  terminated,  on  the  26th 
of  July,  by  the  surrender  of  the  place.  Whenever  an 
opportunity  occurred,  general  Wolf,  who  was  then  young, 
displayed  all  that  fire,  impetuosity,  and  discretion,  which 
afterwards  immortalized  his  name. 

63.  The  expedition  against  Ticonderoga,  was  com- 
manded by  general  Abercrombie.  He  was  accompanied 
by  Lord  Howe,  whose  military  talents  and  amiable  virtues 
made  him  the  darling  of  the  soldiery.  This  array^consisted 
of  seven  thousand  regular  troops,  and  ten  thousand  pro- 
vincials. When  approaching  the  fort,  a  skirmish  took 
place  with  a  small  party  of  the  enemy,  in  which  lord 
Howe  was  killed  at  the  first  fire.  On  seeing  him  fall,  the 
troops  moved  forward  with  an  animated  determination  to 
avenge  his  death.  Three  hundred  of  the  enemy  were  killed 
on  the  spot,  and  ono  hundred  and  forty  made  prisoners. 

54.  The  ardor  of  his  men,  and  the  intelligence  gained 
from  the  prisoners,  induced  general  Abercrombie  to  make 
an  assault  upon  the  works.  It  was  received  with  un- 
daunted bravery,  and  was  persevered  in  with  singular 
obstinacy.  For  four  hours,  the  troops  remained  before 
the  walls,  attempting  to  scale  them,  and  exposed  to  a 
destructive  fire  of  musketry  and  artillery.  The  general, 
despairing  of  success,  then  directed  a  retreat.  Near  two 
thousand  of  the  assailants  were  killed  or  wounded.  The 
loss  of  Ihe  French  was  not  great,  and  most  of  the  killed 
were  shot  through  the  head,  the  other  parts  of  their 
bodies  being  protected  by  their  works. 

65.  After  this  bloody  repulse,  Abercrombie  despatched 
colonel  Bradstreet,  with  three  thousand  men,  mostly 
provincials,  against  fort  Frontenac,  which  was  situated 
on  Lake  Ontario,  and  contained  a  large  quantity  of  mer- 
chandise, provisions,  and  military  stores.  It  fell  an  easy 
conquest,  and  the  loss  was  severely  felt  by  the  French. 
TiiO  western  Indians,  not  receiving  their  usual  supply  of 
merchandise,  relaxed  in  their  exertions ;  and  the  troops 
at  Du  Quesne  suffered  from  the  want  of  the  provisions  and 
military  stores.  These  circumstances  contributed  essen- 
tially to  facilitate  the  operations  of  the  tliird  expedition. 


129 


FRENCH  WAR  OF  1764r-63t         [1759. 


56.  This  was  placed  under  the  cemmand  of  general 
Forbes.  He  left  Philadelphia  in  the  beginnhig  of  Julj^ 
ftnd,  after  a  laborious  march,  through  deep  morasses  and 
over  unexplored  mountains,  arrived  at  Raystown,  ninety 
miles  from  Du  Quesne.  An  advanced  partjj  of  eight 
hundred  men,  under  the  command  of  major  Grant,  was 
met  by  a  detachment  from  the  fort,  and  defeated,  with 
great  slaughter. 

57.  Forbes,  undismayed  by  this  disaster,  advanced  with 
cautious  and  steady  perseverance.  The  enemy,  observinff 
his  circumspection,  determined  not  to  abide  the  event  of 
a  siege.  After  dismantUng  the  fort,  they  retired  down  the 
Ohio,  to  their  settlements  on  the  Mississippi.  General 
Forbes,  taking  possession  of  the  place,  changed  its  name 
to  Pittsburgh.  '"  -^^-r::  •-:^v;y:H;.:•^^:v^^•v2vv-•-' 
58.  The  campaign  of  1758,  was  highly  honoraVie  to  the 

British  arms.  Of  the  three  expeditions,  two  had  com- 
pletely succeeded,  and  the  leader  of  the  third  had  made  an 
miportant  conquest.  To  the  commanding  talents  of  Pitt, 
and  the  confidence  which  they  inspired,  this  change  of 
fortune  must  be  attributed;  and  in  no  respect  were  these 
talents  more  strikingly  displayed,  than  in  the  choice  of 
men  to  execute  his  plans. 

59.  Encouraged  by  the  events  of  this  year,  the  English 
anticipated  still  greater  success  in  the  campaign  which 
was  to  follow.  The  plan  marked  out  by  the  minister, 
was  indicative  of  the  boldness  and  energy  of  his  genius. 
Three  different  armies  were,  at  the  same  time,  to  be  led 
asainst  the  three  strongest  posts  of  the  French  in  America; 
Nia^ra,  Ticonderoga,  and  Quebec.  The  latter  post  was 
considered  the  strongest ;  and  it  was  therefore  intended 
that,  should  Ticonderoga  be  conquered,  the  victorious 
army  should  press  forward  to  assist  in  its  reduction. 

60.  In  the  beginning  of  July,  general  Prideaux  embarked 
on  Lake  Ontario,  with  the  army  destined  against  Niagara, 
and,  on  the  sixth,  landed  about  three  miles  from  the  fort. 
He  immediately  commenced  a  siege,  iif  the  progress  of 
which  he  was  killed,  by  the  bursting  of  a  sheu.  The 
command  devolved  upon  Sir  William  Johnson.  An  army 
of  French  and  Indians  approaching  soon  after,  he  detached 
a  part  of  his  forces  to  meet  them.  A  battle  ensued ;  the 
English  jgained  the  victory,  which  was  followed  by  the 
surrender  of  the  fort.  *■ 

61.  General  Amherst,  to  whom  was  assigned  the  expe- 
dition against  Ticonderoga,  found  so  many  difficulties  to 


.it 


^■:; 


.■s*?.*' 

'^%' 


■»►,„, 


ih 


1»59.]         rRENdH  WAR  OP  n54-€3. 


Ids 


flttrmount,  that  he  was  unable  to  present  himself  before 
that  place  until  late  in  July.  It  was  immediately  aban- 
doned by  the  enemy.  The  British  general,  after  repairing 
the  works,  proceeded  against  Crown  Point.  On  his 
approach,  this  was  also  deserted,  the  enemy  retiring  to  the 
Isle  aux  Noix.  To  gain  possession  of  this  post,  great 
efforts  were  made,  and  much  time  consumed;  but  a  suc- 
cession of  storms  on  Lake  Champlain,  prevented  success. 
General  Amherst  was  compelled  to  lead  back  his  army  to 
Crown  Point,  where  he  encainped  for  the  winter. 

62.  Tho  expedition  against  Quebec,  was  the  most  daring 
and  important.  That  place,  strong  by  nature,  had  been 
made  still  stronger  by  art,  and  had  received  the  appropriate 
appellation  of  the  Gibraltar  of  America.  Every  expedition 
against  it  had  failed.  It  was  now  commanded  by  Mont- 
calm, an  oiiicerof  distinguished  reputation  ;^  and  an  attempt 
to  reduce  it  must  have  seemed  chimerical  to  any  one  but 
Pitt.  He  judged,  rightly,  that  the  boldest  and  most  dan- 
gerous enterprises  are  often  the  most  successful.  They 
arouse  the  energies  of  man,  and  elevate  them  to  a  level 
with  the  dangers  and  difficulties  to  be  encountered,  espe- 
cially when  committed  to  ardent  minds,  glowing  with 
enthusiasm,  and  emulous  of  glory. 

63.  Such  a  mind  he  had  discovered  iu  general  WoKe, 
whose  conduct  at  Louisburgh  had  attracted  his  attention. 
He  appointed  him  to  conduct  the  expedition,  and  gave  him 
for  assistants,  brigadier  generals  Moncton,  Townshend, 
and  Murray ;  all,  like  himself,  young  and  ardent.  Early 
in  the  season,  he  sailed  from  Halifax,  with  eight  thousand 
troops,  and,  near  the  last  of  June,  landed  the  whole  army 
on  the  island  of  Orleans,  a  few  miles  below  Quebec. 

64.  From  this  position  he  could  take  a  near  and  distinct 
view  of  the  obstacles  to 'be  overcome.  These  were  so 
great,  that  even  the  bold  and  sanguine  Wolfe  perceived 
more  to  fear  than  to  hope.  In  a  letter  to  Mr.  Pitt,  written 
before  commencing  operations,  he  declared  that  he  saw 
but  little  prospect  of  reducing  the  place. 

65.  Quebec  stands  on  the  north  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence^ 
and  consists  of  an  upper  and  lower  town.  The  lower  Vown 
lies  between  the  river  and  a  bold  and  lofty  eminenee, 
which  runs  parallel  to  it,  far  to  the  westward.  At  the  top 
of  this  eminence  is  a  plain,  upon  which  the  upper  town  is 
fiituated.  Below,  or  east  of  the  city,  is  the  river  St. 
Charles,  whose  channel  is  rough,  and  whose  banks  are 
steep  and  broken.    A  short  distance  farther  down,  is  the 


-m 


M^.  'ft 


191 


FRENCH  WAR  OF  1764—63. 


[1780- 


riTeT  Montmorency ;  and  between  these  two  rivers,  an4 
reaching  from  one  to  the  other,  was  encamped  the  French 
army,  strongly  entrenched  and  at  least  equal  in  nmnber  to 
that  of  the  English. 

66.  General  Wolfe  took  possession  of  Poiwt  Levi,  o«i 
the  bank  of  the  river  opposite  Quebec,  and  from  that  posi- 
tion cannonaded  the  town.  Some  iniury  was  done  to  the 
houses,  but  his  cannon  were  too  distant  to  make  any 
impression  upon  the  works  of  the  enemy.  He  resolved  to 
quit  this  post,  to  land  below  Montmorency,  and  passing  that 
river,  to  attack  the  French  general  in  his  entrenchments. 

67.  He  succeeded. in  landing  his  troops,  and,  with  a 
portion  of  his  army,  crossed  the  Montmorency.  A  partial 
engagement  took  place,  in  which  the  French  obtained  the 
advantage.  Relinquishing  this  plan,  he  then  determined, 
in  concert  with  the  admiral,  to  destroy  the  French  shipping 
and  magazines.  Two  attempts  were  unsuccessful ;  a  third 
was  more  fortunate,  yet  but  little  was  effected.  At  this 
juncture,  intelligence  arrived  that  Niagara  was  taken,  that 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  had  been  abandoned,  but 
that  general  Amherst,  instead  of  pressing  forward  to  their 
assistance,  was  preparing  to  attack  the  Isle  aux  Noix. 

68.  Wolfe  rejoiced  at  the  triumph  of  his  brethren  in 
arms,  but  could  not  avoid  contrasting  their  success  with 
his  cfwn  ill  fortune.  His  mind,  alike  lofty  and  susceptible, 
was  deeply  impressed  by  the  disasters  at  Montmorency ; 
and  the  extreme  chagrin  of  his  spirits,  preying  upon  his 
delicate  frame,  sensibly  affected  his  health.  He  was 
observed  frequently  to  sigh ;  and,  as  if  life  was  only  valu- 
able while  it  added  to  his  glory,  he  declared  to  his  intimate 
friends,  that  he  would  not  survive  the  disgrace  which  he 
imagined  would  attend  the  failure  of  his  enterprise. 

69.  Despairing  of  success  below  the  town,  he  next 
directed  his  efforts  towards  effecting  a  landing  above  it. 
He  removed  a  part  of  his  army  to  Point  Levi,  and  the 
remainder  higher  up  the  river.  He  now  found  that,  on* 
this  quarter,  the  fortifications  were  not  strong;  and 
discovered  that  the  heights  behind  them  might  possibly 
be  gained,  by  ascending  the  precipice  in  a  narrow  path, 
which  was  defended  only  by  a  captain's  guard. 

70.  The  difficulties  attending  this  enterprise  were  nume- 
rous. The  current  was  rapid,  the  shore  shelving,  the  only 
landing  place  so  narrow  that  it  might  easily  be  missed  in 
the  dark,  and  the  steep  above,  such  as  troops,  even  when 
unopposedi  could  not  ascend  without  difficulty.    Yet  the 


!»<!??:"?;?«.' 


.iii-i-s*'^;^' 


i;i;^..;^-^it 


^'n 


"1«»^*^. 


''**!WBW^**''^IP**" 


1769.] 


PR6NCH  WAR  OF*  1764-63. 


125 


5 Ian,  though  bold  and  hazardous,  was  well  adapted  to  the 
esperate  situation  of  affairs,  and  was  determined  on. 

71.  To  conceal  their  intention,  the  admiral  retired  seve- 
ral leagues  up  the  river.  During  the  evening,  a  strong 
detachment  was  put  on  board  the  boats,  and  moved  silently 

^  ^down  with  the  tido,  to  the  place  of  landing,  where  they 

A^^anrived  an  hour  before  daybreak.    Wolfe  leaped  on  shore, 

^  was  followed  by  the  troops,  and  all  instantly  began,  with 

the  assistance  of  shmbs  and  prctjecting  rocks,  to  climb  up 

'  the  precipice.    The  guard  was  dispersed,  and,  by  the  dawn 

;f    ofday,  tne  whole  army  gained  the  heights  of  Abraham, 

where  the  different  corps  were  forihed  under  their  respec- 

,  tive  leaders. 

72.  Montcalm,  at  first,  could  not  believe  that  the  Eng  • 
lish  had  ascended  the  heights.  When  convinced  of  the 
fact,  he  comprehended  the  full  advantage  they  had  sained. 
He  saw  that  a  battle  was  inevitable,  and  prepared  for  it 

,  V  with  promptness  and  courage.  Leaving  his  camp  at 
Montmorency,  he  advanced  towards  the  English  army, 
which  was  formed  in  order  of  battle  to  receive  him. 

73.  The  French  advanced  briskly.  The  English  re- 
jBerved  their  fire  until  the  enemy  were  near,  and  then  gave 
it  with  decisive  effect.  Early  in  the  engagement,  Wolfe 
was  wounded  in  the  wrist,  but,  preserving  his  composure, 
he  continued  to  encourage  his  troops.  Soon  after,  he 
received  a  shot  in  the  groin.  This  painful  wound  he  also 
concealed,  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  ^enadiers, 
and  was  leading  them  to  the  charge,  when  he  received  a 
third  and  mortal  wound. 

74.  Undismayed  by  the  fall  of  their  general,  the  English 
continued  their  exertions  under  Moncton,  who,  in  a  short 
time,  was  himself  wounded,  and  the  command  devolved  upon 
Townshend.  About  the  same  time,  Montcalm  received  a 
mortal  wound,  and  the  second  in  command  also  fell.  The 
lefl  wing  and  centre  of  the  French  gave  way.    Part  were 

-      driven  into  Quebec,  and  part  over  the  river  St.  Cliarles. 

75.  On  receiving  his  mortal  wound,  Wolfe  was  con- 
veyed into  ihe  rear,  where,  careless  about  himself,  he 
discovered,  in  the  agonies  of  death,  the  most  anxious 
solicitude  concerning  the  fate  of  the  day.  From  extreme 
faintncss,  he  hadreclined  his  head  on  the  ann  of  an  officer, 
but  was  soon  aroused  by  the  cry  of,  "  they  fly,  they  fly." 
"Who  Hvf"  exclaimed  the  dying  hero.  "The  French," 
answered  his  attendant.  "  Then,"  said  he,  "  I  die  con- 
lexited>"  and  iimnediafely  expired.    A  death  go  glorious^ 


>T. 


V, 


m 


REVOLUTION* 


« 

and  attended  b^  circumstances  so  interesting,  has  seldom 
been  recorded  in  history. 

76.  Fire  days  after  the  battle,  the  city  surrendered 
and  received  sm  English  garrison.  The  French  concen- 
trated their  remaining  forces  at  Montreal,  and,  early  in  the 
spring,  made  attempts  to  regain  possession  of  Quebec. 
Unsuccessful  in  these,  they  returned  to  Montreal,  towards 
which  the  whole  British  force  in  America,  under  the  com- 
mand cf  general  Amherst,  was  approaching.  This  forco 
was  too  strong  to  be  resisted.  In  September,  1760,  that 
city  surrendered,  and  soon  after  all  the  French  posts  in 
Canada  fell  into  ihe  power  of  the  English. 

77.  In  the  other  parts  of  the  world,  their  arms  woro 
equally  successful ;  and,  at  the  commencement  of  1763,  a 
peace,  highly  advantageous  to  their  interests,  was  con- 
cluded at  Paris.  By  the  treaty,  France  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  all  her  northern  settlements  in  America,  which 
relieved  the  colonies  from  the  continual  dread  of  savage 
incursions. 


CHAPTER  XV. 
REVOLUTION. 


•r> 


In  the  late  brilliant  contest,  England  had  made  unpre- 
cedented exertions.  At  its  close,  she  found  thaty  though 
she  had  encircled  her  name  with  glory,  and  added  ex- 
tensive territories  to  her  empire,  she  had  increased,  in 
Eroportion,  the  burdens  of  her  subjects,  having  added  three 
undred  and  twenty  millions  of  dollars  to  the  amount  of 
her  debt.  To  find  the  means  of  defraying  the  annual 
charges  of  this  debt,  and  her  other  increased  expenditures! 
was  the  first  and  difficult  task  of  her  legislators. 

2.  Regard  for  their  own  interest  and  popularity  impelled 
them  to  avoid,  if  possible,  imposing  the  whole  burden  upon 
themselves  and  their  fellow  subjects  at  home ;  and  their 
thoughts  were  turned  to  the  colonies,  as  the  source  whence 
alleviation  and  assistance  might  be  derived.  On  their 
account,  it  was  alleged,  the  contest  had  been  waged;  they 
would  share  the  advantages  of  its  glorious,  termination^ 
and  justice  required  that  they  should  r'^o  defray  a  '^CMrtion 
of  the  expenses. 
9*  To  adopt  thii  •xp«dient,  the  British  minittry  wer« 


\r-'\:''-  ; 


^. 


I 


i"-, 


--^|j*. 


£  ;AW--. 


•..■#- 


1764.] 


REVOLUTION. 


227 


?*■' 


■^■: 


the  more  naturally  led  hj  the  opinion  which  all  the  Euro- 
peai.  gu^emments  entertained  of  tbe  relation  between  the 
mother  country  and  her  colonies.  Thev  were  supposed  ■', 
to  be  dependent  on  her  will ;  their  inhabitants  a  oistinot  /' 
and  subordinate  class  of  subjects,  and  their  intere&ts  en-  / 
tirely  subservient  to  her  aggrandizement  and  prosperity. 
^  4.  Acting  upon  these  principles,  Great  Britain  had,  by 
her  laws  of  trade  and  navigation,  confined  the  commerce 
of  the  colonies  almost  wholly  to  herself.  To  encourage  - 
her  own  artizans,  she  had  c  en,  in  some  cases,  prohibited 
the  establishment  of  manufactories  in  America.  These 
restrictions,  while  they  increased  her  revenue  and  wealth, 
greatly  diminished  the  profits  of  the  trade  of  the  colonies, 
and  sensibly  impeded  their  internal  prosperity.  They  were 
most  injurious  to  New-England,  where  the  sterility  of  the 
soil  repelled  the  people  from  the  pursuits  of  agriculture  ; 
there  they  were  most  frequently  violated,  and  there  the 
arbitrary  mode  of  enforcing  them,  by  writs  of  assistance, 
awakened  the  attention  of  a  proud  and  jealous  people  to 
their  natural  rights,  to  their  rights  as  English  subjects, 
and  to  the  rights  granted  and  secured  by  their  charters. 
^  6.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1764,  the  British  par- 
liament enacted  a  law  imposing  duties  upon  certain  articles 
of  merchandise,  to  be  paid  in  the  colonial  ports'.  Mr. 
C5renville,  the  prime  minister,  also  proposed  a  resolution, 
**  that  it  would  be  proper  to  charge  certain  stamp  duties 
on  the  colonics,"  but  postponed  yie  consideration  of  that 
subject  to  a  future  session.  As  it  was  foreseen  that  the 
law  would  be  disregarded,  if  extraordinary  measures  were 
not  adopted  to  enforce  it,  provision  was  made  that  all 
penalties  for  violations  of  it,  and  of  all  other  rgvenuo 
laws,  might  be  recovered  in  the  admiralty  courts.  The 
judges  of  these  courts  were  dependent  solely  on  the  king, 
and  decided  the  causes  brought  before  them,  without  the 
intervention  of  a  jury. 

6.  Intelligence  of  these  proceedings  occasioned,  in 
America,  great  and  universal  alarm.  They  were  con- 
eidered  the  commencement  of  a  system  of  taxation, 
which,  if  not  vigorously  resisted,  would,  in  time,  be 
extended  to  every  article  of  commerce,  and  to  every  in- 
ternal source  of  income ;  and  if  the  colonists  could  be 
deprived  in  one  class  of  causes,  why  not  in  all,  of  that 

,  inestimable  privilege,  the  trial  by  jury  1 

7.  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  at  their  session 
In  June]  twk  this  law  into  eoasideration.    The  house  of 


198 


REVOLUTION. 


[17^4 


representatives  sent  a  spirited  letter  of  instructions  to 
their  agei.i,  in  England,  in  which  they  denied  tlie  riffht  of 
parliament  to  impose  duties  and  taxes  upon  the  people  not 
represented  in  the  house  of  commons ;  and  directed  him 
to  remonstrate  against  the  duties  imposed,  and  the  stamp 
act  in  contemplation.  They  also  aec^uainted  the  other 
colonies  with  the  instructions  they  had  given  to  their  a^ent, 
and  desired  tiieir  concurrence  in  the  mode  of  ouposition 
adopted.  In  the  course  of  the  year,  several  other  colo- 
nies, particularly  New- York  and  Virginia,  remonstrated 
in  respectful,  but  decided  terms,  against  the  proceedings 
of  parliament. 

8.  In  these  several  state  papers,  the  right  of  Great 
Britain  to  collect  a  tax  in  the  colonies,  was  explicitly 
denied;  and  the  denial  was  supported  by  ciaar  and  power- 
ful arguments.  It  was  stated  that  the  iirst  emigrants 
came  to  America  with  the  undoubted  consent  of  tlie 
mother  country;  that  all  the  expenses  of  removal,  of 
purchasing  the  territory,  and,  for  a  long  time,  of  prote«)tion 
from  savage  warfare,  were  defrayed  by  private  individuals* 
except  in  the  single  instance  of  the  settlement  of  Georgia : 
that  charters,  under  the  great  seal,  were  given  to  the 
emigrants,  impaning  and  secuang  to  them  and  to  their 
descendants,  all  the  rights  of  natural  born  English  sub- 
jects ;  that  of  these  rights,  none  was  more  indisputable, 
and  none  more  highly  valued,  than  that  no  subject  could 
he  deprived  of  his  property  but  by  his  own  consent,  ex- 
pressed in  person  or  by  his  representative;  that  taxes 
were  but  grants,  by  the  representative,  of  a  portion  of  his 
own  property,  and  of  that  of  those  who  had  authorized 
him  to  act  in  their  behalf.  Could  it  be  just,  it  was  asked, 
that  the  representatives  of  Englishmen  should  "  give  and 
grant"  the  property  of  Americans?  With  what  safety  tg 
the  colonies,  could  the  right  of  taxing  them  be  ccnfided  to 
a  body  of  men  three  thousand  miles  distant,  over  whom 
they  had  no  control,  none  of  whom  could  be  acquainted 
with  their  situation  or  resources,  and  whose  interests 
would  im{Jel  them  to  make  the  burdens  of  the  colonists 
heavy,  that  their  own  might  be  light  1 

9.  But,  besides  infringing  the  rights  of  freemen,  the 
measure  was  neither  equitable  nor  generous.  The  colo*' 
nies  had  domestic  governments  which  they  alone  sup- 
ported ;  in  the  late  war,  their  exertions  had  been  greater, 
in  proportion  to  their  ability,  than  tljose  of  England  J  they 
also  had  contracted  debts  which  they  must  themselvei 


K'.v 


■Md^ 


17$5.] 


REVOLUH'  iN. 


199 


[8 


E?i 


y;  the  taxes  laid  br  many  ot  the  ateemblie  were 
igher  than  those  paid  oy  t^®  inhabitants  of  En^  )|  ii 
tho  war  had  been  waged  on  their  account)  it  wa«i  ^siise, 
as  colonies,  they  were  beneficial  to  the  mother  untry  • 
and  from  its  happy  termination,  they  derived  iio  advi.  iiagu 
which  was  not  the  source  of  ultimate  profit  to  her. 

10.  Upon  men  who  entertained  the  strictest  notions  of 
colonial  dependence,  and  parliamentary  supremacy,  these 
arguments  had  little  effect.  The  minister  was  not  diverted 
from  his  purpose.  In  March,  1765,  ho  laid  before  parlia- 
ment a  bill,  imposing  stamp  duties  on  certain  papers  and 
documents  used  in  the  colonies.  At  the  first  reading,  it 
was  warmly  opposed ;  by  some  because  it  was  impoDtic, 
by  two  only  because  it  was  a  violation  of  rieht. 

11.  The  bill  was  supported  by  Charles  Townshend,  a 
brilliant  orator,  on  the  side  of  the  ministry.  At  the  con- 
clusion of  an  animated  speech,  he  demanded :  **  And  these 
Americans,  children  planted  by  our  care,  nourished  by  our 
indulgence,  protected  by  our  arms,  until  they  are  grown  to 
a  good  degree  of  strength  and  opulence,  will  they  grudge 
to  contribute  their  mite  to  relieve  us  from  the  heavy  load 
of  national  expense  which  we  lie  under  V  ^ 

12.  Colonel  Barre,  immediately  rising,  indignantly  and 
eloquently  exclaim  2d  :  "  Children  planted  by  your  care  ! 
No.  Your  oppressions  planted  them  in  America.  They 
fled  from  your  tyranny  into  a  then  uncultivated  land, 
where  they  were  exposed  to  all  the  hardships  to  which 
human  nature  is  liable ;  and  among  others,  to  the  cruelties 
of  a  savage  foe,  tbe  most  subtle,  and  I  will  take  upon 
me  to  say,  the  most  terrible,  that  ever  inhabited  any  part 
of  God's  earth.  And  yet,  actuated  by  principles  of  true 
English  liberty,  they  met  all  these  hardships  with  pleasure, 
when  they  compared  them  with  those  they  suffered  in 
their  own  country,  from  men  who  should  have  been  their 
friends.  '        ^  »^' 

13.  "  They  nourished  by  your  indulgence  /  No.  They 
grew  by  your  neglect.  When  you  began  to  care  about 
them,  that  care  Avas  exercised  in  sending  persons  to  rule 
over  them,  who  were  the  deputies  of  some  deputy  sent  to 
spy  out  their  liberty,  to  misrepresent  their  actions,  and  to 

1>rey  upon  them;  whose  behavior,  on  many  occasions, 
las  caused  the  blood  of  those  sons  of  liberty  to  recoil 
within  them;  men  promoted  to  the  highest  seats  of  justice, 
some  of  whom  were  glad,  by  going  to  a  foreign  country, 
to  escape  being  brought  to  the  bar  of  justice  in  their  own. 


H-' 


'\ 


.iL 


130 


REVOLUTION. 


lilB^ 


I 


»     14.  "  They  protected  by  your  armt !   They  hare  ftoblj 

I  taken  up  anna  in  your  defence.    They  have  exerted  their 

fyalor,  amidst  their  constant  and  laborious  industry,  for 

i  the  defence  of  a  country  which,  while  its  frontier  was 

1  drenched  in  blood,  has  yielded  all  its  little  savings  to  your 

emolument.    Believe  mo,  and  remember  I  tliis  day  told 

you  so,  the  same  spirit  which  actuated  that  people  at  first, 

still  continues  with  them;  but  prudence  forbids  me  to 

explain  myself  farther. 

■  15.  **  God  knows  I  do  not  at  this  time  speak  from  party 
^  heat.  Howtver  superior  to  me  in  general  knowledge  and 
experience,  any  one  here  may  be,  i  claim  to  know  more 
of  America,  having  been  conversant  in  that  countrv.  The 
people  there  are  as  truly  loyal  as  any  subjects  the  king 
has ;  but  they  are  a  people  jealous  of  their  liberties,  and 
I  will  vindicate  them  if  they  should  be  violated.  But  the 
I  subject  is  delicate ;  I  will  say  no  more." 
-.  16.  Eloqence  and  argument  availed  nothing.  Tlie  bill 
was  almost  unanimously  passed.  The  night  ailer,  Doctor 
Franklin,  then  in  England  as  a^ent  for  Pennsylvania, 
wrote  to  Charles  Thompson :  "  The  sun  of  libeity  is  set ; 
you  must  light  up  the  candles  of  industry  and  (>conomy.*' 
'*  Be  assured,"  said  Mr.  Thompson,  in  reply,  "  that  we 
shall  light  up  torches  of  quite  another  sort ;"  thus  predict- 
ing the  commotions  which  followed. 

17.  The  act  provided  that  all  contracts  and  legal  pro- 
cesses should  be  written  on  stamped  paper,  which  was  to 
be  furnished,  at  exorbitant  prices,  by  the  government  or 
should  have  no  force  in  law.  Information  of  its  passage 
was  received  in  all  the  colonies  with  sorrow  and  dismay. 
They  saw  tha*  they  must  either  surrender,  without  a 
struggle,  their  darling  rights,  or  resist  tlie  government  of 
a  nation,  which  they  had  been  accustomed  to  regard  with 
lilial  respect,  and  was  then  the  most  powerful  in  the  world. 

18.  The  general  assembly  of  Virginia  were  in  session 
when  the  information  arrived.  Of  that  body,  Patrick 
Henry,  a  young  man,  but  a  distinguished  orator,  was  a 
member.  Near  the  close  of  the  session,  he  proposed  five 
resolutions,  in  the  first  four  of  which  were  asserted  the 
various  rights  and  privileges  claimed  by  the  colonists,  and, 
in  the  fifth,  the  right  of  parliament  to  tax  America,  was 
boldy  and  explicitly  denied.  These  he  defended  by  strona 
reason  and  irresistible  eloquence,  and  they  were  adopted 
by  a  majority  of  one. 

19.  The  next  day,  in  his  absence,  the  fiflh  resolutiou 


1. 


.rVT^ 


■j,|:.f, 

;',,   .-  • 

-t 

»w. 

v 

H 

Vr- 

JteiiiS;;,.. 

■V;. 

1  ■■;    "".' 

.;eSi^': 


17651 


REVOLUTION. 


ld( 


»» 


was  rescinded ;  but  that  and  the  others  had  gone  forth  to 
the  world,  and  imparted  higher  animation  to  tne  friends  of 
)  freedom.  They  were  a  bignal  to  the  resolute  and  ardent  $ 
they  ^ave  encoura^rement  to  the  timid  and  cautious :  they 
were  mdustriously  but  privately  circulated,  iu  the  principal 
cities,  until  they  arrived  in  New-Kngland,  where  they 
were  fearlessly  published  in  all  the  newspaperii, 

20.  Nearly  at  the  same  time,  and  before  the  proceed- 
ings  of  Virginia  were  known  in  Massachusetts^  he:  gejieral 
court  adopted  measures  to  procure  a  combined  opposition 
to  the  onensive  laws.  They  passed  a  resolve  proposing 
that  a  congress  of  delegates  from  the  several  colonies, 
should  be  held  at  New- York,  and  addressed  letters  to  the 
other  assemblies,  earnestly  soliciting  their  concurrence. 

21.  These  legislative  proceedings  took  place  in  May 
and  June,  17(55.  They  were  the  moderate  and  dignified 
expression  of  feelings,  which  animated,  in  a  more  intense 
degree,  a  groat  majority  of  the  people.  In  New- England, 
associuions,  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  the  Ia\\^,  were 
organized,  assuming,  from  Barre's  speech,  the  appellation 
U  "  Sons  of  Liberty  ;"  pamphlets  were  published  vindi- 
cating the  rights  of  the  colonies;  and  the  public  journals 

^  were  filled  with  essays  pointing  out  the  -  langer  which 
threatened  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  encouragmg  a  bold 
and  manly  resistance. 

32.  Excited  by  these  publications,  a  multitude  assembled 
in  Boston,  on  the  14th  of  August,  burned  the  eiligy  of  y^ 
Andrew  Oliver,  who  had  been  appointed  stamp-distrinuter, 
and  demolished  a  building  which  they  supix)sed  he  had 
erected  for  his  ofllce.  Fearful  of  farther  iniury,  Mr. 
Oliver  declared  his  intention  ;o  resign,  when  the  people 
desisted  from  molesting  him. 

23.  Several  days  afterwards,  a, mob  beset  the  house  of 
Mr.  Story,  an  officer  of  the  detested  admiralty  court. 
They  broke  his  windows,  destroyed  his  furniture,  and 
burned  his  papers.  They  then  proceeded  to  the  house  of 
lieutenant-governor  Hutchinson,  by  whose  advice,  it  was  j 
supposed,  the  stamp-act  had  been  passed.     Thoy  entered 

it  by  force.  Himself,  his  wife,  and  children  fled.  His 
elegant  furniture  was  carried  off  or  destroyed.  The  par- 
titions of  the  house  were  broken  down,  and  the  next 
morning  nothing  but  the  bare  and  desolate  walls  remained.   ., 

24.  When  intelligence  of  these  proceedings  reached 
Newport,  in  Rhode  Island,  the  people  of  that  place  as- 
sembled and  coQimitted  siinllar  outrages.    iVo  houses 


v«i 


'',(*«!*•/. 


m 


REVOLUTION. 


[17B5, 


tW'. 


/ 


were  pillaged,  and  the  stamp-distribnter,  to  preserve  his 
own,  was  obliged  to  give  to  the  leader  of  the  exasperated 
populace  a  written  resignation  of  his  office.  In  Connec- 
ticut, similar  commotions  were  also  quieted  by  the  resigna- 
tion of  the  distributer  of  stamps  for  that  colony. 

26.  In  New- York,  the  people  displayed  equal  spirit, 
but  less  turbulence  and  i-aige.  The  obnoxious  act  was 
printed,  under  the  title  of  "  The  folly  of  England,  and 
the  ruin  of  America,"  and  thus  exhibited  for  sale  in  the 
streets.  At  an  early  period,  the  stamp-distributer  pru- 
dently resigned  his  office ;  and  when  the  stamped  paper 
arrived,  it  was  deposited  for  safe  keeping  in  the  fort.  A 
mob  required  the  lieutenant-governor  to  place  it  in  their 
hands.  He  refused;  but,  terrified  by  their  menace's, 
consented  to  deliver  it  to  the  magistrates,  who  deposited 
it  in  the  citv  hall.  Ten  boxes,  which  afterwards  arrived, 
were  seized  by  the  people,  and  committed  to  the  flames. 

26.  So  general  was  the  oppositi  /n  to  the  law,  that  the 
stamp-officers,  in  all  the  colonies,  were  compelled  to 
resign.  In  Boston,  care  was  taken,  on  the  one  hand,  to 
prevent  the  recurrence  of  violent  proceedings,  and,  on  the 
other,  to  keep  in  full  vigor  the  spirit  of  resistance.  A 
newspaper  wlj  established,  having  for  its  device  a  snake 
divided  into  as  many  parts  as  tliere  were  colonies,  and 
for  its  motto,  "join  or  die."  Mr.  Oliver  was  required  to 
resign  his  office,  with  more  ceremony  and  solemnity,  under 
a  large  elm,  which  had,  from  the  meetings  held  under  it, 
received  the  name  of  tlie  tree  of  liberty. 
•  27.  In  October,  the  congress  recommended  by  Massa- 
chusetts, convened  at  New- York.  Delegates  from  six 
provinces  only  were  present.  Their  first  act  was  a  Dec- 
laration of  liights,  in  which  they  asserted,  that  the 
colonies  were  entitled  to  all  the  rights  and  liberties  of 
natural  born  subjects  within  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain, 
the  most  essential  of  wliich  were  the  exclusive  right  to 
tax  themselves,  and  the  privilege  of  trial  by  jury.  A 
^tition  to  the  king,  and  a  memorial  to  both  houses  of 
parliament,  were  also  agreed  on ;  and  the  colonial  assem- 
olies  were  advised  to  appoint  special  agents  to  solicit,  in 
concert,  a  redress  of  grievances.  To  interest  the  people 
of  England  in  the  cause  of  the  colonies,  the  merchants  of 
New- York  directed  their  correspondents,  in  that  country, 
to  purchase  no  more  ffoods  until  the  stamp-act  should  be 
repealed.  Immediately  afler,  non-importation  agreements 
were  adopted  in  the  other  colonies,  and  associations  were 


1766.1 


REVOLUTION. 


133 


it, 
as 
nd 
he 
u- 
)er 
A 


^y  .     organized  for  the  encouragement  of  domestic  itianufac- 
**  -     tures.    To  avoid  the  necessity  of  stamps,  proceedings  in 
the  courts  of  justice  were  suspended,  and  disputes  were 
settled  by.  arbitration. 

28.  In  the  meantime^  an  entire  change  had  taken  place 
in  the  British  Cabinet,  and  a  proposition  to  repeal  the 
stamp  act  was,  by  the  new  ministry,  laid  before  parliament. 
An  interesting  debate  ensued.  Mr.  Grenville,  the  late 
prime  minister,  declared,  that  to  repeal  the  act  under 
existing  circumstances,  would  degrade  the  government, 
and  encourage  rebellion.  "When,"  he  demanded,  "were 
the  Americans  emancipated?  By  what  law,  by  what 
reason,  do  they  ungratefully  claim  exemption  from  defray- 
ing expenses  incurred  in  protecting  them  1"       y"'^: 

20,  William  Pitt,  he  who  had  wielded^,  with  such  / 
mighty  effect,  the  power  of  England,  in  the  late  war,  rose 
to  reply.  He  regretted  that  he  had  not  been  able  to  attend 
in  his  place,  ana  oppose  the  law  on  its  passage.  "  It  is 
now  an  act  that  has  passed.  I  would  speak  with  decency 
of  every  act  of  this  house ;  but  I  must  beg  the  indulgence 
of  this  house  to  speak  of  it  with  freedom.  Assuredly  a 
more  important  subject  never  engaged  your  attention ;  that 
subject  only  excepted,  when,  nearly  a  century  ago,  it  was 
the  question  whether  you  yourselves  were  bond  or  free  ? 

30.  "  Those  who  have  spoken  before  me,  with  so  much 
vehemence,  would  maintain  the  act  because  our  honor 
demands  it.  But  can  the  point  of  honor  stand  opposed 
against  justice,  against  reason,  against  right?  It  is  my 
opinion  that  England  has  no  right  to  tax  the  colonies. 
At  the  same  time,  I  assert  the  authority  of  this  kingdom 
over  the  colonies  to  be  sovereign  and  supreme,  in  every 
circumstance  of  government  and  legislation  whatsoever^ 

31.  "  Taxation  is  no  part  of  the  governing  or  legisla- 
tive power.  The  taxes  are  a  voluntary  gift  and  grant  of 
the  commons  alone ;  when,  therefore,  in  this  house,  we 
give  and  grant,  we  give  and  grant  what  is  our  own.  But 
in  an  American  tax,  what  do  we  do  ?  We,  your  majes- 
ty's commons  of  Great  Britain,  give  and  grant  to  your 
majesty — what  ?  Our  own  property  ?  No.  We  give  and 
grant  to  your  majesty  the  property  of  your  commons  in 
America.    It  is  an  absurdity  in  terms. 

^    3'3.  "  It  lias  been  asked,  when  were  the  Americans 

emancipated?    But  I  desire  to  know  when  they  were 

made  slaves.    I  hear  it  said,  that  America  is  obstinate ; 

America  is  almost  in  open  rebellion.     I  rejoice  that 

M 


^-*5a 


•*" 


134 


REVOLUTION. 


[1766^ 


America  has  resisted.  Three  millions  of  people,  so  dead 
to  all  the  feelings  of  liberty  as  voluntarily  to  submit  to  be 
slaves,  would  have  been  fit  instruments  to  make  slaves 
of  ourselves. 

33.  "  The  honorable  member  has  said,  for  he  is  fluent 
in  words  of  bitterness,  that  America  is  ungrateful.  He 
boasts  of  his  bounties  towards  her.  But  are  not  these 
bounties  intended  finally  for  the  benefit  of  this  kingdom  1 
The  profits  of  Great  Britain,  from  her  commerce  with 
the  colonies,  are  two  millions  a  year.  This  is  the  fund 
that  carried  you  triumphantly  through  the  last  war.  The 
estates  that  were  rented  at  two  thousand  pounds  a  year, 
seventy  years  ago,  are  at  three  thousand  pounds  at  pres- 
ent. You  owe  this  to  America.  This  is  the  price  she 
pays  you  for  protection. 

34.  "  A  great  deal  has  been  said  without  doors,  and 
more  than  is  discreet,  of  the  power,  of  the  strength  of 
America.  In  a  good  cause,  on  a  sound  bottom,  the  force 
of  this  country  can  crush  America  to  atojns.  But  on  the 
ground  of  this  tax,  when  it  is  wished  to  prosecute  an 
evident  injustice,  I  am  one  who  will  lift  my  hands  and 
my  voice  against  it.  In  such  a  cause,  your  success 
would  be  deplorable  and  victor^'  hazardous.  America, 
if  she  fell,  would  fall  like  the  strong  man.  She  would 
embrace  the  pillars  of  the  state,  and  pull  down  the  con- 
stitution along  with  her." 

35.  The  sentiments  of  this  great  statesman  prevailed 
in  parliament.  The  stamp  act  was  repealed;  but  another 
act  was  passed  declaring  tliat  "  tlie  legislature  of  Great 
Britain  has  authority  to  make  laws  to  oirid  the  colonies 
in  all  cases  whatsoever."  The  merchants  of  London  re- 
ioiced  at  this  repeal.  They  had  felt  the  effects  of  the 
colonial  non-importation  agreements,  and  dreaded  that 
still  more  injurious  consequences  would  follow. 

36.  But  far  greater  were  the  rejoicings  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. They  had  obtained  the  object  for  which  they  had 
contended.  They  regarded  the  d3claratory  act  as  tlie 
mere  leservation  of  wounded  pride,  and  welcomed  with 
transport  the  opportunity  of  agr^n  cherishing  their  former 
aflection  for  the  land  of  their  fathers.  The  assemblies  ott 
several  colonies  voted  their  thanks  to  Mi\  Pitt,  and  to 
others  in  England,  who  had  supported  their  cause ;  and 
tliat  of  Virginia  resolved  to  erect  an  obelisk  to  their 
honor,  and  a  marble  statue  of  the  king,  as  a  momoiial  of 
gratitude.   •* ,  I  . 


^i%i 


^/, 


^'::s«s; 


•t '.^ 


.■*.■ 


2 '-'  >~ 


':J5f«t;> 


i  ii'^Mi4jiM^%^fci  1 


id 

)e 


itel] 


HEVOLtJTiaN. 


l^d 


%■ 


,,^ 


i^^-"' 


i^if"'' 


37.  By  the  people  of  New-England  and  New- York  less 
joy  was  felt  aiid  less  gratitude  displayed.  The  laws  im- 
posing duties  on  their  trade  were  still  in  force.  The 
courts  of  admiralty,  sitting  without  juries,  still  retained 
jurisdiction  of  all  revenue  causes.  Their  repeated 
contests  with  their  governors,  had  weakened  their  attach- 
ment to  the  nation  that  appointed  them,  and  confirmed 
their  republican  principles.  They  still  remembered  the 
past  and  entertained  suspicions  of  the  future. 

38.  The  very  next  year  events  occurred  which  justified 
these  suspicions.  A  law  of  parliament,  which  remained 
unrepealed,  directed  that  whenever  troops  should  be 
marched  into  any  of  the  colonies,  quarters,  rum,  and  va- 
rious necessary  articles,  should  be  provided  for  them,  at 
the  expense  of  the  colony.  The  assembly  of  New- York 
refused  obedience  to  this  law,  considering  in  an  indirect 
mode  of  taxing  them  without  their  consent.  To  t)unish 
this  disobediencp,  parliament  immediately  suspended  the 
authority  of  the  assembly.  It  was  easily  seen  that  noth- 
ing had  been  gained,  if  this  power  of  suspension,  for  such 
a  cause,  existed,  and  could  be  exercised  at  pleasure. 

39.  The  alarm,  occasioned  by  this  act  of  despotic 
power,  was  increased  by  a  measure,  which,  under  the 
auspices  of  a  new  ministry,  was  adopted  in  June,  1767. 
A  duty  was  imposed  by  parliament  on  the  impo^ation 
into  the  colonies,  of  glass,  tea,  and  other  enumerated 
articles,  and  provision  was  iinxde  for  the  appointment  of 
commissioners  of  the  customs  to  be  dependent  solely  on 
the  crown.  -^  :%  ^  ■ 

40.  Early  in  the  next  year,  the  general  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts, pursuing  the  same  course  as  in  1764,  addressed 
a  letter  to  their  agent  in  London,  containing  able  arguments 
against  those  duties,  and  requested  him  to  communicate  the 
letter  to  the  ministry.  They  also  sent  to  the  other  colonial 
assemblies,  a  circular  letter,  in  which  those  arguments 
were  repeated,  and  suggested  the  expediency  of  acting  in 
concert,  in  all  endeavors  to  obtain  redress. 

41.  These  proceedings  incensed  and  alarmed  the  min- 
istry. They  feared  that  a  union  of  the  colonies  would 
give  them  strength  and  confidence,  and  determined  if  pos- 
sible to  prevent  it.  They  instructed  Sir  John  Bernard, 
then  governor  of  Massachusetts,  to  require  the  general 
court  to  rescind  the  vote  directing  the  circular  letter  to  be 
gent,  and  in  case  of  refusal  to  dissolve  it.    The  governor 


■•«    ik 


••V.Niiv 


m 


M4i 


136 


REVOLUTION 


[1768, 


communicated  these  instructions  to  the  house  of  represen- 
tktives,  which,  by  a  vote  of  ninety-two  to  seventeen,  refu- 
sed to  rescind,  and  was  accordingly  dissolved. 

42.  The  attempt  to  intimidate  did  but  strengthen  oppo- 
sition. The  non-importation  agreements,  which  had  been 
lately  libandoned,  were  renewed,  and  more  extensively 
•adopted.  The  citizens  of  Boston  met,  and  proposed  that 
a  convention  of  delegates  from  the  several  towns  in  the 
province,  should  be  held  at  that  place.  Nearly  every 
town  accordingly  sent  delegates.  This  convention,  though 
it  disclaimed  all  legal  authority,  was  regarded  with  the 
same  respect  as  a  legitimate  assembly.  Its  proceedings 
were  unimportant,  but  by  its  sessions  in  the  metropolis  of 
New-England,  the  people  became  accustomed  to  pay  dci- 
erence  to  a  body  of  men  deriving  all  their  authority  frooi 
the  instructions  of  their  constituents. 

43.  On  so  many  occasions  had  the  lefractory  spirit  of 
the  citizens  of  Boston  bet3n  displayed,  chat  general  Gage, 
*vho  was  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  troo])s  in  the  col- 
onies, was  ordered  to  station  a  regiment  in  that  town,  as 
weH  to  overawe  the  citizens,  as  to  protect  the  officers  of 
the  revenue  in  the  discharge  of  their  duty.  Before  th9 
order  was  executed,  the  seizure  of  a  sloop  belonging  tQ 
Mr.  Hancock,  a  popular  leader,  occasioned  a  riot,  in  whicli 
those  officers  were  insulted  and  beaten.  The  general, 
on  receiving  information  of  this  event,  sent  two  regiments 
instead  cf  one,  and  on  the  lirst  of  October  they  arrived  in 
the  harbour.  >    :        '       ^  ^.^  >        » 

44.  The  ships  that  brought  them,  taking  a  station 
that  commanded  the  whole  town,  lay  with  their  broad- 
sides towards  it,  ready  to  fire  should  resistance  be  at- 
tempted. The  troops,  with  loaded  muskets  and  fixed 
bayonets,  then  landed;  and,  the  selectmen  having  refused 
to  provide  quarters,  they  took  possession  of  the  State- 
house.  All  the  rooms,  except  one  reserved  for  the  coun- 
cil, were  filled,  and  two  peices  of  cannon  were  placed  near 
the  principal  entrance. 

45.  With  indignant  and  exas?perated  feelings,  the  people 
witnessed  this  threatening  display  oi  military  force.  They 
saw  the  hall  of  their  venerated  legislature  polluted  by  the 
tread  of  foreign  mercenaries.  Thny  saw  soldiers  parading 
theij  streets  and  guards  mounted  at  the  corners.  They 
were  challenged  as  they  passed,  and  the  unwelcome  din 
of  martial  music  oflen  disturbed  their  repose.    Th^v 


,■.5^'^ 


.^?.fi.r 


■m 


'*v 


1769.] 


REVOLUTION. 


1S7 


■■%. 


knew  that  intimidation  was  the  object,  and  felt  a  stronger 
determination  to  resist  than  hstd^  before  animated  their 
bosoms.     ^^'"'"    /  ■"■:'<'r'^'^''';--'..'.^r:^-: 

46.  Resolutions,  in  the  mean  time,  had  been  adopted  in 
parliament,  censuring,  in  the  strongest  terms  the  conduct 
of  the  people  of  Massachusetts,  and  directing  the  gover- 
nor to  make  strict  inquiry,  as  to  all  treasons  committed  in 
that  province,  since  the  year  1667,  in  order  that  the  per- 
sons most  active  in  committing  them  might  be  sent  to 
England  for  trial. 

47.  These  resolutions  rendered  it  sufficiently  evident 
that  Great  Britain  had  determined  to  adhere  to  the  system 
of  measures  she  had  adopted.  In  May,  they  were  taken 
into  consideration  by  the  house  of  burgesses  of  Vir^nia. 
In  sundry  resolutions,  they  reasserted  the  right  of  the 
colonies  to  be  exempted  from  parliamentary  taxation,  and 
declared  that  seizing  persons  in  the  colonies,  suspected  of 
having  committed  crimes  therein,  and  sending  them  be- 
yond sea  to  be  tried,  violated  the  rights  of  British  subjects, 
as  it  deprived  them  of  the  inestimable  right  of  being  tried 
by  a  jury  of  the  vicinage,  and  of  producing  witnesses  on 
their  trial. 

48.  While  these  resolutions  were  under  discussion,  the 
house,  apprehensive  of  an  immediate  dissolution  should 
the  subject  of  their  deliberations  be  known  to  the  gover- 
nor, closed  their  doors.  The  instant  they  were  opened,  a 
message  was  announced,,  requesting  their  attendance  be- 
fore him.  "  Mr.  Speaker,"  said  he,  "  and  gentlemen  of 
the  house  of  burgesses.  I  have  heard  of  your  resolves, 
and  augur  ill  of  their  effects.  You  have  made  it  my  duty 
to  dissolve  you,  and  you  are  dissolved  accordingly."        "^ 

49.  This,  like  every  previous  measure  of  intimidation, 
excited  to  a  still  higher  degree,  the  spirit  of  opposition. 
The  members  assembled  at  a  private  house,  elected  their 
speaker  to  preside  as  moderator,  and  .unanimously  formed 
a  non-importation  agreement  similar  to  those  previously 
adopted  at  the  north.  In  a  few  weeks,  the  example  of 
Virginia  was  followed  by  most  of  the  southern  colonies. 

*    60.  To  the  citizens  of  Boston,  the  troops  quartered 

^^mong   them  were  a  painful  and  irritating  spectacle. 

Quarrels  occurring  daily  between  them  and  the  populace, 

increased  the  animosity  of  each  to  ungovernable  hatred. 

At  length,  on  the  evening  of  the  fifth  of  March,  an  affray 

t6dk  {flace  in  King-street,  [since  called  State-stree"/,]  it 

M  2 


:  ■^■■-  ■ 


138 


revolution; 


ima 


which  a  detachment  of  the  troops  commanded  hy  captain 
Preston,  after  being  insulted,  pelted  with  snow-balls  and 
dared  to  fire,  discharged  their  muskets  upon  the  multitude, 
killing  tour  persons  and  wounding  others. 

61.  The  druicis  were  instantly  beat  to  anns,  and  several 
thousand  people  asseu»hled,  who,  enraged  by  the  sight  of 
the  dead  bodies  of  their  fellow  citizens,  slain  in  a  cause 
dear  to  ihtm\  aH,  prepared  to  attack  a  larger  detachment 
which  had  been  sent  to  support  their  comrades.  In  this 
state  of  excitement,  they  were  addressed  by  lieuteaant- 
covernor  Hutchinson,  who  appeared  in  the  midst  of  ^.hem. 
Though  personally  obnoxious,  he  calmed  their  fury,  and 
prevailed  upon  them  to  disperse  until  morning. 

62.  The  next  day,  captain  Preston  and  his  pwty  were 
arrested  and  committed  to  prison.  The  citiz.cr.s  met  and 
appointed  ^a  committee  to  demand  the  immc^vllate  removal 
of  the  trabps  from  the  town.  At  this  iiu^eting  Samuel 
Adams,  an  inflexible  patriot,  was  distinguished  for  his 
decision  and  boldness.  After  some  hesic&tion,  on  the  part 
of  the  commanding  officer,  they  were  sent  to  castle  Wil- 
liam, and  were  accompanied  by  several  officers  of  the 
customs  who  dreaded  the  indignation  of  the  people. 

53.  Three  days  aft,erwards,  the  funeral  of  the  deceased 
took  place.  It  was  conducted  with  ^reat  pomp,  and  unusual 
ceremonies,  expressive  of  the  public  feeling.  The  shops 
were  closed.  The  bells  of  Boston,  Roxbury,  and  Charles- 
town  were  tolled.  Four  processions,  moving  from  different 
fJarts  of  the  town,  met  at  the  fatal  spot,  and  proceeded 
thence  towards  the  place  of  interment.  This  united  pro- 
cession comprised  an.  immense  number  of  people  on  foot 
and  in  carriages,  all  displaying  the  deepest  grief  and  indig- 
nation. The  bodies  were  deposited  together  in  the  same 
vault. 

64.  When  the  passions  of  the  people  had  in  some  degree 
subsided,  captain  Preston  and  his  soldiers  were  brought  to 
trial.  They  were  defended  by  John  Adams,  and  Josiah 
Quincy,  two  able  lawyers,  and  distinguished  leaders  of 
the  popular  party.  For  nearly  six  weeks,  the  court  were 
employed  in  examining  wFtnesses,  and  in  listening  to  th© 
arguments  of  counsel.  Captain  Proston,  not  having 
ordered^  his  men  to  fire,  was  acquitted  by  the  jury.  Of 
the  soldiers,  six  were  also  acquitted,  there  being  no  positive 
testimony  that  they  fired  upon  the  people ;  and  two  were 
acquitted  of  murder,  as  great  provocation  was  offe/^,  ba| 


•^f-ioj''i 


#i 


■  'J4''t' 


a 


I77a.] 


REVOLUTION. 


139 


e, 


■«f. : 


found  ffuiltjr  of  manslaughter — a  result  evindng  the  integ- 
irity  ofthe  jury  and  the  magnanimity  And  uprightness  of 
the  counsel  for  the  accused. 

65.  While  these  events  were  occurring  in  the  colonies, 
an  attempt,  supported  by  the  prime  minister,  was  made  in 
England,  to  repeal  all  the  laws  for  raising  a  revenue  in 
America.  The  parliament,  with  a  mixture  of  timidity  and 
obstinacy,  characteristic  of  tlic  councils,  of  the  nation  at 
that  period,  relinquished  all  the  duties  but  that  on  tea,  and 
tliis  they  unwisely  retained  to  assert  and  display  their 
supremacy  over  the  colonies. 

56.  This  partial  repeal  produced  no  cliange  in  the  senti- 
meits  of  the  people.  By  rendering  the  contest  more 
clearly  a  contest  of  principle,  it  sanctified  their  conduct  in 
their  own  view,  and  ennobled  it  in  that  of  the  world. 
The  non-importation  agreements,  however,  were  made  to 
correspond  with  the  altered  law.  ^  Tea  only  was  to  be 
excluded  from  the  country;  and  this  articleof  Itlxury  was 
banished  from  the  tables  of  all  who  were  friendly  to  Ame 
rican  rights.  ^  ^_,  , 


'M 


CHAPTER  XVI. 
REVOLUTION, 


V  - 

'"  ^: 

^^  > '  ^'p  "'■  \ 

-          ■r.V.- 

/' ■   '    -'^V'^ 

.■»l 


Thk  years  1771  and  1773  were  not  distinguished  by  any 
important  event.    The  southern  colonies,  more  agricultural 

,  than  commercial,  suffered  but  little  from  the  operation  of 
the  laws  of  trade,  and,  having  mostly  popular  governors, 
continued  tranquil.  In  Massachusetts,  various  causes 
contributed  to  increase  the  discontent  which  previously 
existed.     Governor  Hutchinson,  having  adjourned  the 

,  general  court  to  Salem,  refused,  notwithstanding  reiterated 
remonstrances,  to  permit  them  to  return  to  Boston.  He 
withdrew  the  provincial  troops  from  the  castle  and  sup- 
plied their  place  with  regulars,  as  the  British  troops  were 

5;  then  called.    He  declined  receiving  his  salary  from  the 

J  colonial  treasury,  stating  that  his  majesty  had  assigned  to 
Kim,  and  also  to  the  judges,  permanent  and  honorable 
salaries,  to  be  paid  in  Great  Britain.    These  measures 

I  were  highly  unpopular,  and  especially  the  last  which  re- 

!J:!*ased  those  officers  from  all  dependence  on  the  people. 

i^   ^  To  ftsevrtain  the  sentimeats  of  the  inhabitants ;  to 


'*i 


^'V^jf; 


HO 


REVOLUTION. 


1177X 


^"5' 

^-?i-- 


-#-^ 


«nliffhten  the  remotest  piurts  of  the  province  by  diffusing 
intelligence,  and  distributing  political  essays ;  and  to  pro- 
duce concert  in  measures,  James  Warren  and  Sa*  '\uel 
Adams  suggested  and  procured  the  appointment,  in  every 
town,  of  committees  of  corresponden^^e.  By  the  agency 
of  these,  resolution  s  and  addresses,  sometimes  inflamjna- 
tory  and  always  s^i)ited,  were  speedily  conveyed  through 
the  country,  arousing  the  attention  of  all  and  exhorting  to 
perseverance  in  the  cause  of  liberty.  This  example  was 
soon  after  followed  in  other  colonies  ;  and  in  1773,  at  the 
suggestion  of  the  Virginia  assembly,  standing  committees 
were  appointed,  by  the  colonial  Icpslatures,  to  correspond 
with  each  other.  This  institution,  when  more  active 
opposition  became  necessary,  was  found  extremely  useful. 

3.  In  this  ^ear.  Dr.  Franklin  obtained  in  London  a 
number  of  original  letters  from  governor  Hutchinson, 
lieutenant-governor  Oliver  and  others,  to  their  correspon- 
dents in  parliament.  In  these  letters,  the  opposition  in 
Massachusetts  was  stated  to  be  confined  to  a  few  factious 
individuals,  who  had  been  emboldened  by  the  weakness  of 
the  means  used  to  restrain  them.  Measures  more  vigorous 
were  recommended :  and  the  ministry  were  urged  to  tako 
from  the  people  and  exercise  themselves  the  power  of 
appointing  counsellors  and  all  cplonial  magistrates.  These 
letters  he  transmitted  to  Boston. 

4.  The  source  and, occasion  of  the  offensive  i)roceedings 
of  parliament  were  now  disclosed.  The  passions  of  the 
people  were  highly  inflamed,  and  the  weight  of  popular 
indignation  fell  upon  the  authors  of  these  letters.  The 
central  coinmittee  of  correspondence,  at  Boston,  sent 
printed  copies,  enclosed  in  a  spirited  circular,  to  all  the 
towns  in  the  province.  And  the  general  court,  in  several 
resolutions  which  were  also  published,  animadverted  with 
severity  upon  the  misrepresentations  and  advice  contained 
in  the  letters,  thus  increasing  the  irritation  which  their 
<llscovery  and  perusal  had  occasioned. 

6.  Meanwhile  the  tea  of  the  East  India  Company,  not 
finding  a  market  in  America,  accumulated  in  their  ware- 
houses in  England.  ^  Encouraged  by  the  government,  they 
resolved  to  export  it  on  their  own  account,  and  appointed 
consignees  in  the  various  sea-ports  in  tlie  colonies.  Those 
in  Philadelphia  were  induced,  by  the  disapprobation  ex- 
pressed by  the  citizens,  to  decline  their  appointment*  In 
New- York,  spirited  handbills  were  circulated  menacing 
with  ruiii  fevfeiy  perse*  who  sJiouW  be  coirceruod  in  vefldlog 


■-v.? 


"wr 


el 

r>' 
ay 
a- 


1778.] 


«# 


REVOLUTION, 


^^J 


Hi 


tea,  and  requiring  the  pilots,  at  their  peril,  not  to  conduct 
ships,  loaded  with  that  article,  i nto  the  harbor.  Intimidated 
by  these  proceedings,  the  captains  of  the  tea  ships,  bound 
to  those  par's,  returned  with  their  cargoes  to  England. 

6.  In  ^oston^  inflammatory  handbills  were  also  circu- 
lated, and  meetings  held ;  but  the  consignees,  being  mostly 
relatives  ofthe  governor,  and  relying  on  his  support,  refused 
to  decline  their  appointments.  Their  refusal  enraged  the 
citizens,  and  the  community  became  agitated  by  the  ope- 
ration of  highly  excited  passions.  Meetings  were  more 
frequently  held.  ^  The  committees  of  correspondence  were 
every  where  active.  The  people  of  the  country  exhorted 
their  brethren  in  Boston  ,to  act  worthy  of  their  former 
character,  worthy  of  "  Sons  of  Liberty,''  upon  whose  con- 
duct, in  the  present  emergencv,  every  thing  depended. 

7.  On  the  2i)th  of  November,  a  ship,  laden  with  tea, 
came  into  the  harbor.  Notifications  were  immediately 
posted  up,  inviting  every  friend  to  his  country  to  meet 
forthwith  and  concert  united  resistance  to  the  arbitrary 
measures  of  Britain.  A  crowded  meeting  was  held,  and 
a  resolution  adopted,  *^  that  the  tea  should  not  be  landed., 
that  no  duty  should  Be  paid,  and  that  it  should  be  sent 
back  in  the  same  vessel.''  A  watch  was  also  organized 
to  jprevent  it  from  being  secretly  broug[ht  on  shore. 

D.  A  short  time  was  then  allowea  for  the  captain  to 
prepare  to  return  home  with  his  cargo.  Governor  Hutch- 
inson refused  to  grant  him  the  requisite  permission  to 
Mss  the  castle.  Other  vessels,  laden  with  tea,  arrived. 
The  agitation  increased,  and  on  the  'iSth  of  December,  the 
inhabitants  of  Boston  and  the  adjoining  towns  assembled 
to  determine  what  course  should  be  pursued.  At  this 
important  meeting,  Josiah  Quincy,  desirous  that  the  con- 
sequences of  the  mea^'ures  to  be  adopted  should  be  first 
seriously  contemplated,  thus  addressed  his  fellow  citizens 
'^  9*  **  It  is  not,  Mr.  Moderator,  the  spirit  that  vapours 
within  these  walls  that  will  sustain  us  in  the  hour  of  need. 
The  proceedings  of  this  day  will  call  forth  events  which 
will  make  a  very  different  spirit  necessary  for  our  salvation. 
Whoever  supposes  that  shouts  and  hosannas  will  termi- 
nate our  trials,  entertains  a  childish  fancy.  We  nmst  be 
grossly  ignorant  of  the  value  of  the  prize  for  which  we 
contend;  we  must  be  equally  ignorant  of  the  power  of 
those  who  have  combined  against  us ;  we  must  be  blipd 
to  that  inveterate  malice  and  insatiable  revenge  which 
•ctiiato  oujr  onemies,  abroad  and  in  our  bosom,  to  hope  that 


m 


■m: 


\    i 


ar^- 


,-Ai1iA.- 


u% 


feEvoLirrioN. 


[1774. 


we  shall  end  this  controversy  without  the  sharpest  conflicts 
—or  to  flatter  ourselves  that  popular  resolves,  popular 
harangues,  and  popular  acclamations,  will  vanquish  our 
foes.  liOJ  us  consider  the  issue :  let  us  look  to  the  end ; 
let  us  weigh  and  deliberate,  before  we  advance  to  those 
measures  which  must  bring  on  the  moSt  trying  and  terrible 
struggle  this  country  ever  saw." 

10.  In  the  evening  the  question  was  put,  ''Do  you  abide 
bv  your  former  resolution  to  prevent  the  landing  of  the  tea  ?" 
The  vote  was  unanimous  in  the  affirmative.  Anplication 
was  again  made  to  the  governor  for  a  pass.  Af  ^t  a  short 
delay,  his  refusal  was  communicated  to  the  assembly, 
instantly  a  person,  disguised  like  an  Indian,  gave  the  war 
whoop  from  the  gallery.  At  this  signal,  the  people  rushed 
out  or  the  house  and  hastened  to  the  wharves.  About 
twenty  persons,  in  the  dress  of  Mohawks,  boarded  the 
vessels,  and,  protected  by  the  crowd  on  shore,  broke  open 
three  hundred  and  forty-two  chests  of  tea  and  emptied 
their  contents  into  the  ocean.  Their  purpose  accomplished, 
the  multitude  returned  without  tumult  to  their  habitations. 

;^  11.  These  proceedings  excited  the  anger  of  parliament 
and  the  displeasure  of  the  British  nation.  Punishment, 
not  a  change  of  measures,  was  resolved  upon.  An  act, 
closing  the  port  of  Boston,  and  removing^the  custom-house 
to  Salem,  was  passed,  and  was  to  continue  in  force  until 

,  compensation  should  be  made  for  the  tea  destroyed ;  ano- 
ther act  was  passed,  taking  from  the  general  court  and 
(giving  to  the  crown  the  appointment  of  counsellors :  and 

feneral  Gage  was  made  governor  in  the  place  of^  Mr. 
lutchinson. 

12.  Intelligence  of  the  Boston  port-bill  occasioned  a 
meetinff  of  the  citizens  of  the  town ;  they  were  sensible 
that  "  the  most  trying  and  terrible  struggle"  was  indeed 
now  approaching,  but  felt  unawed  by  its  terrors.  They 
sought  not  to  shelter  themselves  from  the  storm  by  sub- 
mission, but  became  more  resolute  as  it  increased.  Tliey 
declared  the  act  to  be  unjust  and  inhuman,  and  invited 
their  brethren  in  the  other  colonies  to  unite  with  them  in 
a  general  non-importation  agreement. 

13.  A  similar  spirit  pervaded  and  animated  the  whole 
country.  Addresses  from  the  adjacent  towns,  and  from 
every  part  of  the  continent,  were  sent  to  the  citizens  of^ 
Boston,  applauding  their  resolution,  exhorting  them  to 
perseverance,  and  assuring  them  that  they  were  considered 
as  suffering  in  a  common  cause.    In  Virginia,  the  first  day 


«■,■">• 


1774.] 


REVOLUTIOX. 


143 


r 


of  June,  when  the  law  be^an  to  operate,  was  observed  as  & 
public  and  solemn  fast.  With  devout  feelings,  tlie  divino 
interposition  was  implored,  in  all  the  churches,  to  avert  the 
evils  of  civil  war,  and  to  give  to  the  people  one  heart  and 
one  mind,  firmly  to  oppose  every  invasion  of  their  liberty. 

14.  The  same  day  was  observed,  with  similar  solemnity, 
in  most  of  the  other  colonies;  and  thu&  an  opportunity 
was  presented  to  the  ministers  of  the  gospel  to  dispense 
political  instruction,  to  paint,  in  vivid  colors,  the  sufferingB 
of  the  citizens  of  Boston,  and  to  warn  their  congregations, 
that,  should  Great  Britain  succeed  in  her  schemes,  the 
danger  to  their  religious  would  be  as  great  as  to  their  civil 
privileges  ;  that  a  tame  submission  to  the  will  of  ])arUa« 
meit,  would  inevitably  be  followed  by  bishops,  tithes,  test 
acts,  and  ecclesiastical  tribunals. 

15.  The  sufferings  of  the  inhabitants  of  Boston  were 
indeed  severe.  >fearly  all  were  compelled  to  be  idle. 
Many,  by  loss  of  employment,  lost  their  sole  means  of 
support.  In  this  extremity,  contributions  In  money  and 
provisions  were  forwarded  to  them  from  all  the  colonies, 
as  proofs  of  sympathy  in  their  distresses,  and  of  approba- 
tion of  their  having  met  and  manflilly  withstood  the  first 
shock  of  arbitrary  power.  jfl 

16.  Gradually  and  constantly  had  the  minds  and  feelii||l 
of  the  Americans  been  preparing  for  this  important  crisis. 
That  enthusiastic  patriotism  which  elevates  the  soul  above 
all  considerations  oi  interest  or  danger  had  now  become 
their  ruling  passion.  The  inhabitants  of  Salem  spurned 
advantages  to  be  derived  from  the  punishment  inflicted  on 
a  sister  town,  for  its  zeal  in  a  sacred  and  common  cause. 
"  We  must,"  said  they.  In  a  remonstrance  to  the  governor, 
"  be  dead  to  every  idea  of  justice,  lost  to  all  feelings  of 
humanity;  could  we  indulge  one  thought,  to  seize  on 
wealth,  and  raise  our  fortunes  from  the  ruin  of  our  suffer- 
ing neighbours."  ^ 

17.  In  June,  the  general  court  assembled  at  Salem,  and 
among  their  first  acts  were,  the  recommendation  of  a 
continental  congress,  which  had  been  suggested  by  the, 
committee  of  correspondence  in  Virginia,  and  the  choice 
of  delegates  to  attend  it.  While  engaged,  with  closed 
doors,  in  this  business,  governor  Gage,-who  had  received 
a  private  intimation  of  their  purposes,  diss(^®d  the  court 
by  a  proclamation  which  was  read  upon  the  steps.  Iti 
all  the  other  colonies,  except  Georgia,  dGjegates  were  al^A 
chosen. 


^^>.. 


144 


REVOLUTION. 


[1774: 


^  18.  On  the  6th  of  September,  these  delegates  met  at 
Phihdelphin.  Peyton  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  wa«  unani- 
mously elected  president,  and  Charles  Thompson,  secre- 
tary. It  was  determined  that  each  colony  should  have  but 
one  vote,  wiiatevcr  might  be  the  number  of  its  deputiesy 
and  that  all  their  transactions,  except  such  as  they  might 
resolve  to  publish,  should  be  kept  inviolably  secret. 

19.  Resolutions  were  then  adopted,  expressing  the 
S3rmpathy  of  congress  in  the  sufferings  of  their  countrymen 
in  Massachusetts,  and  highlv  approving  the  wisdom  and 
fortitude  of  their  conduct.  They  also  resolved  that  the 
importation  of  goods  from  Greai  Britain  should  cease  on 
the  first  day  of  the  succeeding  December,  and  all  exports 
to  that  country  on  the  10th  of  September,  1775,  unless 
American  grievances  should  be  sooner  redressed.  These 
resolutions  possessed  no  legal  force,  but  never  were  Ir.w8 
more  faithfully  observed. 

20.  In  othor  resolutions,  they  enumerated  certain  rights, 
which,  as  men  and  English  subjects,  "they  claimed,  de- 
manded, and  insisted  on;*'  and  recounted  numerous  viola- 
tions of  those  ri£[ht8  by  parliament.  Addresses  to  the 
people  of  Great  Britain,  to  the  inhabitants  of  Canada,  and 
to  their  constituents,  were  nrepared  and  published;  and  an 
affectionate  petition  to  the  king  was  agreed  upon. 

21.  In  these  able  and  important  state  papers,  the  claims, 
principles,  and  feelings  of  their  constituent^  are  clearly 
and  eloquently  sot  forth.  They  glow  with  the  love  of 
liberty,  they  display  a  determination,  too  firm  to  be  shaken, 
to  defend  and  preserve  it  at  every  hazard ;  they  contain 
the  strongest  professions  of  attachment  to  the  mother 
country,  and  of  loyalty  to  the  kir>g.  A  desire  of  indepen- 
dence is  expressly  disavowed.  "Place  us,"  says  the 
congress,  "  in  the  situation  we  were  in,  at  the  close  of 
the  last  war,  and  our  former  harmony  will  be  restored." 
"  We  ask,*'  say  they  in  their  petition,  "  but  for  peace, 
liberty,  and  safely.  We  wish  not  a  diminution  of  the 
prerogative,  nor  do  we  solicit  the  grant  of  any  new  right 
111  our  favor.  Your  royal  authority  over  us,  and  our  con- 
nection with  Great  Britain,  we  shall  always  carefully  and 
zealously  endeavour  to  support  and  maintain." 

22.  These  papers,  going  forth  to  the  world,  made  the 
cause  of  the  colonies  known  throuj'hout  Europe,  and  con- 
ciliated those  who  had  embraced  liberal  principles  in 
politics,  or  felt  displeasure  at  the  pride  and  haughtiness  of 
Britain.    Their  tone  of  laorUy  energy,  and  the  knowledge 

9  r^> 


'i  tx-^ 


I'on  cif«iliot   ^ 


I  to 


In  ^( 


<mi 


ts 


'.i^i^iite 


lie  fjttmtions  i^i 


df  ware.  tn<te^#nt  ^wpi^fl 
^iwngaweMi^Wen*>  W  w  tt-i^^^  -  -^j^,  ~  r .    |. 

Iwiire,  to  ie3ua?c*|frc94ci4^^ 

the ^i^^iMkiwi^-  p^,^i# '^mf^^'mj^ 

hm:i»t40tm^^*  and m  Wf3^^ili^e  cottM-^ 
reai  tlM^^^^  <t  iiiipri^  t|8ll8«cllQiiS|  in  vmffh 

all  must  participaf?!.  .     ,  «,     .      ./^       -. 

1|$.  Coimi^tfl  unanimity,  faowev€flr,  did  not  exist.  Bom  n 

of  the  late  ew^^^^  tw^^gland^  the  inpst  of  tjiosp 
«ri^r»  hiAA  nfRAAaTw kor  nnittMntmeiit. maov  wlioaeiimiaitv   .: 


mr 


*"api.l?eneral  Gage,  who  .h;»d  been  jrecently  apijolnted 
^60ior  of  Ma$saohusett8y  withdrew^)  from  other  ^^losts  on 


u$ 


EEVOLI^TION. 


IlW 


the  condaAnt,  sereiiJ  redments  of  troopSf  and  encamped 
tKem  on  ike  common,  kl  iBoston.  He  uierwardfli  careened 
fbr^ficationi  on  the  Neck,  a  narrow  isthmns  which  tinites 
the  town  with  the  main  land ;  and  on  the  ni^t  of  the  firat 
of  September,  he  seized  the  powder  deposited  in  the  pro- 
Tincial  arsen^  at  Cambridffe* 

S7.  The  people,  meanwhile,  were  not  idle.  Tl^ey  ap« 
pointed  delegates  to  a  proyincial  conffress,  which  as* 
sembled  in  the  beginning  of  October*  Mr.  Hancock  was 
chosen  president,  and  the  delegates  resolved,  that,  for  the 
defence  of  the  province,  a  military  force,  to  consist  of  one 
fourth  of  the  militia,  should  be  organized  jfthd  stand  readj 
to  march  at  a  minute's  warning;  that  money  should  bo 
raised  to  purchase  military  stores;  and  they  appointed  a 
Committee  of  supplies,  ana  a  'committee  of  safety,  to  sit 
during  the  recess.        V 

tS.  The  more  southern  provinces,  particularly  Pennsy  .* 
▼ania,  Yirpinia,  and  Maryland,  displayed  the  same  love  of 
liberty  ana  determination  to  resist ;  provincial  conffresses 
were  convened,  committees  appointed,  and  resdutions 
passed,  designed  and  adapted  to  animate  those  who,  in 
Massachusetts,  stood  in  the  post  of  danger,  and  to  excite 
in  all  hearts  that  devotion  to  country  which  is  alone 
capable  of  sustaining  a  people  in  an  arduoufii  struggle  with 
a  superior  foe. 

29;  In  the  parliament  of  Great  Britain,  American 
af&irs  came  on  to  be  discussed,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
year^  1775.  Several  ^lans  of  conciliation  were  prought 
forward  by  the  opposition  and  rejected ;  but  one,  proposed 
by  lord  North,  the  prime  minister,  was  adopted.  The 
purport  of  it  was,  that  if  any  colony  would  engage  to 
contribute  a  sum  satisfactory  to  his  majesty,  for  the  com- 
mon defence,  the  parliament  would  rorbear  to  tax  that 
colony,  so  long  as  the  contribution  was  punctually  paid. 
This  plan  conceded  nothing.  To  weaken  the  colonies  by 
dividing  them  was  so  evidently  the  object,  that  all  in- 
dignantly spumed  the  {nroifered  terms. 

30.  In  connection  with  this  conciliatory^  proposition,  as> 
it  was  called,  measures  of  punishment  ana  intiniidation 
were  adopted.  The  northern  colonies  were  prohibited 
from  fishing  on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  additicial 
restrictions  were  imposed  upon  the  trade  of  all  of  them, 
and  several  ships  of  the  line,  and  t^n  thousand  tro<^ 
Wer^  sent  to  America. 
^    tfl.  In  the  debates  in  parliament  the  friends  of  the 


1776.] 


REVOLUTIQNAllY  WAB. 


eolonies,  althongh  few,  were  aninntted  in  tlieir  praUiQ  and 
eloquent  m^herr  defence.  The  adherents  of  the  minietnr 
indulged  in  the  ^qrosseet  ahuse  and  ridicule.  The  Ameri- 
cans, thejr  said,  were  naturally  cowards,  habituallj  laz:|r, 
ard  constitutionally  feehle ;  their  were  incapable  of  disci- 
pline ;  and  a  small  tbrce  would  be  sufficient:  to  conquer 
them.  This  ignorance  of  their  character,  which  was 
general  throughout  England,  doubtless  caused  the  ministrsr 
to  persist  in  measures  idedch,  had  their  information  been 
correct,  they  would  never  have  ventured  to  undertak0.  ,  . 

22.  Qn  the  evening  of  the  18th  of  April,  general  Gage 
e|(6spatched  from  Boston  a  body  of  eight  hundred  troops,  to 
itestroy  a  quantity  of  provisions  and  military  stores  de- 
posited, by  the  Committee  of  supp^s,  at  Concord.  Infel- 
ligence  of  this  movement  was  sent  to  Lexington  and 
Concord  a  fewliours  hpfore  the  troops  embarked.  The 
ringing  of  bells  and  the  firing  of  signal  guns  brought  the 
tninute-men  together.  Early  the  next  morning,  those  of 
Lexington  assembled  on  the  green  near  the  meeting-house. 
A  few  mmutes  afterwards,  the  advanced  body  of  the  regu- 
lars approached  within  musket  shot.  Major  Pitcairn, 
jriding  forward^  exclaimed,  ^Disnersei  you  rebels,  throw 
down  your  arms  and  disperse.  Not  being  ins^ntly 
obeyed,  he  discharged  his  pistd  and  ordered  his  men  to 
fire.  The^  fired  ana  killed  severaL  l%e  militia  disi^ed; 
but  the  finng  continued.  In  the  whole,  eight  were  JiHcd, 
some  of  whom  were  shot  in  their  conceahnenit  behind  the 
fences. 

33.  The  detachment  proceeded  to  Concord.  The  minute- 
men  of  that  town  had  also  assembled ;  but,  being  few  in 
numbe»,  they  retired  on  the  approach  of  the  regulars. 
These  entered  the  town  and  destroyed  the  provisions  and 
stores.  The  minute-men  were  remforced  und  advanced 
again  tovmtda  the  regulars.  A  skirmish  ensued,  in  which 
tsaptain  Davis,  of  Acton,  was  killed.  The  British  troops 
were  compelled  to  retreat,  leaving  behind  them  several 
killed  and  wounded. 

^  34.  The  whole  counti^  was  now  in  arms,  and  the  troops 
retreated  with  precipitation.  The  militia  not  onl]^  pressed 
upon  their  rear,  but  placed  themselves  singly  behind  trees 
and  stone  walls,  and,  from  these  secure  coverts,  fired  upon 
g&em  as  they  passed.  At  Lexington  they  met  a  reinforce-: 
Vent  under  lord  Percy,  which  general  Gage  had  despatched 
«ii  receiving  information  of  the  occurrences  there  irtthe 


%f^  IIBVO][,IJTI0NAIIY  WAR, 


[mai 


35.  After.rQ$tiiiff  a  momenty  the  whole  body  procee^^d 
tb^vrards'  ^BMohi  Itt  ih^tM^efM  they  w^te  more  and 
Awe  har^i^'  !^  t^e  |ir6Tmciffift*|  whose  rii^ber  Ymmli 
*^^-^^-%taa^  y^ll^j^l^  ^j^^^^  j^Qj^  adi^ehtinrouur 

-1  tiak-*i„^*x^  t^iia-^iii  _ir  A^i{^t|j|*|  lojtds,  they  ci^ttU 

the  cidettiy  un0xpected)J^ 


irav%i&iMtiitt^ir^i[nmr< 

|mr6ae%ith  Uis'G^tWi&f 
it  thiava^otti  l^htdittj^el  $ 
men,  iheir  allots  seldom' 


bbihjg  lul  dxperiendea  marks^ 
d  otefSdci,    At  Si^nset,  the 


regmanly  idnibst  oyercome  with  fatigne,  pas^d  aloni* 
Om^lci9tb#it  I^k,  ttid  fomid,  on  Bip3cer*s  HiH,  a  place 
of  (i^nrity  aii^  repbfl^.  ■ 

39.  Iift3i&  eiii^ffeme^t^;  a£xty-f!ye  ot*  the  royal  forces 
Were  Ic^Hed,  one  himdred  md  eighty  wounded,  and  twenty- 
eight  made  |tri80ni^rSik  Of  the  provincials,  nfty  were  killed, 
tmrty-fooi  wegre  wbdndEe^  iaa  four  were  missing. '  The 
kiHed  were  lamented  Snd  honored  as  tK^  first  martyrs  in 
the  catiSe  of  Hberly.  In  the  yarious  sections  of  country 
from  w^ich  tlier  came,  hatred  of  Grea^  Britain  took  stilt 
|d0eper  root ;  antf^ew^  connected  more  than  any 

other  p^  of  Ute:  worlds  is  6k^  i^eat  finnily,  hv  the  closest 
intimaOY  of  afi  th^  inhabitaiitis,  uniyersally  feli  the  depri- 
vation 4ith  a  mixed  feeling  of  sorrow  and  ra^e. 

S7*[  Intelli|ience  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  si>read  rapidly 
iVoni^  liftu(8itoh|E^^  adjoining  ptovihces.    The 

fsurmOT  left  14a  l^iou^  inthe  fhrrow,the  mechanic  dropped 
the  uteiuil  in  his  hii^^^  and'  seizing  their  arn^s,  all  hastened 
to  tho  environs  Of  Boston,  tn  a  few  days,  a  large  army 
was  assen^ted^  whieh,  under  the  command  of  general 
Ward,  of  IVUssachusetts,  and  general  Putnam,  of  Connec- 
ticut, closely  invested  the  town,  and  alarmed  general  Qage 
for  the  safety  of  his  garrison. 

3d.  In  the  remoter  provinces,  the  intellkence  was  con- 
sidered of  solemn  and  alarming  import.  The  great  drama 
was  opendd,  aii^  the  part  which  each  should  take  must 
immediately  be  chosen.  By  many  a  resort  to  arms  had 
neyeir  been  antlc^ated.  To  them,  the  decision  was  more 
painful ;  but  all  the  colonies,  except  Georgia,  adopted  at 
once  the  heroic  resolution  to  unijte  their  fortunes  with 
those  of  New-|!ngtand. 

39.  Connecticut  had  poured  forth  her  fiill  proportion  of 
hardy  yeomanryto  man  the  lines  around  Boston;  but 
sevenil,  wh«  rem^iined  at  home,  conceived  the  project  of 
#urpnsinr  Ticonderxjga,  a  fortifted  post  on  the  westerii 
•bore,  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  commanding  the  entrance 
into  Canada.    They  commnnicated  their  design  to  colonel 


ir76.>         HEVOLfJ^ONARY  WAlt 


*:^W»»' 


% 


\. 


')i■^'' 


i^.' 


Ethan  Allem  of  Vermmt,  who»  upon  their  arrival  at  Cas^ 
tleton  with  forty  meii«  met  them  there  at  the  head  of  two 
hundred  and  thirty  Green  Mountain  boys*  The  next  day» 
captain  Benedict  Arnold,  of  Conneoticttt»  who,  upon  the 
first  alarmy  had  hastened  ta  Be^to|^  ixrived  from  that 
place,  haying  conceived  the  sanie  project  and  been  autho*- 
rized,  bv  the  committee  of  safety  in  Massachusetts,  to 
undertalce  it. 

40.  Allen  and  Arnold,  at  the  head  of  the  Green  Mountain 
boys,  hastened  to  Ticonderoga,  and  the  remainder  of  the 
party  to  Sk€  asborough.  On  the  night  of  the  ninth  of 
May,  about  eighty,  all  that  the  boats  could  Oanry,.  crossed 
the  lake,  and,  at  dawn  of  day,  landed  near  the  fortress^ 
They  advanced  to  the  gateway.  A  sentinel  snapped  his 
fusee  at  colonel  Alien  and  retreated.  The  American», 
following,  found  the  commander  in  bed.  Colonel  Allen 
demanded  the  surrender  of  the  fort.  *'  By  what  authority 
do  you  demand  it  T*  "  In  the  naiue,"  replied  Allen,  "  of 
the  Great  Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Congress."  Thei 
British  officer,  having  but  Hily  men,  saw  that  resistance 
would  be  vain,  and  a^^eed  to  surrender* 

41.  When  the  remainder  of  the  party  arrived,  they  were 
despatched,  under  colonel  Seth  Warner,  to  take  possession 
of  Crown  Point ;  and  Arnold,  haatUy  manning  a  schooner, 
sailed  to  capture  a  sloop  of  war  lying  at  the  outlet  of  the 
lake.  These  ^wp  expeditions,  as  well  as  that  against 
^keensborouffh,  were  saccessful ;  and  thus  was  obtained^ 
without  blooashed,  the  command  of  those  important  posts, 
together  with  more  than  one  hundred  pieces  uf  cannon, 
and  other  munitions  of  war.  The  unexpected  news  of 
this  brilliant  success  imparted  highcourage  and  animation 
to  the  Americans. 

42.  Most  of  the  militia,  who  had  repaired  to  Boston, 
returned  soon  after  to  their  homes,  but  a  sufficient  number 
remained,  posted  near  the  Neck,  to  prevent  the  British 
from  leaving  the  town  by  land.  Between  detachments 
from  these  and  parties  of  regulars,  who  were  often  sent  tc 
collect  forage  on  the  islands  in  the -harbor,  fre(iuent  skir- 
mishes took  place,  in  most  of  which  the  Americans  were 
successful* 

43.  In  the  beginning  of  June,  several  transports,  filled 
with  troops,  commanded  by  generals  Howe,  Clinton,  and 
Burgoyne,  arrived  from  England,  and  general  €^ge  began 
to  act  with  more  decision  and  Tigor.  He  issued  a  procla- 
macioa  dedaring  those  in  arm& ,  and  aU  who  aided  iheau 

N  8 


m 


i^OlXmOHAUY  WAB,  [177^ 


leb^s  ai^d  tjaitors.  and  threat^ed  to  punish  them  as  suphf 
iti^eiis  ihej  immtiolat^y  f eiti^^  t6~  their  peaeefnl  occu- 
latfohs.  lip  premified  Mi  mi^^iityV  p^rd^  to  all  who 
riiibiild  iii  tub  manner  jir^  p^oof  6f'  t^6ir  ]reneti|ance  and 
am0ndmiBnt,  excepting^  Sainnel  Adalns  and^ John  Hslhcockj 
Those  crimesy  he  alleged,  wi^re  too  ifliigitioas  to  admit  of 
pindon. 

44.  This  proolamation,  aiid  the  arriyal  of  the  troops,  faf 
from  dismaymgy  aroused  the  P0ople.to  greater  activity  an(? 
watehiiilness.  Again  the  militia  ivssem^d  and  surrounded 
Boston. Unwilling  to  endure  the  inconvenience  and  disgrace 
of  this  confineinont,  general  Gage  made  preparation  to 
penetrate,  with  a  portion  of  his  army,  into  the  country. 
To  prevent  this,  the  prpvinclal  eenerals  resolved  to  occupy 
Bunker's  Hill,  an  eminence  in  Charlestown,  situated  on  a 
l^ninsula  that  approaches  near  to  fiostdn<    '' 

45.  On  tiM.  evening  of  the  16th  of  June,  a  thousand  men, 
vnder  the  command  of  bolonel  Prescot,  of  Massachusetts, 
colohell^tark,  from  New-Hainpshire^  and  captain  Knowlton, 
from  Connecticut,  were  despatbhed,  on  this  service.  They 
were  conducted,  by  mistaHe,  to  Breed's  Hill,  which  was 
nearer  to  tl^e  water  and  to  Boston,  than  BiAiker's.  At 
twelve  o^clock  they  began  to  throw  up  entrenchments^ 
and  by  dawn  of  day,  had  completed  a  redoubt  eight  rod» 
square.  As  soon  as  they  were  discovered^  they  wore  fired 
upon  f^om  a  ship  of  war  aiid  several  floating  batteries  lying 
near,  and  irom  a  fortifieation  in  Boston  opposite  the  redoubt. 
The  Americans,  nevertheless,  encouraged  hj  general  Put- 
nam, who  often  visited,  them  on  the  hill,  continued  to  labor 
until  they  had  finished  a  slight  breastwork  extending  from 
the  redoubt  eastward  to  the  water.  And  in  the  morning 
they  received  a  reinforcement  of  five 'hundred  men. 

46.  The  temerity  of  the  provincials  astonished  and 
incensed  general  Gage,  and  he  determined  to  drive  them 
immediately  from  their  position.  A  oout  noon,  a, body  of  :; 
three  tlioUsand  regulars,  conunanded  by  general  Howe^ 
left  Boston  in  [boats  and  landed  in  Charlestown,  at  the 
extreme  point  of  the  peninsula.  Generals  Clinton  and 
Burgoyne  took  their  station  on  an  eminence  in  Bc^ston, 
commanding  a  'distinct  view  of  the  hill.  The  spires  of 
the  churches,  the  roofs  of  the  houses,  and  all  the  heights, 
in  the  neighborhood  were  covered  with  people,  waiting, 
in  dreadful  anxiety,  to  witness  the  approaching  battle. 

37.  The  regulars,  forming  at  the  place  of  landing, 
HaQrok^  fidOwfy  up  the  hill|  halting  fre(|uen%  to  idll>w 


-i 


IT76.] 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


w 


4 


time  to  the  artillery  to  demolish  the  worlds.  Whil^  «^^ 
tanoinfff  the  village  of  Charlestown,  containififf  about  Midt 
hiindreS  hopsee,  was  set  on  iirei)y  order  of  general  Oa|^* 
Tfod  flames  dsibehded  to  a  lofh^heisht,  presenting  it  sublinid 
and  mttniifident  spectacle.  The  Americans  reserved  theii 
ftre  until  the  British  were  within  ten  rods  of  tne  redoubt; 
then,  taldng  &  steady  aim,  they  began  a  furious  discharge. 
Entire  ranSs  of  the  assailants  feU.  The  enemy  halted 
and  returned  the  fire;  but  that  €rom  the  redoubt  <r<)ntinning 
hicessant  and  doing  great  execution^  they  retreated  in  hiiste 
and  disorder  down  the  hill,  some  even  taking  refhge  in 
their  boats* 

48.  The  offi0ers  were  seen  running  hither  and  thither, 
collecting,  arranging  and  addressing  their  men,  who  were 
at  length  in''  iced  again  to  ascend  the  hill.  The  Ameri- 
cans now  reserv^d  their  fire  until  the  enemy  had  ajq^roached 
even  hearer  than  before,  when,  a  tremendous  volley  was 
at  once  poured  upon  them.  Terrified  by  the  carnage  around 
them,  they  a^in  retreated  with  precipitation,  and  such 
was  the  panic  that  genera}  Howe  was  lef);  almost  alone 
on  the  hill  side,  his  troops  having  de6«srted  him  and  nearly 
every  oiUcer  around  him  being  killed. 

49.  At  this  moment,  genersj  Clinton,  who  had  observed 
from  Boston  the  prc^^ss  of  the  baftl<^  feeling  that  British 
honor  was  at  stake,  hastened  with  a  reinforcement  to  the 
assistance  of  Ms  couhtr3rmei[il  By  his  exertions,  the  troops 
were  a  tMrd  time  rallied,  and  were  compelled  by  the  offi- 
cers, who  marched  behind  them,  with  drawn  stirords,  to 
advance  again  towards  the  Americans.  The  fire  from  the 
ships  and  batteries  was  redpabled,  and  a  few  pieces  of 
cannoii  had  been  so  placed  as  to  rake  the  interior  of  the 
breastwork  from  end  to  end*  ^    -^^ 

50.  The  prpvinclals,  having  expended  their  ammunition, 
awaited  in  silence  the  approach  of  the  regulars.  The 
latter  entered  the  Tedoubt.  The  former,  having  no 
bayonets,  defended  themselves,  for  a  short  time,  with  the 
butt  end  of  their  muskets.  FrcHn  this  unequal  contest 
they  were  soon  compelled;  to  retire.    As  they  retreated 

,  over  Charlestown  Nieck,  the  fire  from  the  floating  batte 
ries  was  incessant ;  but,  providentially,  a  few  only  were 
killed.    The  enemy  had  sustained  too  much  injury  to  tliink 
of  pursuit. 

51.  In  this  desperate  and  bloody  conflict,  the  royal  forces 
Gonsistedi  as  has  been  stated,  of  three  thousand  men,  and 
thte  provincials  of  but  fifteen  hundred.    Of  the  former,  one 


■%v- 


159 


REVOLtmONARY  WAR. 


[mit 


4^ 


thousand  aiid  fifty-f  r  Were  killed  and  wounded ;  of  the 
latter,  four  hundred  and  fiftjr-throe.  This  disparity  of 
loss,  the  steadiness  and  braverv  displayed  by  their  recent, 
undisciplined  levies,  occasioned  among  the  Americans  the 
i  hiffhjst  exultation,  and,  in  their  view,  more  than  counter 
huanced  the  loss  of  position.  If  this  is  a  British  victory 
how  many  such  victories,  they  triumphantly  asked,  can 
their  army  achieve  withou^ruin  ? 

52^  But  deep  and  heart-felt  sorrow  was  intermingled 
with  their  rejoicings.  Among  the  killed,  was  doctor 
Warren,  a  patriot,  who,  at  an  early  period,  had  espoused 
with  warmth  the  cause  of  freedom ;  who  had  displayed 
great  intrepridity  in  several  skirmishes;  had  four  days 
before  been  elected  major-general ;  and  had,  on  the  fatal 
day,  hastened  to  the  field  of  battle,  to  serve  his  country 
as  a  volunteer.  For  his  many  virtues,  his  ^egant  manners, 
his  generous  devotion  to  his  country^  his  high  attainments 
in  political  science,  he  was  beloved  and  respected  by  his 
republican  associates ;  and  to  him  their  affections  pomted 
as  a  future '  leader,  in  a  cause  dear  to  their  hearts,  and 
intimately  connected  with  their  glory. 

53.  In  the  midst  of  these  military  transactions,  a  conti- 
nental congress  assembled  at  Philaaelphia.  It  comprised 
delegates  from  twelve  colonies,  all  of  whom  were  animated 
with  a  determined  spirit  of  opposition  to  pajrliamentary 
taxation.  A  majority,  however,  had  not  yet  formed  the 
hirdy  resolution  to  separate  fr<jm  the  mother  country,  end 
aim  at  independence.  The  measures  partook  of  the  oppo- 
site feelings  of  the  members.    Mr.  Hancock,  the  proscribed 

Eatriot,  was  chosen  president ;  they  resolved  that  another 
umble  petition  for  redress  of  grievances,  should  be  pre- 
sented to  the  king  ^  but  thf'y  also  resolvea  that  means  of 
defence  should  be  unmediaj^ely  prepared,  and  proceeded  to 
the  choice  of -officers  to  command  their  united  forces. 

54.  To  induce  the  friends  of  liberty  in  the  southern 
provinces,  to  embark  more  warmly  in  the  cause  of  resist- 
ance, the  northern  delegates  determined  to  give  their 
suffrages,  for  a  commander-in-chief,  to  a  person  residing 
in  that  quarter.     Fortunately,  one  was  found  eminently 

2ualified  for  the  office.  By  unanimous  vote  of  the  congress, 
irEORGE  WASHINGTON,  then  present  as  delegate  from  Vir- 
ginia, was  elected.  He  had  served,  with  high  reputation, 
m  the  late  war  witjb  France;  was  distinguished  iii  his 
native  province  for  his  military  knowledge,  his  great 
wealthy  the  dignity  of  his  deportment,  his  unsu^ectfTd 


fA 


17760 


REVOLUnOKARY  WAR. 


153 


lute^ty^  and  his  ardent  attachment  to  the  interests  of  his 
coi^ntr/ 

55.  The  i^^sident  addiessing  him  in  his  seat,  announced 
to  hhn  the  6hdce  which  the  congress  had  made.  Wash- 
ington declared  his  acceptance  with  a  diMHence  whidi 
gave  to  his  mreat  talents  a  brighter  lustre ;  and  admired 
congress  that,  as  no  pecuniary  compensation  coulii  ha(ve 
tempted  him  to  accept  the  office,  at  the  sacrifice  of  his 
domestic  ease  and  happiness,  ha  would  receive  no  pay,  and 
wonld  ask  only  the  remuneration  of  his  expenses.  Arte- 
mas  Ward,  Charles  Lee,  Philip  Schuyler,  and  Israel  Put- 
nam, were  then  chosen  major-generals,  and  Horatio  Gates 
ac^utant-general.  Lee  had  lately  held  the  offiee'of  colonel, 
and  Gates  that  of  major,  in  the  British  army.'  ^ 

56.  Congress  also  resolved  tlut,  for  defraying  the  ex- 
penses which  might  be  incurred,  bills  of  credit,  or  paper 
money,  to  the  amount  of  three  millions  of  dollars,  should 
be  issued,  and  pledged  the  colonies  for  their  redem^ionf 
A  solemn  and  dignified  declaration,  setting  forth  the 
eauses  and  necessity  of  taking  up  arms,  wa^  prepared  to 
be  published  to  the  army  in  orders,  and  to  the  people  from 
the  pulpit.  After  par^iculaxizing  the  aggressions  of  Great 
Britain,  with  the  energy  of  men  feeling  unmerited  injury, 
they  exclaim: 

57.  "But  why  should  we  enumerate  our  injuries  in  de- 
tail 1  By  one  statute  it  is  declaxed  that  parliament  can  of 
right  make  laws-to  bind  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever.  What 
is  to  defend  us  against  so  enormous,  so  unlimited  apower? 
Not  a  single  man  of  those  who  assume  it,  was  chosen  by 
us,  or  is  Subject  to  our  control  or  influence;  but,  on  the 
contrary^  they  are  all  of  them  exempt  from  the  operation 
of  sucl^  laws,  and  an  American  revenue,  if  not  diverted 
from  the  ostensible  purposes  forv/hich  it  is  raised,  would 
actually  lighten  their  own  burdens,  in  pror  Drtion  as  it  in- 
creases ours.  We  saw  the  misery  to  which  such  despot- 
ism would  reduce  us.  We,  lor  ten  years,  incessaptly  and 
ineffectuSly  besieged  the  throne  as  supplicants ;  we  rea- 
soned, we  remonstrated  with  parliament  in  the  most  mild 
and  decent  language. 

58-  "  We  are  now  reduced  to  the  alternative  of  choosing 
an  unconditional  submission  to  the  will  of  irritated,  minis- 
ters, or  resistance  by  force.  The  latter  is  our  choicf , 
We  have  counted  the  cost  of  this  contest,  and  find  nothing 
«o  dreadful  as  voluntary  slavery.  Honor,  justice,  and 
atmanity  forbid  us  tamely  to  sunender  that  freedom  which 


164 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


(1775. 


we  leoeiyed  from  our  gallant  ancestors,  and  which  our 
innocent  pojETteirity  have  a  riffht  to  receive  from  us.  We 
cannot  endure  the  infamy  and  guilt  of  resigning  succeeding 
generations  to  that  wretchedness  which  inevitably  awaits 
theBi  if  we  basely  entail  hereditary  bondage  upon  them. 
#59,  *'  Our  cause  is  just ;  our  union  is  perfect.  Our 
internal  resources  are  'great ;  and,  if  necessary,  foreign 
assistance  is  undoubtedly  attainable.  We  gratefully  ac- 
knowledge, as  a  siffnal  instance  of  the  divine  favor  towards 
us,  that  his  providence  would  not  permit  ub  to  be  called 
into  this  severe  controversy,  until  we  were  grown  up  to 
our  present  strength,  had  been  previously  exercised  in  war- 
like operations,  an^  possessed  the  means  of  defending 
ourselves. 

60.  **  With  hearts  fortified  by  these  anLnating  reflections, 
we  most  solemnly,  before  God  and  the  world,  declare,  that 
everting  the  utmost  energy  of  those  powers,  which  cur 
beneficent  Creator  hath  graciously  bestowed,  the  arms  we 
have  been  compelled  by  our  enemies  to  assume,  we  will, 
in  defiance  of  every  hazard,  with  unabating  firmness  and 
perseverance,  employ  for  the  preservation  of  our  liberties, 
being,  with  one  mind,  resolved  to  die  freemen  rather  than 
to  live  slaves." 

61.  Soon  after  his  election,  general  Washington^  accom- 
panied by  general  Lee,  and  several  other  gentlemen,  set 
out  for  the  camp  at  Cambridge.  In  every  place  through 
whic^i  he  passed,  h@  leceivea  the  highest.honprs.  A  com- 
mittee fron)  the  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts,  met 
him  at  Springfield,  and  conducted  him  to  head-quarters, 
where  another  committee  presented  him  a  respectful  and 
affectionate  addr^****. 

63.  He  found  the  army,  consisting  of  fourteen  thousand 
men,  posted  on  the  heignts  around  Boston,  fonning  a  line 
which  extended  from  Hoxbury  on  the  right,  to  the  river 
Mystic  on  the  lefl,  a  distance  of  twelve  miles.  The 
troops  were  ardently  devoted  to  the  cause  of  liberty,  but 
destitttte  of  disciplme,  averse  to  subordination^  without 
powder,  without  tents,  and  without  most  of  the  conveni- 
ences usually  provided  for  regular  arades. 

63.  With  the  assistance  of  general  Gates,  he  introduced 
some  degree  of  regularity  and  system.  Several  barrels  of 
powder  were  obtained  from  New- Jersey-  and  captain  Manly, 
commander  of  the  ^privateer  Lee,  captured  an  ordnance 
ship,  containing  arms,  anmmpition,  ana  a  complete  assort- 
ment of  such  working  tools  as  were  most  iiieeded  in  the 


I 


m5.i 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


J5$ 


American  oamp.  This  proyidentlal  capture  was  followed 
by  others  which  supplied  the  most  pressing  wants  of  th6 
anny,  enabled  it  to  continue,  through  the  year,  the  block- 
ade of  Boston,  and  contributed  greatly  to  distress  the 
enemytfor  whose  use  the  cargoes  were  destined. 

64.  JBrents  ocourins  this  year,  in  the  southern  colonies, 
still  farther  weakened  the  attachment  of  the  people  to 
Great  Britain.  In  Virginia,  I^ord  Dunmore,  the  governor, 
seized  by  night,  some  powder  belongins  to  the  colony^  and 
conveyed  it  on  board  a  British  ship  in  James  river.  Intel- 
ligence of  this  transaction  reaching  Patrick  Henry,  he 
pGused  himsel^at  the  head  of  the  independent  companies 
m  his  vicinity,  and  marched  towards  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment, with  the  avowed  purpose  of  obtaining,  by  force* 
restitution  of  the  powder,  or  its  value.  He  was  met  by  a 
messenger,  who  paid  him  the  value  of  the  powder,  when 
he  and  the  militia  returned  to  their  homes. 

65.  Alarmed  by  this  display  of  spirit  and  patriotism, 
lord  Dunmore  fortified  his  palace.  JProm  this  castle,  he 
issued  a  proclamation  chargms  Henry  and  his  associates 
with  rebellious  practices,  which  offended  the  people,  who 
highly  approved  their  conduct.  Other  causes  increasing 
the  popular  ferment,  he  quitted  his  palace,  and  repaired  to 
a  ship  of  war  then  lyin^  at  Yorktown. 

66.  In  November,  he  issued  another  proclamation,  offer- 
ing freedom  to  those  sUves  belonging  to  rebel  mJMSiters,  who 
dhould  join  his  majesty's  troops  at  Yorktown.  Several 
hundred,  in  consequence,  repaired  to  that  place.  A  body 
of  militia  immediately  assembled,  and,  while  posted  nea* 
the  city,  were  attacked,  with  great  bravery,  by  the  regulars, 
royalists,  and  negroes.  The  militia,  repelling  the  attack 
with  c  qual  bravery,  gained  a  decisive  victory.  Lord  Dim- 
more  then  evacuated  the  city,  and,  followed  by  his  white 
!*:id  black  forces,  sought  refuge  on  board  the  ships  of  his 
majesty.  Soon  afler,  Norfolk,  set  on  fire  by  his  order,  was 
mostly  consumed,  and  its  destruction  was  completed  by  the 
provincials,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  deriving  supplies 
from  that  quarter. 

67.  The  governor  of  North-Carolina,  following  the  ex- 
ample of  lord  Dunmore,  fortified  his  palace  at  Newborn. 
This  caused  a  commotion  among  the  people,  which  induced 
him  to  retire  on  board  a  ship  in  the  harbor.  While  there, 
he  made  zealous  exertions  to  organizea  party  in  favor  of 
the  reyal  cause ;  and  a  band  of  Scotch  Highlanders,  settled 
in  the  interior  country,  listened  to  his  persuasions.    On 


156 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[1775. 


their  march  to  the  sea  coast,  they  were  met  by  a  party  of 
militia,  who  attacked  and  dispersed  them.  This  early 
victory  secured  the  predominance  of  the  whigs,  and  crushed 
the  hopes  and  spirits  of  the  tories. 

68.  South-Carolina  had  always,  with  great  unanimity 
and  zeal,  resisted  parliamentary  taxation ;  and  soon  ailer 
the  battle  of  Lexington,  the  governor,  lord  William  Camp- 
bell, apprehensive  of  danger  to  his  person,  retired^  from 
the  province.  In  July,  Georgia  chose  delegates  to  the 
continental  congress^  increasing  to  thirteen  the  number 

of  the  UNITED  COLONIES. 

69.  The  provmce  of  New- York  contained  many  warm 
advocates  fur  freedom ;  but  its  capital  had  so  long  been 
the  head-quartern;  of  the  British  SLuay  in  America,  that 
many  of  the  principal  inhabitants,  having  contracted  inti- 
mate relations  with  British  officers,  had  become  devoted 
to  the  royal  cause.  The  assembly,  acting  under  their  influ- 
ence, declined  to  choose  delegates  to  the  continental  con- 
gress held  in  May,  1775 ;  but  the  people^  a  majority  of 
whom  were  actuated  by  different  feelings,  elected  a  pro- 
vincial congress,  by  whom  those  delegates  were  chosen. 

70.  When  intelligence  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  reach- 
ed the  city,  captain  Sears,  an  active  and  intrepid  leader  of 
the  "sons  of  liberty,"  took  effectual  measures  to  prevent 
vessels  bomid  to  ^orts  in  Amerca,  where  the  royal  cause 
pi^vailea,^ffom  sailing.  An  association  was  also  formed, 
consisting  of  one  thousand  of  the  principal  inhabitants, 
who  bound  themselves  to  assist  in  carrying  into  execution 
whatever  measure  might  i)e  rpcommendeo,  by  the  conti- 
nental congress,  to  prevent  the  execution  of  the  oppressive 
acts  of  the  British  parliament. 

71.  The  ministry,  desirous  of  retaining  in  obedience 
this  important  colony,  appointed  Mr^Tryon,  to  be  governor 
over  it.  He  had  before  filled  the  same  office ;  was  a  man 
*of  address,  and  greatly  beloved  by  the  people.  He  came 
fully  empowered  to  gain  adherents  by  dispensing  promises 
and  money  at  his  discretion.  The  success  of  his  intrigues 
alarmed  congress,  who,  having  particular  reference  to  him, 
recommended  that""  all  persons  whose  going  at  large  might 
endanger  the  liberties  oi  America,  should  be  arrested  and 
secured."  Gaining  early  intelligence  of  this,  he  also 
sought  refuge  on  board  a  ship  in  the  harbor. 

7l.  Although  the  autumn  of  1775  was  not  distinguished 
by  any  brilliant  exploit,  yet  the  time  of  congress  and  of 
the  commander-in-chief,  was  not  unprofitably  employed* 


IT76.] 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


f6T 


also 


Constant  attention  was  paid  to  the  discipline  of  the  troops ; 
arrangements  were  made  to  obtain  a  supply  of  military 
stores ;  the  building  and  ecjuipment  of  a  naval  force  was 
commenced ;  two  expeditions  were  organized  and  des- 
patched against  Canada,  one  by  the  way  of  lake  Champlaia* 
the  other  of  the  river  Kennebeck ;  and  ^^neral  Lee,  with 
IWelVe  hundred  volunteers  from  Connecticut,  was  directed 
to  proceed  to  New- York,  and,  with  the  aid  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, fortify  the  city  and  the  highlands. 

73.  The  abolition  of  all  legal  authority  in  the  colonies 
was  an'evil  for  which,  though  less  than  had  been  antici- 

Sted,  it  was  yet  expedient  to  provide  a  remedy.  lifew- 
ampshire  applied  to  congress  for  advice  on  Uiis  subject. 
A  favorable  opportunity  was  thus  presented  to  the  zealous 
patriots  in  congress,  to  propose  a  remedy  for  the  evil, 
which  should,  at  the  same  time,  exhibit  in  practice  the 
fundamental  principle  of  their  political  creed,  that  all 
legitimate  authority  must  be  derived  from  the  people ;  and 
should  also  prepare  the  way  for  their  darling  object,  a 
declaration  of  independence. 

74*  .A,  resolution  was  introduced,  recommending  that  a 
convention  of  representatives,  freely  elected  by  the  people 
of  that  colony«  should  be  called,  for  the  ])urpose  of  estab- 
lishing such  a  form  of  government  as  they  might  deem 
proper.  It  wis  warmly  opposed  by  those  members  who 
were  yet  desirous  of  an  accommodation  with  the  mother 
country.  An  amendment  being  made,  providing  that  the 
government  established  should  continue  in  force  no  longer 
than  the  existing  contest  with  Great  Britain,  the  re^  3u- 
tion  passed.  Representatives  were  accordingly  chosen, 
who,  on  the  5th  of  January,  1776,  adopted  a  written  con- 
stitution, acknowledging  no  source  of  power  but  the  peo- 
ple. In  other  oolomes,  the  same  course  was  soon  after- 
wards pursued. 

75.  A  transaction,  displaying  the  vindictive  feelings  of 
rthe  Britisl^,  occurred  in  October.   The  ministry  had  isisued 

orders  to  the  oiRcers  of  the  navy  to  proceed,  as  in  the 
case  of  actual  rebellion,  against  all  the  colonial  seaports' 
accessible  to  ships  of  war,  which  should  discover  symp- 
toms of  attachment  to  the  cause  of  liberty.  Falmouth,  a 
flourishing  town  in  Massachusetts,  having  given  some 
particular  offence,  its  destruction,  uilder  color  of  these 
orders,  was  resolved  on,  and  captain  Mowatt,  with  four 
ships,  was  despatched  on  that  service. 

76.  The  citizens  made  an  effort,  by  negotiation,  to  avert 

o 


IM 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[177^.: 


i 


I  :  ' 


their  ruin ;  but  as  the  temis  which  were  oflered  could  not 
be  accepted  without  dishonor,  they  were  at  once  rejected. 
The  bombardment  immediately  conmienced,  the  town  was 
set  on  fire,  and  four  hundred  buildings  reduced  to  ashes. 
This  wanton  act  of  devastation  was  strongly  reprobated 
throu|;hout  America,  and  se^ed  to  inflame,  rather  than  to 
intimidate,  the  people.  The  town  has  since  been  rebuilt, 
its  name  changed  to  Portland,  and  it  is  now  the  capital  of 
Maine. 

77.  As  the  year  1775  drew  near  to  •  close,  the  condition 
of  the^arm^,  employed  in  the  blockade  of  Boston,  engaged 
the  attention  or  congress.  A  speedy  adjustment  of  the 
dispute  being  at  first  expected,  the  men  had  been  enlisted 
to  serve  only  until  the  first  of  January.  No  prospect  now 
appealed  of  an  immediate  accommodation.  It  was  there- 
fore resolved  to  form  a  new  army,  to  consist  of  twenty 
thousand  men,  and  to  be  raised,  as  far  as  practicably,  from 
the  troops  then  in  service.  Unfortunately  it  was  deter- 
mined, that  the  enlistments  should  be  made  for  one  year 
only,  an  error  the  consequences  of  which  were  afterwards 
very  severely  felt. 

78.  It  was  supposed  that  most  of  those  whom  patriotism 
had  impelled  to  join  the  army,  would  continue  in  the 
service  of  their  country;  but  when  the  experiment  was 
made,  it  was  found  that  their  ardor  had  considerably 
abated.  The  blockade  of  Boston  presented  no  opportunity 
of  acquiring  glory,  by  deeds  of  noble  daring ;  the  fatiguin^g 
duties  of  me  camp  wore  upon  their  spirits,  affected  their 
health,  and  produced  an  unconquerable  longing  to  revisit 
their  homes.  Notwithstanding  the  great  exertions  of 
general  Washington,  no  more  than  half  the  estimated 
humber  had  been  enlisted  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

79.  The  people  and  the  troops,  supposing  the  army  to 
be  stronger  than  it  was,  expressed  ^reat  dissatisfaction  at 
the  inactivity  of  the  commander-in-chief,  which  some 
imputed  to  dishonorable  motives.  An  attack  upon  Boston 
was  loudly  demanded.  Washington  three  times  proposed 
it  to  a  council  of  war ;  but  in  every  instance  the  decision 
was  unanimous  against  it.  At  the  last  time,  however,  the 
council  recommended  that  the  town  should  be  more  closely 
invested.  On  the  evening  of  the  fourth  of  March  1776, 
the  attention  of  the  enemy  being  diverted,  by  a  brisk 
cannonade,  to  a  different  quarter,  a  party  of  troopSj  under 
the  command  of  general  Thomas,  took  possession,  in 
silence,  of  Dorchester  heights,  and  with  almost  incredible 


1775.1 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


Ik9 


1 

industry,  erected,  before  mominff,  a  line  of  fortificationf 
which  commanded  the  harbor  ana  the  town. 

80.  The  view  of  these  works,  raised  like  an  exhalation 
from  the  earth,  excited  the  astonishment  of  general  Howe, 
who,  on  the  resignation  of  general  Gaffe,  had  been  appoint- 
ed commander-in-chief.  He  saw  that  he  must  immediately 
dislodge  the  Americans  or  evacuate  the  town.  The  next 
day  he  ordered  3000  nien  to  embark  in  boats  and  nroceoded, 
by  way  of  Castle  Island,  to  (^ttack  the  works  on  the 
heights.  A  f\irious  storm  dispersed  them;  the  fortifica- 
tions, in  the  mean  timOf  were  rendered  too  strong  to  be 
forced ;  and  general  lUfwe  was  compelled  to  seek  safety 
in  an  immediate  departure  from  Bo3ton. 

'81.  Of  the  determination  of  'he  enemy  to  evacuate  the 
town,  general  Washington  was  soon  apprized.  The  event 
being  certain,  he  did  not  wish  by  an  attack  to  hasten  it,  as 
the  fortifications  at  New- York,  to  which  place  he  pre- 
sumed thejr  would  repair,  were  not '  sufficient  forwardness 
to  protect  it.  The  embarkation  was  made  on  the  17th  of 
March ;  a  few  days  after,  tlo  .  'hole  fleet ::  ot  sail,  and  the 
American  army  hastened,  b>  divisions,  to  New- York. 

82.  The  acquisition  of  this  important  town  occasioned 
great  and  general  rejoicing.  The  thanks  of  congress  were 
voted  to  general  Washington  and  his  troops,  for  their  wise 
and  spirited  conduct,  n  medal  of  gold  was  ordered  to  be 
struck  in  commemoration  of  the  event.  The  British  Jfleet, 
instead  of  conveying  the  troops  to  New- York,  steered  for 
Halifax,  having  on  board  a  large  number  of  tories  and 
their  baggage. 


>der 


-     CHAPTER  XVII. 
EXPEDITION  AGAINST  CANADA. 

It  has  been  already  stated,  that  two  expeditions  were 
despatched  against  Canada.  The  command  of  that,  whigh 
was  to  proceed  by  way  of  lake  Champlain,  was  given  to 
general  Schuyler  of  New- York.  The  number  of  troops 
to  be  employed  was  fixed  at  three  thousand,  and  they  were 
to  be  drawn  from  New- York  arid  New-England.  Gover- 
nor Cafleton,  gaining  intelligence  of  the  project,  despatched 
about  eight  hundred  men  tD  strengthen  the  works  at  St. 


1M0 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[ITTS; 


Johncr^  on  the  river  Sorely  a  position  commanding  the  ususJ 
entrance  into  Canada. 

Si  Brigadier  general  Montgomery,  a  young  officer  of 
brilliant  talents,  and  ambitious  of  glory,  was  ordered  to 
proceed  in  advance,  with  the  troops^  then  in  readiness,  and 
atUek  this  important  position,  before  it  had  been  made  too 
strong  to  be  taken.  When  commencing  his  career,  the 
glory  luid  fate  of  Wolfe  were  present  to  his  thoughts,  and 
to  his  wife  his  parting  words  were,  "  you  shall  never  blush 
for  your  Montgomery."  General  Schuyler  seen  followed, 
and  on  arriving  at  Isle  aux  Noix,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
British  works,  he  addressed  a  proclamation  to  the  Cana- 
dians, exhorting  them  to  join  their  brethren  in  the  cause  of 
freedom,  and  declaring  that  the  American  army  came  as 
friends  of  the  inhabitants,  and  as  enemies  only  of  the 
British  garrisons. 

3.  The  fortifications  at  St.  Johns  being  found  stronger 
than  was  anticipated,  general  Schuyler  returned  to  Albany 
to  hasten  the  departure  of  the  remaining  troops,  artillery, 
and  munitions  of  war.  He  was  prevented,  by  a  severe 
illness,  from  again  joining  the  army,  and  the  chief  com- 
mand devolved  upon  Montgomery.  On  receiving  a  reinforce- 
ment, he  invested  St.  Johns:  but  being  yet  almost  destitute 
of  battering  cannon  and  of  powder,  he  made  no  progress 
in  the  siege.  And  the  soldiers,  carryinff  with  them  into 
the  field  that  attachment  to  liberty  and  equality  which 
cave  birth  to  the  contest,  displayed  such  utter  aversion  to 
discipline  and  subordination  as  increased,  in  agreat  degree, 
his  difficulties  and  vexations. 

4.  Colonel  Allen,  the  hero  of  Ticonderoga,  had  a  com-^ 
mand  under  Montgomery.  Having  been  despatched,  with 
major  Brown,  into  the  interior  of  Canada,  he  was,  on  his 
return,  persuaded  by  the  latter  to  undertake  the  rash  pro-  .^ 
jeet  of  attacking  Jfontrfcul.  He  divided  his  detachment, 
consisting  of  less  than  three  hundred  men,  into  two 
parties,  intending  to  assail  the  city  at  opposite  points. 
Mit|or  Brown  was  prevented  from  executinj  his  part  of  the 
enterprise.  Colonel  Allen  and  his  small  party,  opposed  by 
the  \vrhole  force  of  the  enemy  under  governor  Carleton, 
fought  with  desperate  valor.  Many  were  killed :  the  sur- 
vivors, overpowered  by  numbers,  were  compelled  to  sur- 
render. The  governor,  viewing  Allen,  not  as  the  Intrepid 
soldier,  but  as  a  factious  rebel,  loaded  hun  with  irons  and 
sent  hbn  to  England  for  trial.         ^ 


177^.] 


RfiVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


1^1 


5.  On  the  18th  of  October,  a  fortunate  event  brighten- 
ed the  prospects  of  the  Americans.  Fort  Chamblee, 
situated  several  miles  north  of  St.  Johns,  wtLB  supposed 
to  be  beyond  their  reach,  and  wfis  but  slightly  guarded.  A 
detachment  under  majors  Browh  and  Livingston,  attacking 
it  unexpectedly,  gained  possession  of  it  with  little  loss. 
Several  pieces  ofcannon,  and  12(  i  barrels  of  powder,  were 
the  fruits  of  the  victory.  The  Americans,  encouraged  by 
success,  immediately,  m  defiance  of  the  continual  nre  of 
the  enemy,  erected  a  battery  near  fort  St.  Johns,  and 
made  prep^ations  for  a  severe  cannonade,  and  an  assault, 
if  necessary.  ^  ^ 

6.  At  this  juncture,  Montgomery  received  intelligence 
of  an  action  between  governor  Carleton  and  a  body  of 
Green  Mountain  boys  commanded  by  colonel  Warner. 
The  former,  elated  by  his  victory  over  Allen,  collected 
about  eight  hundred  regulars,  militia,  and  Indians,  with  the 
view  of  raising  the  siege  of  St.  Johns.  In  full  confidence 
of  success,  they  lefl  Montreal,  embarked  in  boats,  and 
proceeded  towards  the  southern  shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence. In  the  bushes  at  the  water's  edge  colonel  Warner, 
having  received  information  of  their  purpose,  concealed 
three  nundred  men,  who,  when  the  enemy  approached  the 
shore,  poured  upon  them  a  fire  so  unexpected  and  destruc- 
tive, that  the  flotilla  returned,  in  confusion,  to  Montreal. 

7.  On  the  first  of  November,  Montgomery  ccmmenced 
a  heavy  connonade  of  the  enemy's  works,  which  was 
continued  through  the  day.  In  the  evening,  he  sent  to 
the  British  commander,  by  one  of  governor  Carleton's 
men,  who  had  been  made  prisoner  by  colonel  Warner,  in- 
telligence of  the  governor's  defeat,  and  demanded  the 
surrender  of  the  fort.  It. was  accordingly  surrendered, 
and  the  next  morning  entered  by  fhe  American  troops. 

8.  Montgomery  hastened  to  Montreal,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  despatched  down  the  Sorel,  the  mouth  of  which  is 
below  that  city,  a  naval  force  to  prevent  the  escape  of  the 
British  to  Quebec.  Governor  Carleton,  believing  the  city  not 
tenable,  quitted  it  in  the  night,  and,  in  a  boat  with  miuffled 
oars,  was  conveved  through  the  American  squadron.  Th« 
next  day,  general  Montgomery  entered  the  city,  and  although 
no  terms  were  granted  to  the  inhabitants,  he  treated  them 
with  the  kindness  of  a  fellow  citizen,  declaring  that  the 
piroperty,  rights,  and  religion  of  every  individual  should  be 
sacredly  respected. 

^.  By  his  benevol^tje  and  addrensfs,  he  ffained  fhe  afFte- 

*  0  8 


^m 


I6i 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR* 


[vm 


tions  of  the  Canadians,  many  ofwhom  joined  his  standard* 
More,  however,  of  his  own  troops,  whose  term  of  enlist- 
ment had  expired,  insisted  on  returning  to  their  homes. 
80  dear  to  them  were  the  delights  of  the  domestic  fireside, 
and  so  vividly  were  they  recalled  to  memory  by  the  severe 
duties  of  the  campaign,  that  the  high  cliaracter  of  the  com- 
mander, his  address,  his  entreaties,  slvailed  nothing  to  in* 
duce  them  to  proceed  on  the  expedition.  With  the  remnant 
of  his  army,  consisting  of  |io  more  than  three  hundred  men, 
'  he  began  his  march  towards  Quebec,  expecting  to  meet 
there  another  body  of  troops  sent  to  act  in  concert  with  him., 

10.  These  troops  were  a  detachment  from  the  army  before 
Boston,  consisting  of  one  thousand  men,  and  commanded 
by  colonel  Arnold ;  who,  as  a  soldier,  was  adventu^pus, 
impetuous,  and  fearless ;  as  a  man,  overbearing,  avaricious, 
and  profligate.  Their  route  lay  along  the  coast  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Kennebec,  in  Maine,  thence  up  that  river  to 
its  source,  and  thence,  over  lofty  mountains,  through  a 
wilderness  unexplored  by  civilized  man,  to  the  river  St. 
Lawrence.  They  wtre  unable  to  begin  their  march  before 
the  middle  of  September ;  on  the  22d,  they  embarked  in 
boats,  at  Gardner,  on  the  Kennebec,  and  proceeded  ta 
ascend  that  river. 

11.  They  found  the  curr-nt  rapid,  and  the  navigation 
intermpted  by  frequent  cat»i.r?vCts.  Around  these  they 
were  obliged  to  draw,  by  hand,  their  provisions,  arms,  and 
even  their  boats.  Nor  was  their  route  on  land  less  diffi- 
cult. They  had  deep  swamps  to  pass,  and  craggy  momi- 
tains  to  ascend.  The  toil  was  so  incessant,  and  the  fatigue 
so  greatf  that  many,  falling  sick,  were  sent  back>  and  along 
with  these  the  rear  division,  commanded  by  colonel  Enos, 
returned  without  the  knowledge  of  Arnold. 

1.2.  Before  th^y  reached  the  height  of  land,  pro^^  *  ans 
became  scarce.  Dogs,  cartridge-boxes,  smd  shoes  were 
eaten.  At  the  summit,  the  whole  stock  was  divided 
equally  among  them,  each  receiving  but  two  quarts  of 
flour  as  his  portion.  The  order  of  march  was  no  longer 
observed.  The  soldiers  were  directed  to  proceed,  singly 
or  by  companies,  as  they  might  choose,  slowly  or  with 
speed,  as  they  were  ^ble,  to  the  nearest  Canadian  settle- 
'  meht,  then  one  hundred  miles  distant.  When  the  com- 
pany, whose  sunerior  strength  enabled  them  to  keep  in,, 
advance,^  were  thirty  miles  from  any  human  habitativny 
the  last  morsel  of  food  had  been  consumed. 
^    IS.  In  this  extremity,  Arnold)  with  a  few  of  tli^nlO0l 


I 


ITW.] 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


vigorous,  made  a  forced  march  to  the  first  village,  and 
returned  to  his  almost  famished  companions,  with  food 
sufficient  to  satisfy  the  first  wants  of  nature.  Refreshed 
and  strengthened,  they  hastened  forward,  and^  on  the  fourth 
of  November,  arrived  at  the  French  settlements  on  the 
Chaudiere)  haying  been  thirty-two  days  without  seeing 
the  abodes  of  civilized  man ;  and  having,  in  that  time,  per- 
formed a  march  unexampled  for  its  temerity  and  hardship. 
14.  l^he  inhabitants  welcomed  them  with  cordial  hos^* 
pitality.  Though  separated,  in  a  great  measure,  from  the 
world,  they  had  heard  of  the  dispute  between  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies,  and  as  the  very  name  of  liberty  is  dear 
to  the  heart  of  man,  the»  sympathies  were  all  enlisted  on 
the  side  of  the  latter.  Arnold  distributed  proclamations 
among  them  similar  to  those  issued  by  general  Schuyler. 
As  soon  as  the  scattered  soldiers  were  assembled,  he  con- 
tinued his  march,  and,  on  the  ninth  of  November,  arrived 
at  Point  Levi,  opposite  Quebec. 

^  1^.  Nothing  could  exceed  the  surprise  and  astonishment 
of  the  citizens  on  seeing  a  body  of  hostile  troops,  emerging 
from  the  southern  wilderness.  Had  Arnold,  at  this  mo- 
ment of  panic,  been  aWe  to  cross  the  river,  Jhe  city  must 
have  fallen  an  easy  conquest ;  but  boats  were  not  at  hand^ 
and  a  furious  storm»  occurring  at  the  time,  rendered  cross- 
ing impossible.  ,  • 
-  16.  Having  procured  boats,  and  the  storm  having  abated, 
he  crossed  tl^  river  on  the  night  of  the  13tb,  and  landed 
near  the  place  where  Wolfe  had  landed  in  the  preceding 
war.  Mounting  the  same  steep  ascent^  be  fo  med  hisr 
troops  on  the  plains  of  Abrtiham,  and  mareliftd  towards 
the  city.  Convinced,  by  a  cannonade  froui  the  walls,  that 
the  garrison  were  ready  to  receive  him^  he  returned,  en- 
camped on  the  plain,  tfnd  on  the  18th  marched  to  Point 
aux  Trembles,  twenty  miles  from  Quebec,  where  he 
determined  to  await  the  arrival  of  Montgomery. 

17.  He  came  on  the  first  of  December.  How  great  was 
the  joy,  and  how  lively  the  gratulations,  they  only  can 
imagine,  who,  after  long  absence  and  suffering,  have  met, 
in  a  foreign  land,  their  friends  and  former  Companions. 
Arnold's  troops  had,  indeed,  great  cause  of  rejoicing. 
They  wwe  entirely  destitute  of  winter  clothing,  and  \im 
endured  extreme  distress  from  the  severity  of  the  cold. 
Montgomery  had  brought  a  supply  from  Montreal;  which 
he  immediately  distributed  among  them.  ^    ' 

18.  Thdr  united  force  amount  to  no  mSore  th«^  nine 


\ 


iU 


HEVOLUTIONARV  WAR- 


I1T75. 


huBdred  efTeetive  men*  On  the  fifth,  the  general,  at  the 
head  of  these,  appeared- before  the  city,  and  sent  a  flag 
with  a  summons  to  surrender.  The  delay  which  had  taken 
place,  had  enabled  governor  Carleton  to  increase  the 
strength  of  the  works,  and  to  change  the  sentiments  of 
the  citizens  firum  friendship  for  the  Americans,  to  hostility 
He  ordered  his  troops  to  fire  upon  the  bearer  of  the  flag. 

19.  Montgomery  soon  discovered  the  defection  of  his 
friends,  and  perceived  that  he  nmst  depend  upon  his  own 
force  alone  for  the  accomplishment  of  his  object.  When 
he  compared  this  force  with  that  of  the  enemy,  who  were 
fifteen  hundred  strong ;  when  he  reflected  that  his  troops 
were  recent  levies  whose  term  was  nearly  expired,  and 
whose  thoughts  were  fixed  upon  their  homes,  his  hopes 
of  succ^^ss  became  faint,  and  his  forebodings  gloomy.  He 
believed,  however,  that  success  was  possible,  and  his  high 
sense  ot  honor  and  of  duty  impelled  him  to  hazard  every 
thing  to  obtain  it  for  his  country. 

80.  He  at  first  determined  to  batter  the  walls,  and 
harass  the  city,  by  repeated  and  furious  attacks,  hoping 
that  an  opportunity  might  occur  of  striking  some  decisive 
blow.  He  raised  a  mound,  composed  of  snow  and  water, 
which  soon  became  ice,  and  there  planted  his  cannons, 
six  only  in  number.  After  a  short  trial,  they  were  found 
inadequate,  and  this  plan  was  abandoned. 

21.  Meanwhile,  the  snow  fell  incessantly,  the  cold 
.became  intense,  and  the  sufferine^s  of  the  troops,  from  the 
rigor  of  the  season  and  their  continual  toil,  surpassed  all 
that  they  had  ever  before  felt,  or  witnessed,  or  imagined. 
To  increase  their  distress,  the  small  pox  broke  out  m  the 
camp,  presenting  death  in  a  new  shape,  and  adding  to  th^ 
severity  of  their  labors,  by  lessening  the  number  to  bear 
them.'  In  the  midst  of  these  trials,  their  attachment 
to  the  cause,  and  devotion  to  their  commander  remained 
unabated ;  but  these,  he  reflected,  must  soon  give  v/ay 
before  such  severe  and  constant  suffering ;  and  for  him- 
self, he  determined  to  make  immediately  a  bold  and  des- 
perate effort. 

22.  Assembling  his  ofScers,  he  proposed* to  9torm  the 
city.  He  placed  before  them  the  motives  which  operated 
upon  his  own  mind.  He  did  not  deny  tliat  the  enterprise 
jwas  highly  difficult  and  dangerous,  but  maintained  that 
success  was  possible.  He  addressed  a  band  of  heroes 
whose  sentiments  were  congenial  with  his  own,  and  the 
decision  was  unanimous  in  favor  of  his  proposlbioth    The 


1775.] 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR^ 


1^ 

planaitd  dme  of  attack  were  concerted^  and  to  each  c^Sfiey 
was  assigned  his  particular  duty. 

83.  On  tiie  last  day  of  December,  at  four  o'clock  in  the 
momingf  while  a  violent  snow  storm  wa&  radng.  the  troops 
marched  from  the  camp  in  four  columns,  commanded  by 
Montgomery,  Arnold,  Livingston,  and  Brown.  The  two 
latter  were  directed  to  make  feigned  attacks- upon  the 
upper  town,  in  order  to  distract  the  attention  of  the  gairri- 
son ;  while  the  two  former  proceeded  to  assault  the  lower 
town  at  o])posite  points. 

S4.  Livingston  and  Brown,  impeded  by  the  snow,  did 
not  arrive  in  season  to  execute  their  feints;  Montgomery 
advancing,  at  the  head  of  his  column,  along  the  bank  of 
the  river,  came  to  a  barrier  or  stockade  of  strong  posts. 
Two  of  these  he  sawed  off  with  his  own  hands.  The 
guard  within  were  alarmed,  and  fled  to  a  block-house,  fifty 
yards  di  tant,  where  several  pieces  of  cannon  were  sta- 
tioned. He  passed  through  the  openingjn  the  barrier, 
encouraging  his  men  to  follow.  The  troops  at  the  block- 
house, to  whom  the  guard  liad  communicated  their  terror, 
begaiv  to  desert  it. 

25.  At  this  moment,  Montgomery  halted,  to  allow  the 
troops  near  him  to  form  in  a  body.  Observing  this  delay, 
a  Canadian,  who  lingered  behind,  returned  to  the  block- 
house. Seized  a  match  which  was  burning,  and  discharged 
a  cannOfi  loaded  with  grape  shot,  and  fortol-ously  pointed 
at  the  little  band.  The  discbarge  was  instantly  fatal  to 
Montgomery,  and  to  several  favorite  officers  standing 
around  him.  The  men,  seeing  their  beloved  leader  fal^  ' 
shrunk  back;  colonel  Campbell,  the  next  in  command, 
oraered  a  retreat,  and  ths*  portion  of  the  garrison  stationed 
at  the  bkck-house,  was  hJl  at  liberty  to  hasten  to  another 
part  of  the  city,  siready  in  commotion  from  the  attack  of 
Arnold. 

26.  This  officer,  marching,  like  Montgomery,  at  the 
head  oi  his  columr*  had  entered  the  town.  Advancing 
along  a  narrow  strti,  which  was  r^'^rf^pt  bv  the  grape  shot 
of  tfo  enemy,  he  received  a  severe  ^  ound  in  the  leg,  and 
wftd  carried  to  the  hospital.  Captain  Morgjan,  afterwards 
distinguished  by  his  exploits  at  the  sov  \,  assumed  ^m^ 
conlmand.  Placing  himself  at  the  head  oi  two  companies!- 
he  boldly  approached  the  enemy's  works,  and  enteriiig 
though  the  embrasures,  drove  the  men  from  their  guns. 

Here  he  halted  until  the  rear  of  the  column  cam© 


37. 


up.    When  time  was  given  for  reflection,  the  danger  of 


m 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[ifrs. 


f::  '0, 


Aeir  situationi  a  small  band  in  the  heart  of  a  hostile  eHjt 
filled  even  the  bosoms  of  the  brave  with  dread.  Morgan 
retained  his  iimmess;  and  when  the  moniing  dawiced, 
with  a  voice  that  resounded  thrvxgh  tha  city,  summoned 
his  troops  to  the  assault  of  a  ^ecoiad  batuity,  a  short 
distance  in  advance  of  the  first. 

£^'.  Before  this,  a  fierce  combat  eni=«ued,  '^■!.cny  of  the 
enemy  were  killed,  but  more  Ameiicaas,  w  he  weie  ex- 
posed to  a  destructiyo  fire  r>f  mwcketry  from  the  windows 
of  the  houses.  Smxm  of  ilic  most  daring  mounted  the 
wall,  but,  seeing,  on  ihe  other  side:  two  ranks  nf  soldiers, 
with  their  muskets  or  the  ground,  presenting  hedges  of 
baycaets  to  receive  tiiem;  should  they  leap  forward,  they 
j:scoi**}d  and  descended. 

W.  Weary  with  exertion,  and  benumbed  with  cold; 
m.  A>scd  Jo  a  deadly  fife  from  every  quarter ;  their  arms 
/^"^iduied  useless  by  the  snow  which  continued  to  fall,  the 
ecidierft  sought  refuge  in  tiie  houses.  Perceiving  that 
all  farther  attempts  would  be  vain,  Morgan  gave  the  signal 
of  retreat.  Some  of  the  men  lied,  but  most  were  unwilling 
to  encounter  another  tempest  of  shot.  They  refused, 
nowever,  to  yield,  until  assured  of  the  fate  of  Montgome- 
ry ;  when,  loosing  all  hope  of  success  and  escape,  they 
fiurrendered  themselves  prisoners  of  war. 

30.  The  loss  of  the  Americans,  in  this  desperate  enter- 
prise, was  above  foujr  hundred,  of  whom  one  hundred  and 
fifty  were  killed.  The  whole  continent  bewailed  the 
death  of  Montgomery.  He  was  conspicuous,  even  in  those 
times  of  enthusiasm,  for  his  ardent  devotion  to  the  cause 
of  freedom.  He  was  endeared  to  the  i^ood,  by  the  exer- 
cise', in  the  midsf  of  war,  of  the  most  amiable  virtues.  His 
soldiers  adored  him  for  his  lofty  spirit  and  rearing  bravery. 
The  enemy  respected  him  for  his  honorable  conduct,  and 
distinguished  military  qualities.  Until  his  last  enterprise, 
continual  success  bore  testimony  to  the  greatness  of  his 
talents  ;  and  defeat,  when  he  vas  no  niorOj  confirmed  ihu 
testimony  of  success.  Con- ;  i^^^  resolved  that  a  moP*- 
ment  should  be  erected  to  p^  ^^  tuate  his  fame.  It  li  as 
ye  ^resh  in  the  memc  *-  o  anericans.  In  1818,  New- 
\  u:,  his  adopted  state,  ved  his  remains  from  Quebec 
to  her  own  metropolifi, 
placed,  and  near  that  thf: 

31.  Some  of  the  Amerl  ^s,  on  their  escape  from 
Quebec,  retreated  precipitin  ■ ,  to  Montreal.  Arnold,  with 
dLficulty,  detained  about  f(^i  hujidred,  who,  breaking  u]y 


'^are  the 
.  -yncse. 


monument  iiad  been 


! 


1776.] 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


W 


their  oat&p,  retired  three  miles  -from  the  city.  Here^  this 
heroic  bftnd,  though  much  inferior  in  number  to  the  garri- 
son) keprt  it  in  continual  awe,  and,  by  i>reyenting  all  com- 
munication with  the  country,  reduced  it  to  great  distress 
for  the  want  of  provisions. 

32.  Congresb,  on  receiving  inibrmation  of  the  disaster 
of  the  31st  of  December,  directed  reinforcements  to  be 
sent  to  Canada ;  and  after  the  beginning  of  March,  Arnold's 

Earty  was  almost  daily  augmented  by  the  arrival  of  small 
odies  of  troops.  But  its  stfength  did  not  increase  with 
its  numbers.  The  small-pox  still  continued  its  ravages; 
fatigue,  without  hope,  depressed  the  spirits  of  the  soldiers; 
the  difficulty  of  obtaining  provisions  became  every  day 
greater;  and.  the  harsh  measures  adopted  by  Arnold  to 
procure  them,  exasperated  the  inhabitants  around  liim. 

33.  On  the  first  of  May,  general  Thomas,  who  had 
been  appointed  to  succeed  Montgomery,  arrived  from  the 
camp  at  Roxbury.  On  reviewing  his  army,  he  found  ijt  to 
consist  of  less  than  two  thousand  men,  of  whom  half  were 
not  fit  for  duty.  A  council  of  war  was  held,  who  resolved 
that  it  was  expedient  to  take  a  more  defensible  position 
higher  up  the  St.  Lawrence.  To  this  decision  they  were 
led  by  the  knowledge  that  the  ice  was  leaving  the  river, 
and  by  the  expectation  tihat  reinforcements  from  England 
would  immediately  come  up.  The  next  morning,  in  fact, 
.while  the  Americans  were  engaged  in  removing  the  sick, 
several  ships  appeared  in  sight,  and  entered  the  harbor.  A 
multitude  of  troops  were  immediatelv  poured  into  the  city. 

34.  At  one  o'clock,  Carleton  made  a  sortie  at  the  head 
of  a  thousand  men.  Against  these,  general  Thomas,  at 
that  moment;  could  oppose  but  three  hundred.  All  the 
stores,  and  many. of  the  sick,  fell  into  the  power  of  the 
enemy.  The  latter  were  treated,  by  the  governor,  with 
great  tenderness ;  and  when  restored  to  health,-  were 
assisted  to  return  to  their  homes.  The  Americans  re- 
*reated.|o  the  mouth  of  the  Sorel,  where  they  were  joined 
by  several  regiments,  and  where  their  worthy  commander 

^  il*e4|<^  the  small-pox,  which  yet  prevailed  in  the  camp.. 

al;  Wiilc  patriotism  and  valor  were,  in  this  quarter, 
^.imsuccesofully  oontertding  with  a  superior  force,  the 
'  Americans  sustained  a  heavy  and  unexpected  calamity, 
resulting  from  cowardice;  in  another.  At  a  fortified  place, 
caHcti  the  Ctsdars,  forty  miles  above  Montreal,  colonel 
Bedell  was  stationed  with  four  hundred  men,  and  two 
pieces  of  cannon.    Assombling  a  force  of  six  hundred, 


*•;;■< 


m 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[1775. 


mostly  Indian  warriors,  captain  Foster,  who  coinmanded 
at  Oswegatchie.  descended  the  rirer  to  attack  this,  post. 

36.  Colonel  Bedell,  leaving  major  Butterfield  in  com- 
mand, repaired  to  Montreal  to  obtain  assistance.  Shortly 
afterwards,  captain  Foster  ap^-'^.red,  and  invested  the 
fort.  He  had  no  artiller^.  arid  in  the  course  of  two  days, 
but  one  man  was  woundea.  More  efficient  than  his  anns, 
was  the  intimation,  that  if  any  of  the  Indians  should  be 
killed,  it  would  not  be  in  his  power  to  restrain  them  from 
the  massacre  of  the  garrison.  Intimidated  by  this,  major 
Butterfield  surrendered  liis  whole  party  prisoners  of  war, 
stipulating  only  for  their  baggage  and  their  lives.  ^  « 

37.  Upon  the  representation  of  colonel  Bedell,  a  rein- 
forcement was  ordered  to  march  from  Montreal ;  but  he 
declined  returning  with  it,  aiid  the  command  was  given 
to  major  Sherburne.  The  da^  after  the  surrender  of  the 
fort,  m  which  event  the  major  was  ignorant,  and  about 
four  miles  from  it,  he  was  met  by  a  large  body  of  Indians, 
to  whom,  after  an  obstinate  and  bloody  conflict,  he  was 
obliged  to  surrender.  The  whole  loss  of  the  Americans 
was  at  least  five  hundred. 

38.  General  Sullivan  was  appointed  to  succeed  general 
Thomas,  and  on  the  first  of  June,  arrived  at  the  river 
Sorel,  where  he  found  between  four  and  f7ve  thousand 
men.  But  the  army  of  the  enemy  had,  in  the  mean  time, 
been  augmented  to  thirteen  thousand.  Commanding  a 
force  so  decidedly  superior,  governor  Carleton  pressed 
forward  in  pursuit,  and  the  Ar.*ericans  retreated  slowly 
and  reluctantly  before  him.  At  St.  Johns,  the  pursuit 
ceased ;  but  general  Sullivan,  in  obedience  to  orders  from 
general  Schuyler,  continued  his  march  to  Crown  Point, 
at  the  head  of  Lake  Champlain. 

39.  Thus  terminated  the  expedition  against  Canada. 
In  its  conception  it  was  singularly  bold  and  romantic.  In 
its  progress  were  displayed  fortitude  and  bravery  seldom 
equalled  in  military  annals.  Its  failure  was  a  painful 
disappointment  to  the  patriots  of  the  day.  It  is  now 
consoling  to  reflect,  that  success  would  probably  have 
proved  injurious  to  the  cause  of  independence.  To  pro- 
tect the  province,  the  military  force  of  the  confedera<*v 
must  have  been  too  much  extenfied,  and  cilt  lies  moi^ 

liave  been  left  defeucr^ess. 


AUAp 


rt^tfitQi 


iiPfi^ 


ded 


CHAPTER  X VIII. 


rtly 
the 


CAMPAIGN  OF  1776. 

The  last  humble  petition  of  congress  to  the  king  was 
presented  by  Mr,  Penn,  the  late  governor  of  Pennsylvania. 
A  few  days  afterwards,  he  was  told  by  the  minister  that 
no  answer  would  be  made  to  it.  The  haughty  spirit, 
which  dictated  tlii^  reply,  pervaded  both  houses  of  par- 
liament. 

3.  In  December,  a  law  was  passed  amounting  to  a 
aeelaration  of  war  against  the  colonies.  Treaties  were 
made  with  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse  Cassel  and  other 
German' princes,  hiring  of  them  seventeen  thousand  men, 
to  be  employed  against  the  Americans ;  and  it  was  deter- 
mined to  send  over,  in  addition  to  these,  twenty-five 
thousand  English  troops. 

3.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  177G,  a  fleet  under  Sir 
Peter  Parker,  and  two  thousand  five  hundred  troops 
commanded  by  earl  Comwallis,  were  despatched  upon  an 
expedition  against  the  southern  colonies.  Soon^fler,  ad- 
miral Hotham  set  sail  with  a  la  rre  number  of  transports,  > 
carrying  the  fiv^i  division  of  Hessians ;  and,  in  May,  fol- 
>owed  admiral  lord  Howe,  who  hau  '  n  appointed  com- 
mander of  the  naval  force  on  the  Ai..L/'Oan  station.  He, 
and  his  brother,  general  Howe,  had  also  been  appointed 
ioint  commissioners  to  grant  pardons  on  submission. 

4.  On  the  first  of  May,  the  fleet,  under  Sir  Peter  Par-  * 
ker,  arrived  on  the  coast  of  North-Carolina,  where  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  arriving  at  the  same  time  from  New- York, 
took  command  of  the  troops.  ^  The  late  defeat  of  the 
highland  emigrants  had  so  dispirited  the  loyalists  in  tliis 
colony,  that  he  determined  to  :  r  ?ed  farther  south,  and 
attack  Charleston,  the  capital  of  South^Carolina. 

5.  Fortunately,  an  official  letter,  announcim;  the  speedy 
departure  of  the  expedition  from  England,  had  been  inter- 
cepted early  in  the  spring,  and  time  was  thus  ffiven  to 
place  this  city  in  a  state  of  defence.  A  strong  fort  was 
built  on  Sullivan's  island,  a  position  from  which  ships, 
on  Jittering  the  harbor,  coiJa  be  greatly  annoyed ;  the 
streets,  in  different  places,  were  strongly  barricaded ;  the 
Mores  on  the  wharves,  though  of  great  value,  were  pulled 
^  twn,  and  lines  of  defence  erected  along  the  waters  edge. 

0.  On  learning  the  near  approach  of  the  energy-  the 

P        > 


170 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[1776. 


niilitia  of  the  country  were  summoned  to  defend  the  cap- 
ital. They  obeyed  with  alacrity,  increasing  to  live  or  six 
thousand  the  number  of  troops.  General  Xee  had  been 
.Bent  irom  New- York  to  take  the  chief  command  ;  and  his 
high  '  '  J  '  reputation  gave  confidence  to  the  soldiers 
ap'^  (Tici.^  >:  uits.  Under  him  were  colonels  Gadsden, 
PiVorJtne,  and  Thompson. 

7.  In  the  morning  of  the  28th  of  June,  nine  ships  of 
war,  carrying  two  hundred  and  fifty  guns,  began  a  furious 
attack  upon  the  fort  on  the  island,  which  was  garrisoned 
by  about  four  hnrr  '  ^en,  under  the  command  of  colonel 
Moultrie.  At  the  same  time,  a  detachment  of  troops  was 
landed  on  an  adjoining  island,  and  directed  to  cross  ovef, 
at  a  place  where  the  sea  was  supposed  to  be  shallow, 
and  attack  it  in  the  rear. 

8.  The  heavy  and  incessant  fire  of  the  enemy  was 
received  with  coolness,  and  returned  with  skill.  Many 
of  their  ships  suffered  severely,  and  particularly  tb*^  Bris- 
tol, on  board  of  which  was  conamodore  Parker.  Site  was 
twice  in  flames,  her  captain  was  killed,  and  so  dreadful 
was  the' slaughter,  that,  at  one  time,  the  commodore  was 
the  only  person  upon  deck  unhurt. 

9.  In  the  midst  of  the  action,  general  Lee  vi.  ted  the 
garrison.  He  was  delighted  with  the  enthusia  i  they 
•exhibited.  Nothing  seemed  capable  of  quenching  their 
ardor.  Soldiers,  ^  jrtally  wounded,  exhorted  thew  ■-  >m- 
rades  never  to  abandon  the  standard  of  liberty.  "  I  die," 
said  sergeanf;  M'Donald,  in  his  last  moments,  "  for  a 
g\;ru)us  cause  :  but  I  hope  it  will  not  expire  with  me." 

iO.  Ine  Brii  sh  troops,  destined  to  attack  the  fort  in 
the  rear,  found  it  impossible  to  reach  the  island.  Tlie 
enp^g.  aient  with  the  fleet  continued  until  dark.  The 
ehips^  having  received  too  much  injury  to  renew  it,  moved 
off  in  the  night ;  j«nd  a  few  c'ays  afterwards,  the  fleet, 
with  the  tr(ops  *  board,  set  sai]  for  NeAV-York,  where 
the  whole      'tipH  force  had  boon  ordered  to  assemble. 

11.  The  ....Jt  and  wounded  on  the  part  of  the  enemy, 
amounted  Ut  neai  two  hundred.  Of  tne  Americans,  ten 
w<^pe  killed,  and  twenty-two  wounded.  The  troops,  for 
their  gallantry,  received  the  thanks  of  congress,  and  high 
and  well  merited  praise  from  their  countrymen.  Their 
success  was  auspicious  to  the  cause  of  freedom.    In  a 

Eart  of  the  country  where  resistance  by  force  had  been 
ut  little  contemplated,  it  aroused  the  people  to  exertion, 
and  inspired  them  with  eonfidbnce. 


1776.] 


RKVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


iM 


19.  N  ./ithstanding  the  active  war  carried  on,  the 
Colonies  btill  professedallegiance  to  the  British  king;  and 
protested  that  the  sole  object  of  all  their  measares,  was  a 
redress  of  grievances.  In  the  beginning  of  the  contest, 
these  professions,  in  most  instances,  were  sincere ;  but  a 
state  of  hostility  produced  a  rapid  change  of  sentiment. 
In  place  of  attachment  to  monarchy  and  to  Great  Britain, 
.  succeeded  devotion  to  re^aublican  principles,  and  wishes 
for  independence. 

13.  The  temporary  constitutions  adopted  by  New- 
Hampshire,  and  several  other  colonies,  had  shown  with 
what  facility  all  bonds  of  connection  with  the  mother 
country  could  be  dissolved.  Essayr,  in  the  newspapers, 
and  pamphlets  industriously  circulated,  appealing  to  the 
the  reason  and  to  the  passions  of  the  people,  enforced  the 
nec(  ^sity  and  policy  of  a  separation.  Resistance,  it  was 
observed,  had  been  carried  too  far  to  allow  the  hope  that 
cordial  harmony  could  ever  be  restored ;  submission  on 
any  terms,  to  irritated  masters,  would  be  totally  unsafe  $ 
and  the  alternative  was  presented  of  rising  to  the  honora- 
ble rank  of  an  independent  nation,  or  sinking  into  a  state 
of  vassalage  which  every  future  year  would  render  more 
oppressive  and  degrading.   . 

14.  A  pamphlet,  entitled  "  Common  Sense,"  and  written 
by  Thomas  Paine,  an  Englishman,  was  universally  read, 
and  most  hi^^hly  admired.  In  language  plain,  forcible,  and 
singularly  well  fitted  to  operate  on  the  public  mind,  he 
portrayed  the  excellencies  of  republican  institutions,  and 
attacked,  with  happy  and  successful  ridicule,  the  principles 
of  hereditary  government.  The  effect  of  the  pamphlet,  in 
making  conv  rts,  was  astonishing,  and  is  probably  without 
precedent  in  the  annals  of  literature. 

15.  As  a  step  preparatory  to  independence,  congress,  on 
the  15th  of  May,  reconmiended  to  those  colonies  that  had 
not  yet  adopted  constitutions,  to  establish,  without  any 
limitation  of  time,  '*  such  governments  as  might  best  con- 
duce to  the  happiness  and  safety  of  the  people."  The 
recommendation  was  generally  complied  with,  and  in  every 
instance  the  government  was  not  only  entirely  elective, 

i;  but  elective  at  such  short  periods  as  to  impress  upon  rulers 
r  their  immediate  accountableness  to  the  people,  and  upon 

the  people  a  just  opinion  of  their  own  importance,  and  a 

conviction  of  their  safety  from  misrule. 

16.  The  colonies  had  become  accustomed  to  contemplate 
themselves  as  sovereign  states ;  and  the  governments  of 


^ 


m 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[in^ 


many  expressed  their  desire  that  co;i^rt3ti8  would  declare 
them  such  to  the  world.  On  the  7th  of  June,  tt  resolutioii 
to  that  effect  was  proposed,  in  that  body,  by  Richard  Henry 
Lee,  of  Virginia,  and  seconded  by  JoKn  Adams,  of  Massa- 
chusetts. vVhile  ander  consideration,  the  colonies,  which 
had  not  ex[)re8sed  their  approbation  of  the  measure, 
declared  their  concurrence.  A  committee,  consisting  of 
Messrs.  Jefferson,  Adams,  Franklin,  Sherman,  and  Living- 
ston, wero  instructed  to  prepare  a  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, which,  on  the  fourth  of  July,  a  memorable  day, 
was  almost  unanimously  adopted. 

17.  "  We  hold  these  truths,"  says  this  celebrated  state 
paper,  "  to  be  self  evident,  that  ail  mankind  are  crieated 
equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain 
unalienable  rights ;  that  among  these,  are  life,  liberty,  and 
the  pursuit  of  happiness;  that  to  secure  these  rights, 
governments  axfi  instituted  among  men,  deriving  their  just 
powers  from  the  consent  of  the  governed ;  that  whenever 
any  form  of  government  becomes  destructive  of  these  ends,  / 
it  IS  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or  abolish  it,  and  to 
institute  a  new  government,  laying  its  foundations  on  such 
prinoij^es,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form,  as  to 
them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and 
^happiness." 

18.  To  justify  the  exercise,  on  the  present  occasion,  of 
the  right  here  asserted,  a  lonff  enumeration  is  made  of  the 
injuries  inflicted  upon  the  colonies,  by  the  king  of  Great 
Britain,  which  is  closi^d  by  declaring  that  **  a  prince,  whose 
character  is  thus  marked  by  everv  act  which  may  define 
a  tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  free  people." 

19.  The  appeals  which  had  been  made  to  the  people  of 
Great  Britain,  are  also  recounted;  **  but  they  too  have  been 
deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  consanguinity.  We  must 
therefore  acquiesce  to  the  necessity  which  denounces  cur 
separation,  and  hold  them,  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind^ 
enemies  in  war,  in  peace  friends.  - 

20.  "We,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  United ^v 
States  of  America,  in  general  congress  assembled,  appeal- 
ing to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  World  for  the  rectitude 
ofour  intentions,  do,  in  tne  name,  and  by  the  authority,  of 
the  good  people  of  these  colonies,  solemnly  nublish  and 
declare,  that  these  United  Colonies  are,  and  or  right  oughti 
to  be,  TREE  and  independent  states  ;  that  they  are  al>4 
solved  from  all  allegiance  to.  the  British  crown,  and  thai^ 
all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  state  ot 


' 177^0 


REVOLtmONARY  WAR. 


17* 


Great  Britain  is,  and  of  riffht  ouffht  to  be,  totally  dif  .i  '"'ed: 
and  that,  as  free  and  indepenoent  states,  they  ^  ave  full 
power  to  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract  t.lHLivoes, 
establish  commerce,  and  do  all  other  acts  and  thmtgn  which 
independent  states  mav  of  right  do.  And  for  the  support 
of  this  declaration,  with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protection  of 
Divine  Providence,  we  mutually  pledge  to  each  other  our 
lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor.'' 

SI.  This  declaration  was  conununicated  to  the  army, 
and  received  with  enthusiastic  plaudits.  A  great  majoritv 
of  the  people  welcomed  it  with  joy,  which  was  diBp]a3rcd, 
in  almost  every  city,  by  extraorainary  public  festivities. 
Those  who  had  been  denominated  tories,  were  averse  to 
a  separation.  Many  joined  the  royal  armies,  and  exhibited, 
during  the  war,  the  most  cruel  hostility  against  the  whigs, 
their  countrymen. 

22.  During  the  spring  and  summer,  unremitted  exertions 
were  made  to  fortify  the  city  of  New- York,  against  which, 
it  was  supposed,  the  whole  strength  of  the  enemy  would 
be  next  directed.  In  this  crisis  the  people  of  that  state 
acted  with  spirit  and  firmness.  One  fourth  of  the  militia 
of  the  counties  contiguous  to  the  city,  were  called  into 
the  public  service.  Yet  the  means,  in  the  power  of  tho 
commander-in-chief,  were  not  adequate  to  the  emen^ency. 
He  had  under  his  command  but  fourteen  thousand  ef^ctive 
men;  and  was  almost  destitute  of  mai)  ''cleS  which 
impart  strength  as  well  as  comfort  to !  i.  As  it  was 
in  the  power  of  the  enemy  to  choose  *  -^"^  v  oi;ii  ^f  attaclc, 
this  force  was  necessarily  divided.  /  par..  \'»»o  .ationed 
in  the  city,  a  part  at  Brooklyn,  on  L  itj  Tbii  r  nnd  small 
detachments  at  various  other  posts. 

23*  In  thebeginning  of  July,  admiral  and  general  Howe 
arrived  in  the  harbor  of  New- York.  They  were  accom* 
panied  by  a  powerful  naval  force,  and  by  an  army  of  twenty- 
four  thousand  men,  abundantly  supplied  with  military  stores. 
The  troops  were  landed  on  Staren  Island,  a  position  from 
which  ulterior  movements  could  most  conveniently  be 
made. 

24.  General  Washington,  presuming  that  the  first  attack 
would  be  made  upon  the  posts  at  Brooklyn,  strengthened 
it  by  a  detachment  of  troops  from  the  city,  and  gave  the 
command  of  it  to  general  Putnam.  On  tha^22d  of  Auffust^^ 
the  British  forces  were  landed  on  the  opposite  sioe  oi 
Long  Island.  The  two  armies  were  now  about  four  miles 
ft8i£tKler,  aitd  were  separated  by  a  rsnge  of  hiflsi  over  wbkk 


# 


m 


BBVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


P^T^. 


ptssed  three  main  roads.  Various  circumstances  led 
general  Putram  to  suspect  that  the  enemv  intended  to 
approach  hiid  hy  the  road  leading  to  his  right,  which  ho 
therefore  guarded  with  most  care. 

9S.  Very  early  in  the  morning  of  the  26th,  his  suspicions 
were  strengthened  hy  the  approach,  upon  that  road,  of  a 
column  of  iBritish  troops  and  upon  the  centre  road,  of  a 
column  of  Hessians.  To  oppose  these,  the  American 
troops  were  mostly  drawn  from  their  camp,  and  in  the  en- 
gagements which  took  place,  evinced  considerable  bravery. 

26.  These  movements  of  the  enemy  were  but  feints  to 
divert  tfte  attention  of  Putnam  from  the  road  which  led  to 
his  left,  along  which  general  Clinton  was  silently  advancing 
with  the  main  body  of  the  British  army.  The  report  of 
cannon  in  that  direction  gave  the  first  intimation  of  the/ 
danger  which  was  approaching.  The  Americans  endeavored 
to  escape  it,  by  returning,  with  the  utmost  celerity,  to  their 
camp.  They  were  not  able  to  arrive  there  in  time,  but 
were  intercepted  by  general  Clinton,  who  drove  them  back 
upon  the  Hessians. 

27.  Attacked  thus  in  front  and  rear,  they  fought  a  suc- 
cession of  skirmishes,  in  the  course  of  which  many  were 
killed,  many  made  prisoners,  and  several  parties,  seizing 
favorable  opportunities,  forced  their  way  through  the 
enemy,  and  regained  the  camp.  A  bold  and  vigorous 
charge,  made  by  the  American  general,  lord  Sterling,  at 
the  head  of  a  Maryland  regiment,  enabled  a  large  body  to 
escape  in  this  manner.  This  regiment,  fighting  with  des- 
perate bravery,  kept  a  force  greatly  superi'or  engaged,  until 
their  comrades  had  passed  by,  when  the  few  who  survived, 
ceasingto  resist,  surrendered  to  the  enemy. 

28.  The  loss  of  the  Americans,  in  killed,  wounded,  and 

{>risoners,  considerably  exceeded  a  thousand.  Among  the 
atter  were  generals  Sullivan,  Sterling,  and  WoodhuU. 
The  total  loss  of  the  enemy  was  less  than  four  hundred. 
They  encamped  at  night  before  the  American  lines  ;  and 
the  next  day  began  to  erect  batteries  within  six  hundied 
yards  of  their  left, 

29.  While  the  battle  was  raging,  general  Washington 
passed  over  to  Brookljrn,  where  he  witnessed,  with  inex- 
pressible anguish,  the  destruction  of  his  best  troops,  from 
which,  such  was  the  euper.  .ity  of  the  enemy,  it  was 
impossible  to  save  then:,  v'in'-'n?  the  men  dispiritedby 
u^eat,  he  determined  to  *  lOVe  ihe:^?^  to  the  city.  The 
x«$reat  was  effected,  onth^i,  mgh«  ot"  M>a  28th|  with  such 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


m 


n^ 


¥^ 


silence  and  desj^oh^  that  before  the  ^usidcions  of  the 
enemy  were  excited,  the  last  division  of  boats  was  beycmd 
the  reach  of  their  fire. 

30.  So  disheartened  were  the  militia,  that  they  deserted 
by  companies ;  and  even  the  ifegular  troops  were  infected 
by  their  example.  Near  the  middle  of  September,  the 
commander-in-chief,  fearing  to  be  enclo&ed  in  the  city,  re- 
tired to  the  heights  of  Haerlem.  The  enemy  immediately 
took  possession.  A  few  days  afterwards,  a  fire  broke  out 
whicK  consmned  about  a  thousand  houses. 

31.  General  Washington,  afler  reflecting  upon  the 
events  which  had  already  occurred ;  after  considering  the 
inexperience  of  his  troops,  the  condition  of  the  country, 
and  the  distance  of  the  enemy  from  their  resources,  deter- 
mined to  adopt  a  cautious  system  of  warfare ;  to  risk  at 
present  no  general  engagement ;  to  harrass  and  wear  out 
the  enemy  by  keeping  them  in  continual  motion  ;  and  to 
inspire  his  own  troops  with,  courage,  by  engaging  them  in 
skirmishes,  in  all  cases  where  success  was  probable.  In 
one,  fought  on  the  6th  of  September,  the  brave  colonel 
Knowlton  was  killed;  but  the  result  was  so  decidedly 
favorable  to  the  Americans,  that  the  troops  recovered 
their  spirits ;  and  the  general  was  confirmed  i>n  the  f  -stem 
he  had  adopted. 

32.  The  movements  of  the  enemy,  in  tKe  beginning  of 
October,  indicated  an  intention  of  gaixiing  the  rear  of  the 
Americans,  x.id  cutting  off  their  commUmCation  with  the 
eastern  states.  The  army,  therefore,  quitting  Haerlem, 
moved  northward  towards  White  Plains.  General  Howe 
pursued,  making  several  attempts  to  bring  on  a  general 
engagement,  which  Washington  avoided  by  skilful  changes 
of  position.  A  partial  action  was  fought,  on  the  28th  of 
October,  in  which  the  loss  on  both  sides  was  nearly 
equal. . 

33.  Findinff  his  antagonist  too  cautious  to  be  drawn  into 
the  open  fiela,  and  too  strong  to  be  attacked  in  his  en- 
trencnments,  general  Howe  determined  to  return  towards 
New-York,  and  attack  forts  Washington  and  liCe,  situated 
opposite  to  each  other  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  and 
about  ten  miles  above  the  city.  In  these  forts,  garrisons 
had  been  left,  from  a  wish  to  preserve  the  command  of  this 
important  river.  That  in  fort  Washington,  consisting  in 
part  of  inilitia,  amounted  to  two  thousand  seven  hundred 
men,  under  colonel  Magaw.       %* 

34.  On  the  16th  of  Novembtr,  foiir  divlMoiMi  U  dlit 


1^ 


iiEiroLirrtoNARV  war. 


tirre- 


enemy's  anny,  led  by  theiir  prihci^al  officers,  attacked  it  in 
four  diiTerent  quarters.  The  garrison^  and  jiarticularly  the 
riflemen  under  colonel  Rawungs,  fought  bravely.  The 
Germans  were  seteral  times  driven  back,  with  great  loss. 
But  these  combined  and  vigorous  attacks  were  at  length 
successful.  The  ammunition  in  the  fort  being  nearly  ex- 
hausted, and  all  the  out  posts  driven  in,  the  commander, 
on  being  a  second  time  summoned,  agreed  to  capitulate,  on 
honorable  terms,  liiis  was  the  severest  blow  the  Ameri- 
cans had  yet  felt.  The  loss  of  the  enemy,  however,  in 
killed  and  wounded,  was  supposed  to  be  twelve  hundred 
men. 

35.  Fort  Lee  was  immediately  evacuated,  the  garrison 
joining  general  Washington.  He  had  previously,  with  one 
division  of  his  army,  crossed  over  into  New-Jersey,  leav- 
ing the  other,  under  the  command  of  general  Lee,  in  New- 
York.  His  force,  even  when  augmented  by  the  garrison, 
consisted  of  but  three  thousand  effective  men,  and  they 
were  destitute  of  tents,  of  blankets,  and  even  of  uttnsils 
to  cook  their  provisions.  His  iirst  station  was  Newark ; 
but  the  enemy  pursuing  him,  he  was  compelled  to  retreat 
successively  to  Brunswick,  to  Princeton,  to  Trenton,  and 
finally  to  cross  the  Delaware  into  Pennsylvania ;  and  so 
close  was  the  pursuit,  that  the  advance  of  the  British  army 
was  often  in  sight. 

36.  Small  as  was  his  force  when  the  retreat  began,  it 
diminished  daily.  On  the  last  of  November,  many  of  his 
troops  were  entitled  to  their  discharge,  and  not  one  of 
tliem  could  be  persiaded  to  continue  another  day  in  ser- 
vice. Such  he  feared  would  be  the  conduct  of  the  re- 
mainder, whose  time  would  expire  at  the  end  of  the  year. 
In  this  extremity,  he  urged  general  Lee  to  hasten  to  his 
assistance ;  but  that  officer,  having  other  purposes  in  View, 
delayed  his  march.  He  called  on  the  militia  of  New- 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  but  none  obeyed  his  call.  The 
population  around  him  were  hostile  or  desponding,  and 
withheld  all  aid  from  an  army  whose  cajreer  seemed  near 
its  termination. 

37.  In  this  darkest  hour  in  American  history,  general 
Howe  issued  a  proclamation  offering  pardon  to  3l  who 
would  declare  their  submission  to  i-oyal  authority.  The 
contrast  betiieen  a  ragged,  suffering,  retreating  army,  and 
a  full-clad,  powerful,  e;^ultinff  foe,  induced  many,  despair- 
ing of  success,  to  abancAn  tne  cause  they  had  esnoused, 
rfnd  msceik  of  parddil.    Among  them  were  Mr.  Galhowny,, 


*■«, 


-im 


\t 


1776.]  KEVOLUTIOplRY  WAKf       . 

'  '  •...■* 

and  Mr.  Alien*  who  kad  beeii  members  of  the  cpntuiyentQl 
congress.    - 

38.  As  the  British  asny  approached  Philadelphia,  con- 
gress adjourned  to  Baltimore^  having  previonsly  invested 
general  Washington  with  *'  full  power  to  order  and  direct 
all  things  relative  to  the  department,  and  to  the  operations 
of  war.^  Such  unlimited  authority  eould  not  have  been 
placed  in  hands  more  woi*thy  to  hold  it.  To  the  elastic 
energy  of  his  mind,  and  his  perfect  8»lf-iK)Ssession  in  the 
most  desperate  circumstances,  is  America,  in  a  greatide- 
gree,  indebted  for  her  independence. 

39..  On  the  day  that  he  was  driven  over  the  Delaware, 
the  British  took  possession  of  Rhode  Island.  On  the  13th 
of  December,  general  Lee,  having  wandered  from  his 
army,  was  surprised  and  taken  prisoner.  In  the  experi- 
ence and  talents  of  this  officer,  the  people  reposed  great 
coiifldence,  and  they  lamented  his  loss  like  that  of  an 
army.  In  its  conse(|uences,  his  capture  was  fortunate.  The 
command  of  his  division  devolved  upon  general  Sullivan, 
who  conducited  it  promptly  to  general  Washington,  aug- 
menting his  army  to  nearly  seven  thousand  effective  men. 

J  40.  Still  so  much  stronger  were  the  enemy,  that  they 
regarded  the  rebels,  for  so  they  delighted  to  call  the 
patriots  of  that  day,  as  almost  subdued,  and  doubted  not 
that  a  vigorous  attempt,  whenever  they  should  be  disposed 
to  make  it,  would  place  in  their  power  the  handiilil  of  men 
before  them.  They  rioted  upon  the  plunder  of  the  coun- 
try, and  enjoyed  in  prospect  the  fruit&t  of  an  assured  and 

'decisive  victory. 

41.  Washington  saw  that  this  tide  of  ill  fortune  must 
be  stemmed — ^must  even  be  rolled  back  upon  the  enemy- — 

,,vW  it  would  3oon  overwhelm  his  couTitry.    He  resolved  to 

|hazard  all  that  was  left  in  one  vigorous  effort  for  Victory. 
On  the  night  of  the  25th  December,  at  the  head  of  two 
thousand  fbur  hundred  men.^  he  crossed  the  Delaware  at 
Trenton,  surprised  a  body  of  Hessians  stationed  at  that 
place,  took  nine  hundred  prisoners,  and  immediately  re- 
crossed,  bavins  lost  but  nine  of  his  men.,.,   /, 

1  42.  This  Budden  and  severe  blow  awakened  the  enemy 

2  to  activity.  Cornwailis,  who  had  repaired  to  New- York, 
lintrusting  to  his  inferior  officers  the  task  of  finishing  the 
?war,  returned,  with  additional  troops,  to  regain  the  ground 

that  had  been  lost.  He  concentrated  his  fwces  at  Prince- 
ton ;  and  soon  after,  Washington,  hav^.g  been  Joined  by 
»  body  of  P«nnsyl'fania  militia,  and  persuaded  the  New- 


% 


W 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[1777. 


■4 

find[and  twopB  to  serve  six  weeks  longer}  ng&in  crossed 
the  Delaware  7.nd  took  post  at  Trenton. 

43.  On  the  2d  of  January,  1777,  the  greater  part  of  the 
British  army  marched  to  attack  the  Americans.  In  the 
evening  they  encamped  near  Trenton,  in  full,  expectation 
of  a  battle  and  victory  in  the  morning.  Washington, 
sensible  of  the  inferiority  of  his  force ;  sensible  too  that 
:flight  would  be  alnm^it  as  fatal  as  defeat,  conceived  another 
Jbold  project  which  he  resolved  instantly  to  execute. 

44.  About  midnight,  having  renewed  his  fires,  he  silent- 
l)y  decamped,  and  gaining,  by  a  circuitous  route,  the  rear 

of  the  enemy,  marched  towards  Princeton,  where  he  pre- 
sumed Cornwallis  had  left  a  part  of  his  troops.  At  sun- 
rise, the  van  of  the  American  forces  met  unexpectedly 
two  British  regiments.  A^  sharp  action  ensued ;  the  for- 
mer gave  way.  At  this  crisis,  when  all  was  at  stake,  the 
cojDunander-in-chief  led  the  main  body  to  the  attack.  The 
^nemy  were  routed  and  fled.  Fortunately  the  heroic 
Washington,  though  exposed  to  both  fires,  and  but  a  few 
yards  distant  frwn.  either  party,  escaped  unhurt.  --■ 

45.  Instead  of  pursuing  th«mi,  he  pressed  forward  to 
Princeton,  where  one  re^L-iaer.t  yet  remained.  Part  saved 
themselves  by  a  precipitate  flight ;  about  three  hundred 
were  made  prisoners.  The  British  loss  in  killed  was  up- 
wards of  one  hundred ;  the  American  was  less,  but  in  the 
number  were  the  brave  general  Mercer, -and  several  valua- 
ble officers.  Among  the  wounded  was  lieutenant  James 
Monroe,  afterwards  raised  to  the  highest  office  in  the  gift 
of  his  fellow  citizens. 

1  46.  In  consternation,  the  British  army  immediately  eva- 
cuated Trenton,  and  retreated  to  New-Brunswick.  The , 
inhabitants,  resuming  their  courage,  and  giving  full  forced 
to  their  rsige,  which  fear  had  smothered,  took  revenge  for 
the  brutalities  they  had  suffered.  The  enemy  were  driven 
frcMn  all  tlieir  poots  in  New-Jersey,  except  Amboy  and 
Brunswick,  and  the  American  army  obtained  secure  win- 
ter quarters  at  Morristown.    i  ;  ^? 

.  47.  The  brilliant  victories  at  Trenton  and  Princeton 
raised,  from  the  lowest  depression,  the  spirits  of  the 
Ameiican  people.  They  regarded  Washington  as  the  sa- 
vior of  his  country.  He  became  the  theme  of  eulogy 
throughout  Europe,  And  having  displayed,  as  occasionsii 
demanded,  the  ^posite  qualities  of  caution  and  impetu* 
osity,  he  received  the  hoc^rable  and  appropriate  appellation* 
«f  the  American  Fabius. 


^ 


7T7. 
»ssed 

fthe 
the 

ation 

gton, 
that 

other 


as  np-  # 
in  the 
iralua- 
lames 
le  gift  ' 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

CAMPAIGN  OF  1777. 

The  firmhe&s  manifested  by  congress,  when  disaster 
and  defeat  had  ahnoet  annihilated  the  Ameiioan  army, 
entitles  the  members  to  the  gratitude  and  admiration  of 
every  friend  of  freedom.  Tiiey  exhibited  no  symptom 
of  terror  or  dismay.  They  voted  to  raise  an  army  to  take 
the  place  of  that  which  was  to  be  disbanded  at  the  end  of 
the  year ;  and,  made  sensible  by  experience,  that  shor 
enlistments  had  been  the  cause  of  most  of  the  misfortun 
of  their  country,  they  resolved  that  the  new  levies  shoui^ 
be  enlisted  to  serve  three  years  or  during  the  war,  at  ni0 
option  of  the  individual. recruits.  To  defray  expanses', 
they  made  large  emissions  of  paper  money.  And  to  evince 
their  firm  determination  to  the  world,  they  solenu^ 
declared  that  they  would  listen  to  no  terms  of  ppRR 
^hich  required  a  relinquishment  of  their  independen<Mf 
or  which  should  deprive  other  hations  of  a  free  triie  to 
their  ports. 

2.  Rel)dn^  on  the  inveterate  enmity  of  France  against 
Great  Britain,  they  sent  commissioners  to  that  court, 
with  instructions  to  solicit  a  loan  of  money,  a  simply  of 
munitions  of  war,  aud  an  acknowledgement  of  the"  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States.  These  commissioners 
were  Dr. Franklin,  Silas  Dean,  and  Arthur  Lee.  Frank- 
lin arrived  at  Paris  in  December.  The  cause  of  which 
he  was  the  advocate,  and  his  own  great  fame  as  a  philos- 
opher, procured  him  a  flattering  reception  from  all  ranks 
of  people.  America,  her  minister,  her  struggle  againet 
oppression,  became  the  themes  of  popular  discourse,  and 
ohe  government  itself  was  rendered  in  secret  propitious  to 
ner  cause.  i?^  •? 

3.  The  ministry  permitted  arms,  covertly  taken"  from 
-he  public  arsenals,  to  be  conveyed  to  the  United  States, 
rhey  connived  at  the  sale,  in  their  West  India  islands, 
and  even  in  the  ports  of  France,  of  the  prizes  taken  by 
American  privateers.  The  value  of  these  prizes  made  in 
the  year  1776,  was  computed  at  five  millions  of  dollars, 
and  fer  exceeded  that  of  the  captures  made  by  the  enemy. 

4.  So  popular  wafi  the  cause  of  the  United  States,  and 
go  exalted  the  charaeter  of  their  military  leader,  that 
mahy  French  officers  sought  an  opportunity  of  engaging 


tso 


HEVOLUnONARY  WAR. 


[im/ 


/ 


in  their  serrioe.  Among  these,  the  young  Marquis  de  la 
Fayettfe  was  most  conspicuous  for  his  rank,  and  most  dis- 
tinniished  >for  his  ardor  and  enthusiasm.  At  an  early 
penod,  he  conmiunicated  to  the  American  agents  his  wir/A 
to  join  the  republican  armies.  At  first,  they  encouraged 
his  zeal,  but  leaming  the  disasters  which  proceeded  the 
victory  at  Trenton,  the^,  with  honorable  frankness, com*-; 
municated  the  information  ,to  him,  and  added  that  they 
were  so  destitute  offunds,  that  they  could  not  even  pro^ 
Tide  for  his  passage  across  the  ocean.  ^% 

6.  "If  your  country,"  replied  the  gallant  youth,  "  is  in- 
ed  reduced  to  this  extremity,  it  is  at  this  moment  that 

departure  to  join  her  armies  will  render  her  the  most 
sntial  service."  He  immediately  hired  a  vessel  to 
convey  him  to  America,  where  he  arrived  in  the  spring  of 
1777.  He  was  received  with  I'ordial  afiection  by  the 
M|ple,  became  the  bosom  friend  of  Washington,  solicited 
Hmidsion  to  serve  without  pay,  and  was  appointed 
mijor-general  in  the  army. 

X  BMn  the  last  campaign,  more  prisonershad  been  taken 
by  the  British  than  by  the  Americans.  They  were  de- 
tained at  New- York,  and  were  confined  in  churches  and 
prison  ships,  where  they  endured  the  extremity  of  wretch- 
edness. They  were  exposed,  without  fire  and  almost 
without  clothes,  to  the  inclemency  of  a  severe  winter ; 
were  often  whole  days  without  food,  and  when  food  was 
offered,  it  was  but  a  miserable  pittance,  damaged  and 
loathsome.  Many  died  of  hunger,  and  more  of  mseases, 
produced  by  their  complicated  sufferings. 

7.  Washington  remonstrated  with  warmth,  and  threat 
ened  retaliation.  After  his  victories  in  New-Jersey, 
their  treatment  was  less  inhuman.  An  exchange  was 
agreed  upon,  but  many,  when  attempting  to  walk  from 
their  places  of  confinement  to  the  vosseTs  provided  to 
convey  them  away,  fell  and  eiroired  in  the  streets.  Yet 
in  the  midst  of  these  unparalleled  sufferings,  they  had 
exhibited  fortitude  more  rare,v^nd  more  honorable  to 
human  nature,  than  the  highest  display  of  valor  in  battle. 
To  entice  them  to  enlist  in  the  royal  army,  they  were  pro- 
mised relief  from  misery,  and  the  enjoyment  of  abundance. 
'A'hey  rqected  the  offer  with  disdain ;  thus  giving  to  the 
world  tae  noblest  proof  of  the  absence  of  all  mercenary 
motive,  and  of  the  sincerity  and  fervor  of  their  devotion 
10  their  country. 

8.  Near  the  end  of  May,  the  Ameriean  army,  wliicli« 


1777.] 


HEVOLimONAW  WAR. 


lit 


had  been  augmented  by  recinilto  to  almost  ten  thoDfand  * 
men,  moved  from  Morristown,  and  took  a  strong  position 
at  Middlebrook.    The  British,  soon  afifcer,  left  theiir  pn- 

;  campment,  and  general  Howe  endeavored,  by  yarii|us 
movements,  to  ind'ice  general  Washington  to  quit  nis 

/HBtrong  hold  and  meet  him  on  equal  ground.  But  the  latter, 
adhenn^;  to  his  Fabian  system  of  warfare,  determined  to 

1  remain  m  the  position  he  had  ohoseu, 

9.  General  Howe,  changing  his  purpose,  transported  his 
army  to  Staten  Island.  He  there  embarked  sixteen 
thousand  troops  on  board  a  large  fleet,  and,  leaving  Sil^m^ 
Henry  Clinton  in  command  at  New-York,  put  out  to  S0|i^ 
on  the  26th  of  July.  His  destination  was  carefully  kept 
secret.  On  the  20th  of  August,  the  fleet  entered  Chesa** 
peake  bay,  and  rendered  it  certain  that  an  attack  upon 
rhiladelphia  was  intended.  The  troops  were  landed  at 
Elk  ferry,  in  Maryland,  fifty  miles  south  of  that  city. 

10.  The  American  army  immediately  crossed  the  Dfela- 
ware,  and,  passing  through  Philadelphia,  directed  its  march 
towards  the  enemy.  The  people,  weary  of  delays  and 
indecisive  movements,  demanded  that  a  general  engage- 
ment should  be  hazarded  for  the  defence  of  the  metropolis. 

.  Washington,  yielding  to  their  wishes,  took  a  position  on 
the  eastern  bank  of  Brandywine  creek,  and  in  the  direction 
of  the  enemy's  route. 

11.  On  the  eleventh  of  September,  the  British  armj' 
appeared,  and,  crossing  the  creek  at  several  fords,  com- 
menced an  attack  upon  the  American  right,  which,  after 
a  short  resistance,  gave  way.  The  other  divisions,  succes- 
sively attacked,  gave  way  in  like  manner,  and  the  rout 
becoming  general,  a  retreat  was  ordered  to  Chester. 

12.  Several  portions  of  the  American  army,  particularly 
a  brigade  from  Virginia,  exhibited  in  this  battle  great 
firmness  and  bravery.  The  misconduct  of  others  rendered 
their  bravery  unavailing.  The  American  loss  amounted 
to  twelve  hundred ;  the  Briti-sh  to  no  more  than  half  that 
number.  The  Marquis  de  la  Fayet-te  took  part  in  the 
engagement  and  was  wounded.  The  next  day,  the  army 
retired  to  Philadelphia,  and  soon  after  to  Reading,  where 

.  a  quantity  of  stores  had  been  deposited.  The  retreat  was 
performed  without  a  murmur,  although  many  marched 

V  without  shoes,  and  slept  on  the  ground  without  blan)iim. 

*  On  the  26th  of  September,  general  Howe  entered  WiH^, 
delphia  in  triumph,  congress  having  previously" t*^^**^*^^-* 


v»i^*v-«-  ^.^^m. 


to  Lancaster. 


.""S^ 


'  "■'  *»ff»  **'*' 


%t 


169  '  REVOLUTIOjfAftY  WAR.  [me: 

13.  The  tranaaotlons  of  the  contending  armies  at  the 
tht)  nertb,  since  the  termination  of  the  expedition  to 
Canada,  now  demand  our  attention.  The  Americans 
halted  at  Crown  Point»  the  British  at  St.  Johns,  and  both 
employed  the  remainder  of  the  summer  in  building  vessels 
and  making  preparations  to  secure  the  command  of  Lake 
Champlain. 

14.  On  the  11th  of  October,  1776,  the  American  and 
British  S(^uadrons  met,  colonel  Arnold,  who  had  been  a 

^  sailor  in  hi»  youth,  commanding  the  former.  After  a  short 
contest,  the  enemy,  not  being  then  able  to  bring  their  whole 

^force  into  action,  retired.  The  next  day,  thev  returned  to 
the  combat,  and  being  greatly  superior,  drove  the  American 
squadron  before  them,  to  the  head  of  the  lake.  A  sharp 
action  then  took  place;  the  officers  and  men  fought 
gallantly,  but  Arnold  losing  a  part  of  his  force,  and  per- 
ceiving defeat  to  be  inevttaUe,  ran  the  remainder  of  his 
vessels  on  shore  and  set  them  on  fire. 

15.  Winter  approaching,  governor  Carleton  returned 
with  his  troops  to  Canada.  General  Burgoyne,  who  had 
served  under  him  during  the  last  campaign,  made  a  voyage 
to  England  to  concert  a  plan  for  future  operations.  It  was 
determined  that  a  powerful  army,  departing  from  Montreal, 
should  proceed,  by  way  of  Lake  Champlain,  to  the  Hudson, 
with  the  view  of  obtaining,  by  the  co-operation  of  the 
army  at  New- York,  the  entire  command  of  that  river. 
All  communication  between  the  states  of  New-England, 
and  the  others  lying  south  of  them,  would  thus  be  pre- 
vented. Either  section,  alone  and  unsupported,  could,  it 
was  supposed,  be  easily  subdued ;  and  the  whole  strength 
i)f  the  nation  might  then  be  directed  against  the  other. 

16.  Nothing  was  omitted  which  might  insure  the  success 
of  this  project.  Seven  thousand  choice  troops,  to  be  sent 
from  England,  were  allotted  to  the  service.  They  were 
supplied  with  an  excellent  train  of  brass  artillery,  and  with 
every  thing  which  could  add  to  their  efRciency  as  an  army. 
The  command  was  given  to  Burgoyne,  and  several  officers  of 
distinguished  reputation  were  selected  to  serve  under  him. 

17.  General  Schuyler,  of  New- York,  a  worthy  officer, 
whose  talents  were  solid  but  not  brilliant,  had  the  chief 
command  of  the  northern  department.  He  was  indefatifra- 
We  in  making  preparations  for  defence ;  and  such  was  his 
aeal  in  the  cause  of  independence,  and  such  his  deserved 
pqimlarity  in  his  fiati^  e  state,  that  he  doubtless  accom- 

more  than  any  other  persuu  could*  have  done. 


■<*•*■„ 


vjp 


^v 


17T7.1 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


183 


Still,  at  a  late  period  in  the  spring,  the  fortifications  were 
incomplete^  ana  but  few  troops  or  munitions  of  war  were 
collected. 

18.  Very  earlv  in  the  season.  Burgoyne  arrived  at  Que- 
bec. He  immediately  despatched  colonel  St.  Leger  with 
y^  party  of  regulars,  tories,  and  Indiana,  by  the  way  of  the 
'St,  Lawrence  to  Oswego,  directing  him  to  proceed  thence 
to  the  Mohawk,  and  jom  him  at  Albany.  With  the  main 
army,  augmented,  in  Canada,  to  ten  thousand  men,  he 
hastened  to  Ticonderoga,  before  which  he  appeared  on  the 
first  of  July.  On  his  way,  he  held  a  conference,  at  the 
river  Bouquet,  with  a  large  number  of  savages,  whom 
British  agents  had  persuaded  to  join  the  army. 

19.  The  garrison  of  Ticonderoga,  which  was  then  oom- 
mandeci  by  general  St.  Clair,  was  insufficient  to  defend  it 
against  so  po  ^erful  a  force.  It  was  evacuated  in  the  night 
of  the  5th,  the  troops  crossing  Lake  Champlain  and  re- 
treating towards  Castleton,  in  Vermont.  The  enemy  pur- 
sued, and  on  the  morning  of  the  7th,  their  van  overtook 
and  attacked  the  American  rear,  under  colonels  Francis 
and  Warner.  The  action  was  warm  and  well  contested ; 
but  other  troops  arriving  to  the  aid  of  the  British,  the 
Americans  were  compelled  to  give  way. 

20.  The  retreat  now  became  precipitate  and  disor^dtly; 
the  pursuit  rapid  and  persevering.  At  length,  the  republi- 
can army,  diminished  in  number,  exhausted  by  fatigue,  and 
dispirited  l>  misfortunes,  arrived,  by  various  routes,  at 
fort  Edward,  '-n  the  Hudson,  the  head-quarters  of  general 
J>chuyler.  These  disastrous  events  spread  terror  and 
dismay  throughout  the  land.  The  people,  ignorant  of  the 
weakness  of  the  army,  attributed  its  retreat  to  cowardice 
or  treachery,  and  trembled  at  the  dangers  which  menaced 
them  from  ~ne  British,  Germans,  and  savages. 

21.  The  royal  forces,  elated  by  success,  proceeded 
through  the  wilderness  towards  fort  Edward.  Their 
progress  was  slow  and  toilsome.  General  Schuyler,  on 
their  approach,  evacuated  the  fort,  and  retired  across  the 
Hudson  to  ^jratoga.  Soon  after,  he  descended  the  river 
to  Stillwater ;  and,  the  British  continuing  to  advance,  he 
retreated,  on  the  14th  of  August,  to  the  islands  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson,  a  few  miles  north 
of  Trov  About  the  same  time,  intelligence  was  received, 
that  ^  '^eger,  having  penetrated  from  Oswego  to  the 
Mohav.,;,  ^ad  laid  siege  to  fort  Schuyler,  situated  in  the 
Jflreseat  ur;  nship  of  Romo.        i-^; 


"m 


m 


RBYOLUTIONARV  WAR. 


[1177. ' 


72.  The  Ameiican  general,  b^ore  leaving  fi  '  Edward 
Sssoed  a  proclamation  calling  io  ma  aid  tbe  miiiiia  of  New- 
jgp^i^^^t  and  New-York.  Aroused  by  the  danger  multi* 
tuutis  obeyed  liis  call.  Vermont  .poured  forth  her  daring 
Green-lV|c^t«i|i  boys;  the  ot  v  .  jUtes  of  New-JSnffland 
their  haidyireaman.yv  ardent,  m  th^  cauee  of  freedom : 
Kew-York,|ier  valiant  sons,  indignaHI  at  this  invasion  of 
her  territory»iU[id  determined  to  protect  their  property  from 
pillage  and  destruction.  Thesq  beset  the  invaders  on 
every  side,  impeding  their  progress,  cutting  off  their  sup- 
plies, and  fatiguine  them  by  incessant  attacks. 

S3.  Burgoyne,  nnding  it  difficult  to  transport  his  pro- 
Yisiohs  through  the  vildemess,  despatched  colonel  Baum, 
If  ith  five  hundred  Hessians,  to  seise  a  quantity  of  beef 
and  flour  which  the  Americans  had  collected  and  deposited 
at  Bennington.  Fortunately,  genen^  Stark,  at  the  head 
of  a  party  of  New-Hampshire  militiie^liad  just  arrived  at 
that  place,  on  his  way  to  ^e  main  amiy,  and  been  joined 
by  volunteers  from  the  inundate  neighbourhood.  Baum, 
ascertaining  fheir  number  to  be  greater  than  his  own, 
halted  near  Bennington,  erected  oreastwork^,  and  sent 
hack  for  a  reinforcement.  '  .V 

2i.  In  several  skirmishes  between  small  detachments, 
I  t\\B  militia  were  ^iniformly  successful.  This  sharpening 
<;ie0^  courage,  Stark  resolved  to  attack  the  main  body. 
On  the  16th  of  August,  a  fierce  and  sanguinary  battle  took 
place.  For  two  hours,  the  Hessians  fought  bravoly,  but 
their  works,  assaulted  by  braver  f^ops,  were  at  length 
entered,  and  most  of  the  detachment  either  killed  or  made 
prisoners. 

25.  Just  after  this  action  had  terminated,  colonel  Brey- 
man  arrived  with  the  reinforcement  sent  to  Baum.  The 
militia,  apprehending  no  danger,  had  dispersed  in  pursuit 
of  plunder  or  the  fugitives.    By  carelessness  was  nearly 

,  lost  all  that  Dy  valor  had  been  gained.  Happily,  at  this 
/critical  juncture,  colonel  Warner  arrived  from  Manchester 
with  a  continental  regiment,  and  immediately  fell  upon 
Breyman,  ^  The  militia,  rallying,  hastened  to  his  aid.  The 
battle  continued  until  sunset,  when  the  enemy  retreated, 
and  under  cover  of  the  night  the  greater  part  enected  their 
escape. 

26.  Tbe  tide  of  fortune  was  now  turned.  The  decisive 
victory  ct  Bennington  diffused  confidence  and  joy.  The 
/fiends  of  independence,  before  depressed  by  disaster  and 

^  «i«feat,  were  now^imunated  b^  the  prospect,  which  sttd« 


1777.] 


REVOLUTIONAHY  WAR. 


Its 


:)&; 


denly  burst  upon  thenif  of  a  glorious  victory  over  an  arro- 
gant and  once  dreaded  enemy.  The  greatest  zeal  and 
activity  were  every  where  displayed.  Again  crowds  of 
militia  flocked  toihe  republican  camp. 

27.  In  a  few  days,  cheering  intelligence  arrived  from  fort 
Schuyler*  The  garrison  under  colonels  Gansevoort  and 
Willet,  had,  in  thr  midst  of  the  most  discouraging  circum- 
stances, made  a  gallant  defence  against  the  forces  of  St. 
Lege*.  G  "leral  Herkimer,  marchin^^'  with  eight  hundred 
militia  o  i  ^*»1k  f,  fell  into  an  ambuscade,  was  '  ^aated 
and  slain;  t  'arger  mrty  was  speedily  coll /r;i«:'ii  and 
immedin  '  ija^'-Ued,  under  general  Arnolo,  uiioa  the 
same  sei 

28.  The  IS,  alarmed  by  their  approach,  and  fa- 
tigued and  disgudted  by  the  protracted  labors  of  the  siege, 
threatened  to  abandon  St.  Leger,  if  he  would  not  roliquish 
his  enterprise.  He  reluctantly  consented,  and  with  the 
loss  of  his  baggage  and  stores  retreated  to  Montreal. 
Burgoyne  was  thus  deprived  of  his  expected  co-operation, 
and  the  militfa  of  that  part  of  the  states  were  enabled  to 
join  tlie  American  army. 

29*.  The  disasters  which  befell  this  army  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  campaign  induced  congress  to  recall  the 
generals  who  commanded  it,  and  to  appoint,  in  their  places, 
generals  Gates,  Lincoln,  and  Arnold.  Having  the  control 
of  more  abundant  and  powerful  means,  they  actod  with 
more  energy  and  boldness.  Gates,  leaving  the  encamp- 
ment on  the  islapds;  to  which  Schuyler  Tiad  retreated, 
advanced,  in  the  beginning  of  September,  to  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Stillv/ater. 

30.  Burgoyne,  after  the  defeat  of  Baum,  was  obliged  to 
have  recourse,  f©r  provisionsj  to  the  magazines  at  fort 
George.  The  laborious  task  of  transporting  them  through 
the  wilderness  to  the  Hudson  being  accomplished,  he 
moved  forward,  and  on  the  17th  of  September,  encamped 
within  fimr  miles  of  the  American  army. 

31.  The  next  day,  the  first  battle  of  Stillwater  was 
fought.  It  was  begun  by  skirmishes  between  the  ^^outinff 
parties  of  the  two  armies,,  which  were  respecti  jly  and 
repeatedly  reinh)rced,  until  nearly  the  whole  of  each  was 
engaged.  Both  fought  with  determined  resolution ;  they 
alternately  drove  and  were  driven  by  each  other.  A  con- 
tinual blaze  of- fire  was  kept  up.  Men,  and  particularly 
officers,  dropped  every  moment  ap-d  on  every  side.  Night 
put  an  end  to  the  conflict.        '""  - 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MTO) 


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Fk)tographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14380 

(716)  872-4503 


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v^o 


►  "^^ 


■:«^ 


m. 


ft- 


mmmimimimB* 


ftili^k  lay  im  thdif  t^  cf  ba#i»^   T6e 

MM8  ofthe  Mai^  was  Uuree  IMN^  agd  mp^e^ii;  that 
of  ^ei8tt0t^|ci^3a^>$'i&^i^  JiSw^h  claimed  the 

ip^^'^f^^^mM  of  <»l|^  vrwpe  lelit  li^  tiie 

lmmmm»i  im  CaBMidiaii%  fuid  tme«,  were  dis- 
ed  ana  oeaerted  them.  J 
^ressed  tin  all  Me^tBmmmB  umi^ li[eq[aetit and 
Qifent  ap^icatiiHis  to  Sir  Henj^  Q^^int  al  New-Y(»k, 
fer  aidy  and  infonned  him  that,  m  e^^ootation  of  aiich  aid, 
ine  would  maintain  his  present  oo^&n  4mtil  the  l^th  of 
October.  He  diminished  thct  allowance  of  proyisions  to 
his  soldiers,  and  haying  walked  uiitil  the  ttk,  without  re- 
ceiring  an)^  iotell^ence  tmst  Clintoi^  determined  to  make 
another  tiriU  of  strei^h  wi A  his  ad|e!^^^ 

3€.  He  inaie  dispositicj^w^  to  O^imeiiee^  ao^on  with 
ihe%lit  wing  c^his  armjr ;  (^ate^cKscof^a^ 
Slide  a  midden  and  Tigoroi»  atta/^  u]Moitt  41^  1^  |n  ^a 
i&ort  tim3,  the  whole  of  both  anni^  wore  OB^[f^|{ed.  This 
Wtkwas  furious,  obstinate^^aiid  more  Hoody-than  the 
ptlier.  Arnold  was  eminently  msiingidliied  for  his  bravery 
and  rashness.  Towards  night,  the  enemy,  who  had  fou^t 
wi|li  desperate  ralor,  gave  way.  A  part  of  their  works 
v^  stormed  and  taken,  and  more  than  two  hundred  men 
soaia  prisoners. 

95.  l)arknoss  put  an  end  to  this  action  also.  The 
An^ricans  lay  upon  their  arms  near  the  enenly^s  lines^in- 
^endii^  to  renew  the  battle  the  next  day ;  but  Burgoyiie, 
fitting  the  night,  withdrew  to  a  stronger  position.  Gf.te8 
ftvbore  to  pursue,  belieyio£^  that  a  bloodless  victory  was 
90W  in  his  Dower. 

J^  In  tne  .n.(jan  time,  Sir  Henry  OMntoh  despirtcMl 
gBUlM  Vwighan  with  three  thousand  men,  to  endeavor  to 
ie^te  Bargovne.  ¥?«  ascended  the  Hudson,  and  cm  the 
nxth  of  OctoDer<  assaulted  and  took  fort  IVtontgoisiery ; 
Imt  instead  d  hastening  forward,  he  consumed  a  whole 
week  in  ptUaginc  and  buminff  Esopus,  and  other  floudsh- 
fn^  i^ky»s  on  the  river.  He  perhaps  expected  that  thhi 
wante  oeiAniction  of  property  would  draw  off  a  jip  of 
Ihe  iiM  Slider  %tes  $  but  it  had  no  Mher  efSeoi  mm  to 
e3M^ebi^#tiiiiiMtairt  ..f';.?^:^^ 

J^  Jtogiinle^  p^^  his  antagonist  was^lK- 

t^avoi^  tojMm^^        retreated  to  the  lieigbls  of 


■I 


force  OB  the  east  bank j|  Ahedver  to  tnreyfnt  ] 
liroesmg.    The  aittiatif^  of  ikf  mmk  ixoixpii 


di9trf»^i^  ia  tl^^©s;t|lft^(|e.  Many  of  th0ir  iailt  Valiied 
officoTs  liia.|p!Qi9t  jdUed.  Thek  sttengtii  wae  ^^ih^iiateil 
Iwr  j]ieea|lii^l  j^ricm;  ttegr  /were  A¥>8t  ,^[i0urcM  tiy 
their^«wie^EQyiiw  Wjlio 

deB^otlve^l^opa4e.    Fr<«i;^  |b^om  l^pUtioii 
one  mode  <>f  eawsaje  remjdned,  %|aci^  imwcn  fe  ta     ^^^ 
to  fcHTfc  Oediii^* .  1^^  Was  Tesolved  puriuia  Jeiei- 

paiati^  i^e  n^  but  the  scouts  sent  out  ret)irq[e4 
with  ^el^gonce  uiat  all  the  passes  were  guarded  by 
strong  bodies  <tf  milHia. 

38.  An  account  ot*  piovisions  was  then  taken,  and^  a 
supply  for  HoiMfrel^  three  dayli  was  foimd  on  hand.  No 
hope  of  resc^  witfifc  1^^^         could  be  indulged.    Buep 

goYne  8ttimnoiiyiihl$  pIMp^  ^^  ^  council.    It  is 

said  that  while;deIlbemti]Df,a^  cannon  baU  prossecl  the 
table  around  ivhle^  iiey  slit.  By  their  unanimous  advMy 
he  openedaneg^^o  with  the  American  general,  and  on 
the  17thof  IS^ciobeMurr^iidered  his  whole  army  prisoaers 
,o£  war.        '"'::.-  '■•■■.'.  ^  - '  "'.."■  r' 

39.  Great  we^i^^ttiie  lejoieings  occasioned  by  this  gloriom 
victory.  Many  supposed  that  it  would  terminate  the  cob^ 
test.  In  the  joy  of  success,  all  feelings  of  resentment 
were  fbrgotten.  From  regard  to  the  feelings  of  th^iiraA- 
quis>»ed,  general  Gates,  while  they  were  piling  their  arms, 
kepi  the  victorious  troops  within  his  camp.  The  British 
pmcers,  in  social  converse  with  the  Americans,  were  Xc|d 
io  forget  their  misfortune,  and  the  troops,  when  on  tlielr 
march  to  IVlissachusetts,  did  not  receive  from  the  people 
^at  4ndictive  treatment  which  «heir  distressing  oepre^ 
dations,  and  those  of  their  fellow  soldiers  under  Yaiighap, 
woi^d  have  excused,  if  not  justified. 

40.  Against  this  band  of  marauders,  "{[eneral  G^^ 
marched  soon  after  the  capituUtidn  was  signed;  but  <^ 
learning  the  fate  of  Burgoyne,  they  retired  to  New-¥or]k^ 
About  the  same  timet  the  garrison  left  at  Ticpodero|p, 
having  rendered  their  cannon  useless-,  returned  to  Canaoa, 
and  the  noi^em  department  was  restored  to  per&ot  traji« 
■<iuili)ly.\..'-r"^'^  -  ^  ^^  ■'■'•■ 

41.  Wtile  theililertions  of  the  northern  army  wire#f- 
warded  by  brilliant  success,  that  of  the  solttif^li^uy 
brave  and  meritorious,  but  enfeebled  by  tliei^hn^nts 
which  WasMngton  generously  spared  to  Giitefi^  jpstained 
i»l[feip%jTOirws   Tim  gr^ipil  ifOT  at  Geiroam^^ 


■f 


■  '•■ ',' 


IBS 


BEVOLXrriaNARY  WAJl. 


[iltr. 


•'V 


&&. 


in  the  vioinity  (^  Philadelphia,  vrheYe  the  main  bodj^df  the 
enemy^  was  8fati()>ned. 

43.  Upon  thia  body^  at  sunrise,  on  the  4th  of  October, 
the  American  general  made  a  bola  and  vigorous  attack.  Bo 
sildden  and  spirited  was  the  onset,  that  die  eiAemy,  unable 
to^nstain  H,  fled,  and  a  complete  victory  appeared  in  pros- 
^pioeik.  But  six  British  companies,  while  retreatin^f,  tnrew 
IhpiBaelves  into  a  large  stone  house,  from  which,  in  entire 
wU^y,  they  poured  a  destructive  fire  upon  the  American 
troops.  The  pursuit  was  arrested,  and  much  time  con- 
sumed in  a  vain  attempt  to  demolish  this  fortress. 

43.  The  fugitives  rallied,  and  turned  upon  the  assailants. 
Confusion  followed,  and  a  thick  fog.  which  that  moment 
arose,  increased  it.  The  different  divisions,  iterant  of 
the  positions  and  success  of  the  others^  uncertain  even  as 
to  th^ir  ow^f  acted  with  indecision  and  tiinidtty.  A  retreat 
was  therefbrd  directed,  and  the  troops  mdthdrew  in  good 
order. 

44.  In  this  action,  in  whidi  fortune  snatched  victory 
from  the  grasp  of  the  Americans,  thejrlnistained  a  loss  of 
twelve  hundred  men ;  that  of  the  Britisli  was  less  than  six 
hundred.  But  the  vancmished  sustained  no  loss  of  repu- 
tation nor  confidence.  Their  country  applauded  the  bold- 
ness of  the  attempt,  and  the  enemy  felt  higher  respect  for 
their  courage  and  discipline. 

45.  The  British  army  soon  after  left  6e  Atown«  and 
marched  to  attack  the  American  posts  on  titt  river  Dela- 
ware below  Philadelphia.  On  the  22d  of  Octoberj  a  body 
of  twelve  hundred  Hessians,  commanded  by  count  Donop, 
made  an  intrepid  assault  uoon  the  fortifications  at  Red 
Bank.  They  were  repulsed  with"  great  loss,  and  their 
gallant  leader  killed. 

4^  Fort  Mifilin,  on  Mud  Island,  was  next  attacked. 
^(^a|x  days  it  was  bravely  defended.  It  was  then  eva- 
ouiiMi  the  works  having  loeen  almost  demolished  by  th^ 
^^^iitUrs  artill^iy.  Preparations  being  made  for  a  second 
assttult,  with  a  much  larger  force,  upon  the  post  at  Red 
Bank,  that  was  also  evacuated,  and  thus  was  opened  a  free 
^oniigjgiication  between  the  British  army  and  their  fleet, 
whlii^^&d  sailed  round  to  the  mouth  i|||jthe  Dela\irare. 
;  4^  iiter  aeveral  movements  of  thf%spective  arnitea, 
which  had  no  important  result,  general  Washington  with- 
diffiw  to  winter  quarters  in  the  woods  of  .Valley  Forge. 
]^a  troops  were  destitute  o^  shoes,  and  mhrnt  have 
oljeii  tracked  by  the  blood  of  ^r  feet.    They  j^bsed  ^ 


iw^      j^ssfwm^^ 


''2  ■'^•,^' 


t«r  ia,)iiU%  8iiffidxe4^^%ieiQe4^  from  want  of 
elolMnff  iMid  of  food,  b#>enaiiff|NllAMr^|»ritati<m^  witlumt 
a  muriiuir.  Hovr  s^oijg  .1^11  Ufe  1)^  their  lore  <tf 
liberty !  Witii  irliRt  liyelj  jgiMtUife  ^i)t«ii  a  prdepeioof 
oonntry^  hidelrted  to  ^em  lor  t|i^  most  T||iii|;ble  btessingB, 
to  xemeoDiQr^tlfeir  imexlDgiB  and  eeiviees ! 


if 


CHAPTER  XX. 

CAMPAIGN  OF  1778. 

WaiiA  the  Akeikan  angles  were  contending  in  the 
Held,  or  «iirerii||  .91  th^oiuxip,  congress  were  occuoied  i|i 
the  Mrformance  01  duties  Jto4;)ortant  to  the  canse  or  inde- 
pendence. At  j|i^8t»  thill  body  possessed  nOvnpwerft,  bnt 
such  as  were  e<^iferred%1^e  credentials  ahdlnstruction? 
given,  by  the^fiate  legislaifares,  to  their  respective  dele- 
gates. Early  inf  |776,  i  oonfederation  of  the  states  WM 
proposed;  butip^^l  the  15th  of  November,  1777,  all  thfi 
obstacles  to  the  measure  could  tiot  be  surmounted. 
,)  %  The  "Articles  of  Confederation"  then  adopted  % 
Congress,  and  subsequently  ratiHed  by  the  several  asseqi-. 
biies,  boiuid  the  states  in  a  firm  league  of  friendship  with 
^aeh  other,  for  their  ooinmon  defence  tind  the  security  Of 
tiieir  liberties.  Delegates  were  to  be  annually  ap^inted, 
who,  when  assembled  in  congress,  were  authorized  fo 
carry  on  war,  to  make  peace,  and  to  exercise  the  poWefl^ 
of  sovereignty  in  relation  to  foreign  nations.  They  were 
also  authorized  to  deter^jne  the  number  of  men,  and  the 
amount  of  money  to  be  raised,  and  to  assign  to  each  stfl^e 
its  just  proportion. 

3.  But  so  unwiHing  were  the  states  to  relinquish  their 
recently  assumed  independence,  that  they  withheld  iVom 
congress  the  authority  to  make  laws  which  should  operftte 
directly  Upon  the  people;  and  reserved  t#ihemselve9 iHe 
sole  right  of  raising  their  proportions  of  money  in  such 
manner  as  each  might  deem  most  expedient. 

4.  Congress  i^  effected  a  thorough  reform  of  ^com- 
n^ssary  ^partiiijm,  in  which  scandalous  £e8^4%IM  been 
committed.  And%i  order  to  introduce  a  f&iSI^Sjk&0&Uxa 
of  tactics  and  discipline,  they  resolved  t&at  an  inspector- 
generd  should  be  appointed.  Subse<iuently  they  elected 
to  that.mof  tlie  baron  Steuben,  a  native  <f!  Pnissiai  «|lq 


^:M 


190 


-RBVOX-DTlOKARy  WAR. 


[iTTa 


/ 


had  senred  in  »  hiffh  station  in  the  army  of  Pt^d^Brtit  the 
great,  and  was  |reu  versed  in  the  system  of  manoBiiYres 
introduced  by  that  celebratetd  comikiander. 

5.  The  signal  victory  at  Saratoga^xalted  the  repatation 
^Mie  confederated  states,  in  ever]r  part  of  Europe.  The 

"  ministry  no  longer  hesitated  to  acknowledge  their 
_  dence.  On  the  6th  of  February,  they  concluded, 
Pr^  Ainerican  commissioners,  treaties  of  conmierce 
lad  W  alliance,  in  wliich  they  generbusly  assented  to 
terms  highly  advantageous  to  the  states.  This  event,  so 
flatterins  to  Ihe  hopes  and  the  pride  of  the  people,  occa- 
sioned the  liveliest  joy,  and  the  most  ardent  gratitude  to 
.France. 

6.  Among  the  people  of  Great  Britain,  the  defeat  of 
their  favorite  general  produced  astonishment,  dismay,  and 
indignation. ,.  The  most  brilliant  success  was  anticipated; 
the  most  ip^inious  result  had  occurred.  The  pride  of 
the  nation  \(^a3  humbled,  and  they  who  had  disaptproved  of 
^the  war,  ponred  upon  the  ministi^  a  torrent  of  invective. , 
Ta. increase  the  bitterness  of  their  chagrin,  they  soon 
learned  the  course  which  their  hereditary  enemy  and  rival 
.Iiad  resolved  to  pursue. 

.  7.  It  was  now  determined  in  the  cabinet,  to  g^iit  to 
America  all  that  she  had  demanded,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
oontest.  An  act  was  passed,  declaring  that  parliament 
would  not,  in  future,  impose  any  tax  upon  the  colonies ; 
and  commissioners  were  sent  over,  authorized  toptoclaim 
%  repeal  of  all  the  offensive  statutes,  and  to  treat  with  the 
constituted  authorities  of  America. 

8.  The  commissioners,  arriving  at  Fhiladelpliia  in  the 
spring,  communicated  to  congress  the  terms  offered  by 
^r^at  Britain,  which  were  at  once  unanimously  rejectea. 
"^ng  in  the  use  of  direct  and  honorable  means,  they 
ted  bribery  and  corruption*'  To  Joseph  Reed,  a 
in  the  army  and  a  member  of  congress,  an  olTer 
wis  made  of  .^H  thousand  pounds  sterling,  and  any  oMce 
#lihin  his  mi^sty^s  gift  in  the  colonies,  if  he^would  en- 
deavor to  effect  a  reunion  of  the  two  countries*.  ''^  api 
not  w^h  purchasing,^'  he  nobly  replied,  '*buf  'iiaeh  aft  I 
a^  ^1^1^  of  Great  Britain  is  not  ]^i|^nou£||l#^  it.^ 
:^^  d.  t)n  JG^iving'ofAcial  notificatlo^P'the  tt«i^esil0n- 
cluded  with  her  revolted  cojipnies,  Great  Britain  diS^aiped 
war  against  France;  and  the  ministry,  presomiitt  thi^ 
ftssistance  would  be  sentj^|g|^transmitted  orders  %;lktf 
ciDxmiiissioners,  that  Fhililb^im  ^ouid  bt  •vactmle^ 


■# 


!.M^^ 


I9$S«] 


■f- 


REYOLimONABY  WAIt 


'(At! 


and  the.  rojral  troQps  concentratat,  at  New- York.  The 
«xecatibn  of  these  orde^  s  devulved  ^n  Bit  Henry  Clmto;:, 
who^general  Howe  haying  re8i|tied^  Ka^  been  appointed 
commander-in-chief*  On  the  ISth  of  June»  the  enemy 
quitted  the  city,  and  marched  slowly  e^i^ward. 

IQ,  Waehin^n,  leaving  hia  Itntpin  ^e  forest,  Jioiig 
upon  the  injair  drtne  British  army,  watching  for  a  fatK^r^e 
opportunity  to  offer  battle.  Oh  arfivine  &  Monmriti|^^  in  " 
New-Jei$ey9  gener^  Lee,  who  had  late^  been  exchahgecly 
was  orderea  to  take  the  command  of  five  thousand  men. 
and,  early  in  the  morning  of  the  28th,  unless  there  should 
be  powerful  reasons  to  the  contrary,  to  commence  an  at<^ 
tack.  He  was  assured,  that  the  residue  of  the  army 
should  follow  and  give  him  support. 

11.  Leo  made  dispositions  to  attack  accordingly,  but 
perceiving  the  main  body  of  the  enemy  returning  to  meet 
him,  he  retreated.  Washington,  advancing  to  render  the 
promised  support,  saw  him  retiring,  rode  forward  and 
addressed  him  in  language  implying  (Usapprobation  of  his 
conduct.  He  then  directed  nmi  to  form  his  men,  on 
pound  which  he  pointed  out,  and  there  oppose  the  proN* 
gross  of  the  enemy.  '^ 

13.  These  orders  were  executed  with  firmness^  A 
warm  engagement  ensued,  and  Lee,  when  forced  from  the 
ground,  brought  off  his  troops  in  good  order.  Washington, 
at  this  moment,  arrived  with  the  main  body  of  his  arm^, 
which  loined  in  the  action,  and  compelled  the  enemy  iq 
fall  back  to  the  position  from  which  Lee  had  been  driven* 

13.  The  day  had  been  intensely  hot ;  it  was  now  alm^iif 
dark,  and  the  troops  were  much  ratified.  Further  opera- 
tions were  therefore  delerred  until  the  next  morning.  In 
the  night,  Sir  Henry  Clinton  silently  lefl  his  position,  and 
continued  Ids  march  to  New- York.  His  loss  amounted  tti{; 
near  five  hundred  men ;  that  of  the  Americans  to  itjt^ 
hundred.  Heat  and  excessive  fatigue  proved  fatal  to 
many. 

14.  Lee,  irritable  and  proud,  could  not  foi|et  the  maniicsr 
in  which  Washington  had  addressed  him;  and  in  t#o 
passionate  letters,  demanded  reparation.  A  court  jaartial 
was  instituted ;  hj^as  found  guilty  of  misconduot;^  the 
day  of  battle,  andvPisrespect  to  the  commahd^ltt-i^iei^ 
«u(id  w^  au8pende?lrom  command  for  one  ye^.  Me  never 
afterwards  joined  the  army,  hut  died  in  seclusion  juistt  be- 
foieihe  close  of  the  war. 

1$.  "Hie  esemy  lutving  entered  New-Ybrk*  Washington 


E^ft 


•«v 


m 


RKVOLCnONARY  WAR. 


[vnsi 


conduotad  his  army  to  White  Plains*  .Cofligr(^i»tiiurned 
to  Philidelphia ;  and  in  July  received,  with  fn^xiiiMiim^ 
joy.  »  letter  from  Uie  ^nnt  d' Estaing,  annoimeiiirhiB 
amvalon  the  coast  of  the  Ignited  £^tates,  with  liuqEM 
^lsei»  which  had  been  sent,  by  the  king  of  France,  to  assist 
|i|nn  in  their  struple  for  independence* 

16.  The  count  mtended  to  surprise  admiral  H6we  in 
Ijie  Ddaware,  but  adverse  winds  detained  him  on  the 

until  the  British  fleet  had  sailed  for  New-York. 
^  >ared  before  that  harbor,  but  on  sounding  found 
that  his  largest  ships  could  not  enter  it.  A- combined 
attack,  by  hind  and  water,  upon  the  British  forces  at 
Newport,  in  Rhode  Island,  was  then  projected. 

17.  General  SuUivan,  who  had  been  appointed  to  com- 
mand the  troops,  called  upon  the  militia  of  New- England 
to  aid  hinnrin  the  enterprise.  His  army  soon  amounted 
to  ten  thoiiuid  men,  and,  as  he  was  supported  by  the 
^et,  he  felt  confident  of  success.  On  the  ninth  of 
At^giist,  ho  took  a  position  on  the  north  end  of  Rhode, 
Island,  and  afterwards  moved  nearer  to  Newport.  Admi«> 
ni  Howe,  having  received  a  reinforcement,  now  appeared 
oefore  the  harbor,  and  the  count  instantly  put  to  sea  to 
attack  him.  n?: 

18.  While  making  the  preparatorv  manoeuvres,  a  furious 
storm  came  on,  which  damaged  and  dispersed  both  fleets. 
As  soon  as  the  weather  woidd  permit,  each  commander 
sought  the  port  from  which  he  had  sailed.  The  army, 
4l^nt  upon  their  own  object,  witnessed  with  joy  the 
return  o|  the  French  fleet;  and  great  was  their  dis&p- 
pointm6lit'.w1hen  the  count  announced  his  intention  of 
proceeding  lb  Boston  to  refit.  The  American  officers 
Temonsf  rated,  but  he  was  indexible  and  departed. 

'  19.  The  army,  deserted  b]r  the  fleet,  could  ^eniain  no 
lon|e  with  safety,  on  the  island,  as  the  enemy  might 
easily  (isport,  by  water,  large  reinforcements  from  New- 
Yqdc  (o  Ni^^pf^iort.  General  Sullivan  immediately  re- 
treated to  his  first  position.    He  was  pursued,  and  shortly 


_  ne$t  daj^ 
other,  and^the  succeeding  nidit  thfl^meiiGan  geiiera!, 
deceivinff  the  enemy  by  ii  wow  of  resistance  to  tli| 
last,  made  a  skilful  retreat  to  theeontiQpnt.  A  f(§w  hoists 
afterwards,  the  British  received  such  an  augmentation  of 
their  force,  that  all  remstaioe,  on  the  part  of  the  Anxeri- 


a-  ■ ' 

vm.] 


REVOLtrnONARY  WAR. 


m 


^m,  would  have  be^n  vain.    At  the  close  oC  ike  aoaaoiiy 
the  Frenoh  fleet  sailed  to  the  West  Indies. 

91."  Daring  this  year,  the  British  tipcft  and  their  aliiie^ 
disidayed,  in  several  instances,  a  degree  of  barbarity  sel- 
dom equalled  in  contests  between  oinliied  nations.  T\^% 
they  were  contending  affainst  revolted  subjects,  seem^ 
to  release  theni)  in  their  view,  from  all  regard  to  the 
common.ttsageB  of  war.  The  late  alliance  withFnuipOy 
the  hated  rii^  of  their  nation,  increased  their  hofttH^^ 
Instead  of  striving  to  conquer  an  honorable  foe4t  ^ey 
thirsted  as  for  vengeance  on  a  criminal  and  outlaw.   ^' 

22.  With  such  vindiclive  feelings,  Wyo^^ng,  a  happy 
and  flourishing  settlement  in  Pennsylvania,  was  attacked 
by  a  band  of  .tories  and  Indians.  The  men  were  butch- 
ei^ed,  the  houses  burned,  and  the  cattle  driven  off  or  killed. 
Those  who  had  been  made  widows  and  orphans  were  left 
without  shelter  and^  without  food.  ,  Seldom  has  wai 
spread  distress  and  ruin  over  a'  more  delightful  region* 

•  IjJew-Bedford,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Eggharbor,  and  XJher* 
ryvalley,  were  also  visited  and  ravaged  bv  the  en^my. 
AH  the  property  within  reach  was  destroyed,  and  muUi« 
tildes  of  peaceful  and  unoffending  inhabitants  were  reduced 
to  poverty  and  wretchedness.    * 

23.  But  in  no  instance  did  the  eniBmy  evince  more 
ferocious,  unrelenting  cruelty  than  in  their  attack  upon 
colonel  Baylor's,  troop  of  light  dragoons.  \^hile  asleep 
in  a  bam  at  Tappan,  they  were  surprised  by  a  party  under 
eeneral  Grey,  who  commanded  his  c^Idiers  to  use^h# 
bayonet  only,  and  to  give  the  rebels  no  quarter.  Inci^* 
hie  of  defence,  they  sued  for  mercy.  But  the  most 
pathetic  supplicaticns  were  heard  without  awakening 
compassion  in  the  comiuander.  Nearly  one  half  of  th^ 
troop  were  killed.  To  many,  repeated  thrusts  were  bai-- 
barously  given  as  long  as  signs  of  life  remained.  Several 
who  had  nine,  ten,  and  eleven  stabs  through  the  body, 
and  were  left  for  dead,  afterwards  rccr^ered,  A  few 
escaped}  and  forty  were  saved  by  the  hun  \iity  of  a  Brit- 
ish capdon,  who  dared  to  disobey  the  ordoiS  of  his  general. 

24.  Jbate  in  the  fall,  the  army  under  Washington  erected 
huts  near  Middle^ok,  in  New-^Jerseyr  in  which  they 
l^sed  the  winter.  In  |)iis  campaign,  but  little  on  either 
Iside  was  accomplished.^l5*h/B  alliance  with  France  gave 
Mrth  to  expectations  whi<^  events  did  not  fulfil ;  yet  the 
Jiesenee  of  her  fleets  bhihe  coast  deranged  the  plans  of 
flio  enemy,  and  indaced  thwm  to^telinquish  a  part  of  their 


R 


194 


MSVOLUnaNARY  WAR. 


HT7»: 


oonqnests*  At  the  close  of  the  year,  H  was  apparent  that 
Great  Britain  had  made  no  progress  in  the  aceomplithilient 
of  her  purposes.  .    . 


CHAPTER  XXI. 
CAMPAIGN  OF  ITTQ. 

The  campaign  of  1779,  was  distinguished  by  a  change 
of  the  theatre  of  war,  from  the  northern  to  the  southern 
section  of  the  confedbrac^.  Thither  the  enemy  were 
invited  by  the  prospect  of  easier  victory.  The  country 
wad.  rendered  weak  b>  its  scattered  population,  b^  the 
multitude  of  alaves,  and  by  the  number  of  tories  inter- 
mingled with  the  whigs. 

■¥  %  Near  the  close  of  the  preceding  year,  lienteilant- 
colonel  Campbell,^  with  2500  men,  sailed  from  New- York 
to  the  coast  oCGeoreia,  and  landed  his  troops.  Marchins 
towards  ^slvaHnaih,  the  capital,  he  met  on  his  route  a  small 
body  of  Americans,  whom  he  ilefeated,  and  immediately 
took  possession  of  the  ci|y.  A  detachment  from  Florida 
under  general  Prevost  invested  Sunbuiy,  which,  after  the 
fall  of  the  capital,  surrendered  at  discretion.  These  we|e 
the  only  military  posts  in  Georgia.  All  the  tjroops  tlmJIt 
Id  escape  retreated  into  South-Carolina. 
Soon  after  the  conquest  of  Georgia,  generiBil  Xincoln 
conooand  of  the  American  troops  m  the  southern 
_^ .  irtpient.  In  April,  leaving  South-Carolina,  he  marched 
into  ifa^e  inleriot  oi  Georgia.;  upon  which  the  British  Bimy^ 
entering  the  state  he  had  left,  invested  Charleston,  the 
capitaU  Idncoln  hastened  back  to  its  defence.  On  hearing 
of  his  approach,  the  enei  jy  retired  to  Stono  ferry.  Thither 
Lincoln  pursued  th^m.  An  indecisive  action  was  fought ; 
and  a  fe^  dim,  a0er Wards,  they  continued  their  retreat  to 
Savi^]^|h.  M:''' 

4.  Tm  heat  of  the  season  suspended  farther  operations 
until  September*    Cooiprt  d'Estamg,  with  a  fleet  c^arr^ing 
6000  troops,  then  arriyed  qu  the  coast.    The  ttito  armiee 
in  concert,  laid  dege  to  Sat:anhah.    At  the  ^Iration 
a  month,  the  cooiit,  impatient  of  delay,  insiiled  ^at  t 
siege  should  ho  abandoned,  or  that  a  combined  assa 


upon 


the  enemy's  works  idiould  immediately  he  made. 
1  Liaoom  determined  upon  an  assauUf     Great 


;.;i^i^' 


1779.1 


REVOLtmeilAllY 


IM 


gallantly  was  displayed  by.  the  French  and  AmifHcilili  hoi 
greater  by  the  Piitish  troops.  They  repulsed  the  assail- 
ants,  killing  and  wounding  nearly  a  thousand  men,  and 
sustaining,  on  their  part^  but  little  loss.  The  count 
Pulaski,  a  celebrated  Polish  nobleman,  in  the  servicie  J^# 
the  states,  was  mortally  wounded.  The  next  dar  Im 
siege  was  raised,  the  French  tetufning  home,  and  tR6 
Americans  to  South-Carolina. 

5.  In  the  midst  of  these  events,  general  Matthew% 
sailing  from  New- York,  conducted  an  expedition  against 
Virginia.  On  the  10th  of  May,  he  took  possession  of 
Portsmouth,  without  ~  opposition,  and  ravaged,  ibr  two 
Weeks,  that  city  and  the  adjacent  country.  The  booty 
Obtained,  and  the  property  destroyed,  were  of  immense 
Value.  Before  the  expiration  of  May,  the  party  returned 
to  New-York.  ^  .  . 

6.  £ai|^y  in  the  season,  colonel  Clarke,  of  ^ginia.  Who 
was  stationed  at  ICaskaskia,  on  the  Mississippi,  achieved 
an  enterprise  conspicuous  for  boldn.ss  of^  design,  and 
evincing  uncommon  hardihood  in  its  execution.  With 
only  one  hundred  and  thirty  men,  he  penetrated  through 
the  wilderness,  to  St.  Vincents',  a  British  post  on  the 
Wabash,  in  the  heart  of  the  tippan  country.^  His  routip^ 
1^  across  deep  swamps  and  morasses.  For  four  or  five 
xmles  the  party  waded  through  water,  often  as  high  as  the 
breast.  After  a  march  of  sixteen  days,  they  reached  tho 
town,  which,  having  no  intimation  of  their  approach,  sjfr- 
rendered  without  resistance.  A  short  time  after,  the 
capitulated.  This  fortunate  achievement  arrestee^ 
esfpedition  which  the  enemy  had  projected  against  the 
frontiers  of  Virginia,  and  detached  several  tribes  of  Indians 
from  the  British  interest. 

7.  The  atrocities  co|nmitted  at  Wyoming,  and  at  seve- 
ral settlements  in  New- York,  cried  aloud  fo~  vengeance* 
Congress,  assembling  an  army  of  4000  men,  |ave  the  comi- 
manaof  it  to  general  Sullivan,  and  directedy||m  to  conduct 
it  into  thp. country  inliabited  by  the  savaps,  and  retort 
upon  them  their  own  system  of  warfare.  Of  this  army, 
one  division  marched  from  the  Mohawk,  the  oth#  from 
Wyoming,  and  both  forming  a  junction  on  the  Susque- 
mnnah,  proceeded,  on  the  2Sd  of  Augoat,  towards  th^ 
ji^necalake.  ^  ■    ,    *  * 

8.  On  an  advantas^eous  position,  the  Indians,  in  con- 
junction with  200  tories,  had  erected  fortifications  to 
nnnnffii  iKAir  nmoTAfln.     ThesA  were  assaulted :  the  enemir 


^''^ 


•jjjj-' 


196 


BEVOLUnONARy  WAR. 


rt779. 


^Airft  slight  resittanoe,  gave  way.  and  diaapi^eaiad  ii^lhe 
mSU*  As  the  anny  aavanoed  into  tlid  Wcatem  part  of 
the  state  of  New-Yoric,  that  resion  !((#  so  Ibrtilf 
populoosythe  Indians  deseited  their  towns,  the  a; 

^of  which  denoted  a  higher  state  of  civilization 
0fu  before  been  witnessed  in  the  ^orth  Amerioan 
iemess.  The  houses  were  commodious ;  the  apple  lid 
p«ach-trees  numerous,  and  the  crops  of  com  thengroWng 
abnndant.  All  were  destroyed ;  not  a  vestige  of  huiQiin 
industry  was  pevmitted  to  exist. 

9.  Having  accomplished  tliis  work  of  vengeance,  severe 
but  deserved,  and  essential  to  the  future  safety  of  the 
whites,  general  Sullivan  returned  to  Easton,  in  Pennsyl^ 
▼ania,  where  he  arrived  about  the  middle  of  October. 

.  J9fis  whole  lofi,  by  sickness  and  the  enemy,  amounted  to 
out  fmtf  meti;* 
lOi  m  4|s#r8t  of  July,  general  Tryon  sailed  fttoi  New- 

^.York  Wf^-mm^  body  of  troops,  and  landina  oja  the  Ofiast 
of  Connttimil^f  plundered  New-Haven,  and  laid  F«ifidld 
and  Norwilk  in«ii^s<  Before  his  return,  general  Wayne, 
with  a  detachment  from  the  American  army,  made  a  daring 
assaiut  upon  Stoney  Point,  a  strongly  fortified  post  on  the 
Jtttdson.  About  twelve.at  nieht,  the  troops,  with  unloaded 
iknuskets,  arrived  before  the  lines.    They  were  received 

,  with  a  tremendous  discharge  of  grape-shot  and  musketry. 

'  Bhshing  forward,  they  mountea  the  walls,  ana:Ui9i^g  the 
bayonet  only,  were  soon  in  complete  possession  of  >the  fort. 

11.  A  more  pliant  exploit  has  seldom  beenni^rfo^aaed; 
^od  the  hi^a^ty  of  the  victors  was  equal  to  tneibr  valor. 
Notwithstanding  the  devastations  in  Cennectiout,  aiid  the 
but0her]r  of  BayWs  troop/the  scene  of  which  wapnear, 
not  an  individual  suffered,  a^^  resistance  had  ceased. 
Of  the  Onemy,  sixty  were  killed,  and  up^^ards  of  fiv^  hun- 
dred made  prisoners.  The%ss  #f  the  Americans  was 
comparatively  8mtiB»  A  gold  medal,  presented  by  congress, 
rewarded  the  hercwim  of  the  victor. 

12.  In  S^ll^ber,  a  bloody  naval  battle  was  fought, 
near  the  ooaSt  of  Scotland*  m  which  John  I^il  ^^nes 
acqaioed  th^  reputation  of  a  daring  and  fortunate  coniiian* 
der.  He  was  a  Scotchman  by  birth,  but  had  bjS0n  aippfiiuted. 
*    the  American  congress,  a  captain  in  th^  narf,  aj|| 

3  of. 


len  commanded  a  squadron  fitted  out  in  Jih^  port|4 

France*    At  half  ]^st  seven  in  the  evening,  his  own  shi^ 

the  Bon  homihe  Richard,  of  40  guns,  engaged  the  Serapis, 

a  British  frigate  of  44.    After  the  action  had  con|ini^eo 


%m.] 


REVm-UnONAIlY  WAR- 


lyT 


WP 


an  honTi  the  two  frigttes  approached  so  near  toeadMAIier 
that  Jonett  seizing  the  opportunity,  lashed  them  togliher. 

13.  The  battle  now  became  furious,  and  the  carnage 
.  Ikfflrrible.    The  Serapis  was  on  fire  not  less  t  ban  ten  times ; 

i^  often  both  frigates  were  on  fire  at  the  same  memenit 
wetenting  a  sublime  and  dreadful  spectacle.-  At  length, 
the  Alliance,  one  of  Jones*  squadron,  came  to  his  asmr 
ai^e;  but  the^two  frigates  being  fastened  together,  mahy 
of  her  shot  struck  the  Bon  homme  Richard.  At  ten  o*clo<^ 
the  Serapis  surrendered.  Her  successful  antagonist  was 
'  so  shattered,  that  the  crew  were  obliged  to  leave  her  im- 
mediately, and  she  soon  after  sunk.  The  Pallas,  which 
was  also  one  of  Jones*  squadron,  engaged  at  the  same  time 
and  captured  the  Countess  of  Scarborough.  The  squadron 
with  the  prizes  then  sailed  for  Holland,  and  arrived  th<^e 
in  safety. 

14.  At  the  close  of  the  season,  the  northef#iarmy  retired 
into  winter-quarters,  one  division  nearMonjstvv/nfin  New* 
Jersey,  and  the  other  in  the  vicinity  of  West  Point,  an 
important  post  in  the  hishlands.  Here  they  endured  severe 
andeonstant  sufiering  from  cold, and  nakedness,  and  hun- 

5 or.   ISometimes  half  the  usual  allowance,  often  le88,waf 
isflibuted  to  the  troops;  and  ^lore  than  once  the  pMi^ 
siotti  were  wholly  exhausted. 

15^  A{)plication  for  relief  was  made  to  the  masistratej|.^ 
of  the  neighborhood,  and  intimations  wt^re  given  that  pr6^ 
visions,  so  pressing  were  the  wants  of  the  army,  would ^^^^ 
be  seized  by  force,  if  no*-  furnished  voluntarily.    The 
magistrates  promptly  attended  to  the  call.    They  lei^#d 
contributions  arMtrarily  from  the  people,  who  submitted^ 
to  these  exactions  with  ;t  degree  of  patriotism  equalled 
only  by  that  jdisplayed  by  the  soldiers  in  the  patient  en- 
durance of  mstress. 

16.  Derangement  %  the  finances  produced  these  suffer- 
ings.   Large  sums  had  been  annually  raised  and  expended ; 
and  the  abiBty  of  the  people  to  pay  taxes  h^  progressively 
deore^^d^    To  supply  deficiencies,  pap«Pmone^,  to  the 
anmi^ilir  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  dollars, 
haifeen  Issued.    This  gradually  depreciated,  and,  at  the  ^ 
clotif  of  1779,  thirty  dollars  in,  paper  were  of  no  more  value 
0haii^  one  in  specie.    To  purchase  provisions  ivith  t^s 
_ money  was  at  first  difficult,  and  theti  impossible;  ti||d 
#eoiigr6ss  tfow  found  their  ^nds  and  their  credit  exhausted. 
)    0.  Achangeof  system  was  necessary.    For  the  supply 
jtf  m  army>  each  state  was  djrected  to  fiurnish  a  certain 


f^..M 


M   » 


T'' 


m 


IBB 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


^, 


[1780. 


apQitity  of  provisions  and  forage.  Loans  were  #lioite4 
tromvthe  people,  and  nearly  a  million  of  dolkrs  wastalsett 
by  bills  drawn  upon  the  American  a|f9^  Jn  £ii^q;>^ 
anticipation  of  loans  which  they  had  Bi^llathoiiiea  ta 
pr^cnire.  These  expedients  afforded  but  t^inporary  told 
filial  relief. 

18.  No  class  of  persons  suffered  more  frotn  thd4epits. 
dfation  of  paper  money  than  the  army,  and  esnecilDly  the 
officers.  The  pay,  even  of  those  of  the  highest  grade, 
was  rendered  insufficient  to  provide  them  with  necessary 
clothing.  Discontent  began  to  pervade  the  whole  army. 
It  required  all  the  enthusiastic  patriotism  Which  distin- 
guishes the  soldier  of  principle ;  all  that  ardent  attachment 
to  freedoii^  which  brought  theta  into  the  field ;  til  the 
m^ueneii  lyf  tlie  conpi^mder-in^ie^  whoni  .tiie|^  ^lli^ost 
i^ored^  to  retain  in  ti)i$;,  aervice  men  who  felt  ilteikiielveili 
6iiie|^«eglf3tedH[}y  tmrconntry  whose  battl^  tkey^fiis^*. 

-  r:''-4    ■  '  ■  ^.     'i  -   '■'        '   '■  "■■''. 


tJHAPTER  XXIL 
CAMPAIGN  OF  1780.  v 

Thb  first  military  operations  of  the  enemy,  in  the  l^ear^ 
1780,  were  direeted  against  Charleston,  the  tsapilial  of 
Soa^-Carolina.  In  the  beginning  of  FebruaiyiSfrpenry 
Cliiilon  appeared  before  that  place,  at  the  l^ea4-ef  jk^l]^art 
i^  his  arm^.  The  assembly,  which  Was  th(|h  sitting, 
'  delegated  to  governor  Rutledgf^,  a  patrik  of  splendid 
*talents,  and  to  his  coimcil,  "the  power  tOs^o  evet^  thiiw 
neoessaury  for  the  public  good,  o»:cept  taking  away  the  liS 
of  a  citizen,*'  and  adjourned.  Armed  withll^s  extraordi- 
nary powes»  he  made  great  exertion%|o  call  into  action  the 
strength  of  |he  state,  and  to  place  its  capital  in  a  posture 
of  de^iice.  ^^^^ 

^.  Tm  P60|||i.  of  the  country  disregarde4  Himfeated 
calls*  Not  jraore  than  two  hundred  repaired  to  HlMpstQilu 
The  ^m8on,c0iim^nllt^d  by  general  Lincoln,  c6i^mte4(» 
a  body  of  militia  Trom  the  couhti^,  pf  the  Citi^niB,  iplne 
f^ousand  Noftb-QaroUna  militia^  and  of  two  thousiS'^e* 
g|lars.  The  nun.ber  of  the  enemy,  when  all  their  UtemifC 
icNfcements  hod  arrive^  amounted  to  nine  thousand^        ^^ 

3.  UK  the  U^  of  A^nl)  the  siege  was  begun  lb  ^ 
Am  emflJtia  df  woarl^  at  the  dlisiwice  of  elev^  lit 


f«.^'f«' 


sis^t(^^  nki. 


m 


«tz< 


.    On  the  9th,  the  fleet,  prbpelldd  Is^jil 
t  the  forts  on  Sullivan's  island,  withgiit 


8tci|iiiing  tdre^inii^^  their  fire,  and  gained  entire  cobi- 
imnxd  of  the  hf^t^r.  On  the  14th,  lieutenant-colonel 
*)rariQ^4ffiirpri86d  a  body  of  cavalry,  which,  to  preserve  a 
communication  with  the  country,  had  been  statioitod  tt( 
Moiik'tteoirtier.  Soon  after,  batteries  were  Erected  nearer 
the  eitjr,. nrdm  which  the  fire'' was  incessant  and  deatruc* 
tive. 

4.  An  offer  td  capitulate  was  then  made ;  but  the  British 
commander  refused  to  accept  the  terms  proposed.  On  his 
part,  terms  were  offered,  which  were  rejected  by  general 
Lincoln.  The  siege  was  then  pressed  with  iucreased 
vigor,  an^^pproaches  made  to  within  musj^t¥(^6l  <^  thd^ 
Miericaa  lines.  The  solders  within  were  oft^'lpied  at 
i^^toH^fe  ^  eiieBiy*s  marteswieifc 

#^^I^IS^  ^llisbrt^,  ipioiie  inteniesii^had  h4\i<i^1Sf$0^ 
Lini^slli le  ddtermin^i  to  defend  the'place,  perceivinst  tMt 
pre^raUon$rjf6r  an  assault  were  in  forifardness,  andsising 
no  &>g&  o€  relief  or  escape,  now  reqaei^||d  him  to  acce|S 
thei^rms  which  Sir.l^nry  Clinton  hid  proposed.  /  A  ne-, 
gotii^n  between  the^  two  commanders  was,  in  cmi9e- 
qucgpce,  opened,  and  on  the  12th  of  May,  the  capitidi^p^ 
waii^igned.  "  -■^■^>''M 

^?  The  capital  having  surrendered,  measures  were 
adcipted  to  overawe  the  inhabitants  ofi*fthe  country,  and 
induce  them  to  return  to  their  allegiance  to  the<|^ng. 
Garrisons  were  placed  in  different  parts  of  the  state,  and 
SOOO  men  were  despatched  towards  J^forth-Carolina,  ^ 
repel  several  pailies  of  militia,  who  T/ere  hastening  to  the 
relief  of  Chaiitfilon.  Colonel  Tarle^ion,  making  a  rapid^ 
march  of  one  hundred  and  five  miles  in  fifty-four  hours, 
met,  at  the  Waxhaws,  and  attacked  one  of  these  parties, 
commanded  by  coloi^  Buford.  His  force  being  superior 
was  soon  victorious. -The  vanquished,  ceasing  to  resist, 
iinpHNred  for  quarter.  Their  cries  were  disregarded.  Up- 
w|3rdsM^^o  hundred  and  fifty  were  kill^  or  too  badly 
w6un^^p|»  be  removed  from  the  field.  TDiis  barbarous 
mfli8a<^  spread  dismay  throughout  the  country,  and  gave 
B  flumBuinary  character  to  future  conflicts. 

I^^o  avoid  bein^  treated  as  enemies,  the  greater  part 
.of  the  inhftbitanta  either  gave  their  parole  as  prisoness^ 
|fir   submitted  to  become    subjects  of  -the  king.     Sir 
fHei|^  Clinton,  afterwards^by  proclamation,  dischavged  the 
^^Mt&i  0tfta  iix^  ittrolb  and  odM  upe&all  to  embody 


tbo 


RBVOLUTIONARY  WAft. 


wm. 


«8  militia  in  the  service  of  Great  Britdm  Indignant  at 
tlxis  dishonorable  conduct,  which  left  them  only  the  idter* 
lUitive  of  fighting  for  or  against  their  country,  multitudeSy 
6ei!2lng  their  anus,  resolved  on  a  vindictive  war  with  their 
invaders. 

8.  A  party,  who  had  taken  refiiee  in  North-Carolina* 
chose  colonel  Sumpter  their  lea(&r.  At  the  head  of 
these,  he  returned  to  his  own  stlite,  attacked  and  defeated 
several  scattered  detachments  from  the  British  army.  \ 
one  engagement,  so  decisive  was  his  victory,  that  nine 
only  out  of  nearly  three  hundred  escaped.  By  a  suCces" 
sion  of  gallant  enterprises,  he  reanimated  the  friends  of 
freedom,  and  a  spirit  of  determined  hostility  to  Great 
Britain  was  ^in  manifested  in  every  part  of  the  state. 

9.  This  spirit  was  cherished  by  the  approach,  from  the 
D^rth,  of  4000  men,  principally  f.ontihentals^  under  the 
dbmmstiil  uf  general  Gates.  On  their  march  throiigh  a 
sterile  country,  they^ndured  all  the  evils  and  distresses  of 
extreme  famine.  Lord  Cornwallis,  whom  Clinton,  on  hid 
return  to  New- York,  had  left  commander-in-chief,  hasten- 
ed to  oppose,  in  person,  this  victorious  ijeneral.f  He 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  two  thousand  veteran^troops 
i^rho  had  before^  been  stationed  at  Camden,  on  the  northern 
border  of  th^  state. 

10.  On  the  night  of  the  15th  of  August,  he  inarched*. 
Vjrith' his  whole  force,  to  attack  the  Am^dans  in  theii 
(Mnp  at  Clermont.  They,  at  the  same  "Mur,  be^n  to 
move  towai^^d  Camden.  The  advanbed  partis  met  ia  thd 
night  and  ehgaged.  In  several  skirmishes  Which  took 
place,  ihe  Britisn  obtliined  the  advantage.  T^is  made  a 
deep  impression  ori  the  militia,  whose  spirits  were  depress^* 
ed  by  gloomy  forebodings. 

11.  When  the  morning  dawned,  the  enemy  advanced  to 
theattrrk.  At  the  first  onset,  the  Virginia  militia  fled 
nrom  tha  field,  and  their  examjpie  was  followed  by  others, 
rhe  cohtinenta^ls,  though  left  alone. to  contend  with  supe* 
nor  numbers,  ilmintainea  the  00^01  great  fitness. 
Por  a  short  ihne,  they  had  the  advaniase  of  their  ofipohentsi 
hilt  were  at  length  overpowered,  ^  the  ^ght  became 
^neral.                     ">                - 

12.  The  fiigitives  were  pursued  by  Tarletdn's  leffion 
with  leleiitless  fury.    When  ^1 1  were  klUed,  captured  9* 
dispi^edt  the  jpurtuers,  with  speed  unchecked,  took  th^ 
foule  towards  aumpter's  encampment.    IPhis  active  par* 
^^"^  ,  who  had  lately  been  victorious  in  a  skirmish,  retrea^«i^; 


1?^.J 


BBVOLUnONAE^ 


m 


wjip\f  ^^itotelyi  (M  hearing  of  the  defeat  of  Gates.  At 
thi0  1  ibwbafor^ supposing  he  was  beyond  dangeiryM^ 
Mt^^  ihai  h||$  troi^s,  who  Mere  fktiguecL  imght  repose. 
His  ffidiQEtfiiels  sl0p|t  at  their  poiitSy  and  the  legion  rode  into 
hii  eamp  beforii  preparations  oould  be  made  for  deifetice. 
j^tweea  thiBi!.%id  four  hundred  were  killed  or  '^ilroi^ed. 
1l$e  Tj^SOiajiiidet  w^re  dispersed  in  the  woods ;  three  huni* 
dred  pnsoiiers  were  released;  all  the  baggie  and  stores 
fell  into  th^'  power  of  the  yictors.         ^ 

13.  Again  supposing  the  stateio  be  Subdued,  Cbrnwallis 
adopted  measures  of  extreme  severity  to  suppress  every 
latent  inelination  to  revolt.  He  iHrected  that  all  who, 
having  jpnce  submitted,  had  lately  given  aid  to  the  armies 
of  con|reasr.  should  be  deprived  of  ihefSt  property  iMid  im- 
grisonied ;  and  that  all,  who  had  qniQie  borne  arii^'^^  the 
British  and  afterwards  joined  the  Ameticans,  sh6ttld  suffer 
iea^  In  OdnsequQP^e  of  these  Ord<^S,  several  M^re  exe* 
i£iti^$dndmaiity  were  reduced  to  povertv  and  wretchedness. 
I  Ij^  Iti  these  times  of  confusion  and  distress,  the  ttd.B» 
chievdus  effects  of  ^sli^very  in  facilita^juag  the  conqueit  of 
the  country,  becani%  ^apparent.  As  fhe  slaves  had  ho 
interest  at  stake,  the  suDjugation  of  ^e  states  was  a  mat- 
ter of  no  consequence  to  them.  Instead  of  aiding  in  its 
defence,  they,  by  a  variety  of  means,  threw  tl^  weight  c^ 
their  little  innuence  into  the  opposite  scale.  :         t  i 

15.  lliere  were  yet  some  citizens,  who,  in  all  fbrtiineSy 
adh^ed  with  firmness  to  the  cause  of  independence.  Of 
these»  in  one  part  of  the  state,  general  Sumpter  was  the 
leader,  in  another,  general  Marion.  The  cavalry  of  the 
latter  were  so  destitute  of  the  weapons  of  war,"that  they 
were  obliged  to  cut  their  swords  from  the  saws  of  the 
saw-mills.  He  was  so  successful  in  concealing  himself 
in  woods  and  marshes,  that  the  enemy  were  never  able  to 
attack  or  discover  iiim*  From  these  dark  retreats  he 
often  sallied  forth,  and  fell  unexpectedly  upon  parties  of 
the  enemy,  when  marching  through  the  country,  or  posted 
in  garrisons  to  overawe  the  inhabitants.  In  one  of^  these 
sallies,  he  released  one  hundred  and  fifty  continentals 
captured  at  Camden.  His  repeated  and  successfbl  es^cui* 
sions  preserved  alive  the  spirit  of  resistance,  &udj|i8  hi^ 
tame  as  a  partizan  was  never  tarnished  by  any  v|^tion  of 
tiie  laws  of  war  or  humanity.  i 

h:  16.  Of  those  who  subm|jyj|d  thro«nl||ei&1^  f^m  at- 
tachment to  the  royal  ca^seJ%iajor  Ferguson,  a  British 
officer  of  distinguished  merit,  was  appointed  commander* 


»i 


ftEVtMtoilONARY  WAft. 


[lYMi 


He  was  despatched,  bv  Comwallis,  into  the  westem  paxt 
of  North-Oarolina,  where,  other  tories  joinhi|^  him,  his 
Ibroe  was  ingmented  to  1400  men.  An  enterprise  a^inst 
this  party  was  concerted  by  the  commimders  of  the  militia, 
ih  the  ai^acent  parts  of  the  two  Carolinas  and  Virginia. 
About  the  1st  of  October,  they,  by  great  exertions,  assem* 
bled  3000  men  at  Gilbert-town,  ^m  these,  fifteen  hun- 
dred choice  riflemen  were  Sdeii^ed;  who,  mounted  on  the 
best  horses,  hastened  to  the  a|^k  of  Ferguson. 

17.  He  awaited  them  on  the  top  of  Kins's  mountain. 
The  mtntia.  In  three  divisions,  led  by  colonels  Cleveland, 
Shelby,  and  Campbell^  UttOended  it  in  different  directions. 
These  divisions,  successively  arriving,  were  each  repulsed ; 
but  each,  when  the  enemy  by  an  attack  from  a  different 
quarter,  were  recalled  from  pursuit,  returned  again  to  the 
charge.  In  this  manner  the  action  was  continued  fpr  an 
hour  with  great  spirit.  I^erguson  was  then  killic^  aud 
with  \pa  expired  the  courage  of  his  party.  £i^  liun- 
dfed  threw  down  their  amusaiid  became  prisoners.  One 
hundrM  ahd  fifty  were  killed.  Very  few  of  theassailants 
fell. 

18.  Oomwaliis,  confident  of  his  ability  to  sulyngate  the 
state,  had  followed  Fer^son  into  North-Carolina.  Re^ 
eeivilig  TU^toe  of  His  entire  defeat,  he  returned  and  took 
post  sst  Witiimborough.  As  he  retired,  Gatei,  who  had 
assedillled  an  army  of  1400  men,  advanced  to  Charlotte, 
where  lie  determiaed  to  pass  thewinte^.  Hdnrassoon 
after  recalled  b^  ooitsress,  and,  on  the  recolsmieiida^n  of 
'^^ashington,  general  Greene  vbs  withdrawn  £rom  the 
northern  army  to  take  command  of  the  department  of  the 
south. 

19.  By  the  northern  army,  which,  as  has  been  stated, 
was  posted  at  West-Point  and  Monistown,  little  more 
was  attempted^  durine  the  year,  than  to  watch  the- motions 
of  the  enemy,  in  New^York,  and  protect  the  inhabitants 
from  their  mcursions.  The  troops  nn^di  unpaid,  and 
unemployed,  discovered,  at  various  times,  a  disposition  to 
mutiny.  On  these  occasions,  the  British  ct^pomander,  by 
means  of  emissaries  sentamong^hem,  iirHted  them  to 
repair  to  the  city,  where  he  promised  them  comfjmt  and 
abundaice.  His  invitations  were  disregarded.  Belief 
from  distfCAS  was  all  they  sought;  luid  when  that  was  ob^ 
tainedy  they  difllifttlly  retupS  to  their  4sty. 

iO^  In  July,  a  French  squadron  under  admiral  Temay^ 
bringing  6000  troops,  commanded  by  count  liochambeau, 


IWO.]  ^    BBVOIJaTIONARlSl^^  wi 

arrived  At  lUiod^  Isli^nd,  which  had  previonsly  been  evae* 
vtpied  by  ihe  ettemy ;  th^y  were  iiumediately  blockaded 
in  the  harbor  they  had  entered,  by  a  British  met.  |t|j^ 
forced  by  thigae  troops,  Washington  determined  to  attij^ 
New-Yprk  $  tJiearmy  marched  to  stations  nearer ihe  city, 
and;]rojpioi^d|n  the  hope  of  beins  able  to  aecompliflli 
ebmethin^  for  their  country;  but  the  arrival  from  Eng- 
land of  another  fleet,  under  admiral  Rodney,  disconoerted 
the  plan  wliich  had  been  formed. 

21.  Defeat  at  the  south  and  disappointment  at  the 
north  overshadowed  the  land  with  gloonii  but  intelli- 
gence that  treason  had  appeared  in  the  American  camp 
occasioned  amazement  and  alarm.  .The  trdtor  was 
Arnold,  whom  bravery  in  battle,  and  fortitude  in  suffering, 
had  placed  high  in  the  affections  of  the  people. 

32.  IJpon  dae  evacuation  of  Philadelphia,  by  the  enemy, 
in  Vf^^  he  ^ was  appointed  commander  of  that  station. 
Here,  indulging  in  all  the  pleasures  of  an  expensiye  equi- 
page and  sumptuous  table,  he  contracted  debts  which  he 
was  unable  to  discharge.  To  extriqate  himself  ftoni 
embarrassment,  he  made  large  claims  against  the  govern- 
ment, a  iK)rtion  of  which  was  rejected.  He  was  s^ccused 
of  extortion  and  of  misuse  of  the  public  mon^y ;  and  for 
these  offences  was  tried  by  a  court  martial  and  it^ntencea. 
to  be  repim^nded  by  the  commander-in-ehiefl 

23;  From  this  moment,  he  determined  to  avenge  his 
wounded  pride  and  supply  his  wants,  by  betraying  his 
country.  In  a  letter  to  a  British  officer,  he  signified  his 
change  of  principle,and  his  wish  to  restore  himself  to  the 
favor  of  his  prince,  by  some  signal  proof  of  his  repentance. 
And  about  this  time,  for  a  purpose  which  afterwards  too 
plainly  appeared,  he  solicited  and  obtained  the  commapd 
of  West-Point,  the  most  important  post  in  the  possession 
of  the  American  Armies. 

24.  He  immediately  opened  a  correspondence  with  Sir         m 
Henry  Clinton,  and  proposed  to  deliver  into  his  power 
the  post  that  he  commanded.    To  agree  upon  the  mode 
of  surrender,  major  Andre,  a  youn^  man  of  splendid  talents 
and  adjutant-feneral  of  the  British  army,  ascended  the  ^ 
river  from  New- York,  and,  in  the  night,  at  a  place  nea% 
the  American  lines,  had  an  interview  with  Arnold.    Be- 
fi^TA  he  was  ^^re^^ared  to  return-  the  sloon  of  war  which 
bfought  him  was  compelled  to  move  down  the  river. 

25.  In  this  em^ergency,  Andre,  disguised  as  a  traveller, 
issuming  the  name  of  Anderson  and  famished  by  Arnold 


901 


WBVeftiimONARY  WAR. 


{178<?. 


a  pass,  set  out  to  return  by  Ismd  to  Now-Yorii 
1i^|U  the  guards  and  posts  without  awafcouoig 
J^l  But  was  stopped,  when  near  the  and  of  his 
um  three  of  the  New- York  militia,  whose  names 
W§ing,  Williams,  and  Vanwart.  Supposing  them 
to  be  fcildiers  of  his  own  armyi  instead  of  producmg  his 
pass,  he^eclared  himself  a  Britiih  officer  and  desired  he 
might  n(lt  be  detained.  *  " 

26.  On  discovering  his  Mistake,  he  offered  them  a 
purse  Of  gold  and  a  valuable  watch,  and  promised  more 
ampli^  tewafil  from  his  g^etnment,  if  they  would  per* 
mit  hinf  to  escape.  Eejeeting,  with  patriotism  worthy 
of  all  praise,  these  tempting  offers,  they  conducted  him 
to  colonel  Jameson,  who  was  stationed  near  the  iU«ter:?an 
lines*.  In  his  boots  were  found  a  parftcular  statement  of 
the  strength  of  the  garrison,  and  a  description  of  the 
works  at  West-Point.  Ansdous  for  the  safety  of  Arnold, 
;«(e  ifliored  the  colonel  to  t|£inn  him  that  Anderson  was 

-All  express  wa«- iiiwarily  despatched  with  the 
S6(Kl^|.    Arnold,  comprehending  his  danger,  made  a^^ 
freeiptttte  flight  to  New-York. 

27.  Ajm^f  disdaining  longer  concealment,  then  avowad 
himself  to  be  thd  adjutant-general  of  the  Bid^sh  army,^; 
Sus^oion  b^g  now  excited,  colonel  Jameson  ijinsmitte£ 
toitie  i&wiigmder-in-chie^  not  f^distantj  ihlbr-v 
mationbf  aU  the  evfints  which  had  occurredf   WfMskington, 
h^ening  to  West  Point,  made  arrangemfutsfof  repelling 
a^  attack  that  pight  be  naide.    Measures  of  precaution 
beinff  taken,  th^  fate  of  the  prisoner  was  next  to  H 
de^oe^          ' 

Mf  mn  ^me  was  refbrr^  to  a  board  of  officers^  Ap« 
peiBdrlagbd^them,faei3tii^9sed^wHh  ingeimous  Iraiii- 
ness,  every  circumstance  relating  to  himself;  but  woidd 
disoloee  nothing  which  might  ii^folve  others  in  his  mis- 
fortutte.  Be  dispMyed,  in  all  Ms  eonduct  while  a  prisoner, 
sreitt  nobleness  #iDind;  but  the  board,  constrained  l^ 
dirty,  l^rted  that  he  must  be  coniadered  as  a  ^  and 
__  gyy  to  the  law  of  natiiins,  <^ht  to  suffer  death, 
3ir  Honry  Clinton,  b^i^homp  was  highly  esteemed, 
#ery  exertion  in  his^^ower  to  averthisiate.  *  He 
entreated,  remonstrated,  and  threi|tetied.  To  haf e  yielded. 

\irbu1d  himtkhAtrftVAii  t:iini<?i f.ir  »nA  iteoiA^ifcoaM^  nw A^  iMfM»Ht«»»,#ifi>/1 

^uro^treason.  Andre  snfiered  an  i|pomlniou^  death,  w^^ 
a  degree  of  composure  and  fortitulewlksk  proved  how 
great  and  illustneus  he  might  have  been,  had  he  not 


'Mit.'i 


IteTOLtmONiUtY  WA3£ 


^'^^^P.',^ 


5r3^ 


stopped,  in  an  etil  hour,  to  the  comnd^ion  qf  an  ign^^ 
mhiMNif  acttoiu    ,  ,  *  V    - 

80#  Aniold  i^ceived,  as  the  reward  of  hii^'^frei 
the  81X01  of  10|dOO  pounds,  and  the  rank  of  hiipiiU^fmmif 
ralin  tibe  Briflsh  army.  But  he  was  detested  S^i^ipivr 
associates,  and  his  name  will  he  for  ever  enrhdnynioui 
with  infamj  and  baseneiik  In  contrast  with  .hn^;liow 
bright  shines  ^the  fame  iii  the  three  captors  of  Andre. 
They  were  not  then,  nor  ^m  they  ever  be,  forgotten  by  a 
country  ^hich  owes  ^a  muoh  to  their  fidelity.  i>JSach 
received  the  thanks  of  conffr^,%  silver  Jjledsd,^  a 

pension  for  life,  which  has  neei  Rubied  ar  a  subsequent 
8easo|  of  ffreater  national  iptimp6iniy. 

31.%t  the  close  of  the  year  1760,  the  troops  of  the 
jiorthem  army  retired  to  the  winter  quarters  which  they 
had  Htst  odonpied.  Again  thegr  endured  distress  at  which 
patriotism  iTeels  indignant  and  humanity  weeps, 
harvest  had  been  abundant*  ^PleIlty  reigned  in  thi 
but  want  in  the  camp  of  its  lenders.  ^i^£i^i^ ' 
succeeded  patriotism,  lassitude  enthu8ia8ni^.|!Qt:^,  ^^ 
ofthe  people,  and  congress  exerted  its  mij^icis  W1 
little  vigor  to  draw  forth  the  resources :piriwi00untry. 

32.  Thi  soldiers  of  the  Pennsylvania  lifte  were  station- 
ed at  Mofristown,  in  New  Jersey.  They  oomplalned 
that,  ii  addition  to  sustaining  sufferings  common  to  all, 
they  were  retained  in  service  contrary  to  the  terms  of 
their  enHiiments.  In  the  night  of  the  first  of  January, 
thirteen  hundred,  on  a  concerted  signal,  graded  iMer 
arms,  and  declared  their  intention  of  marching  to  Phila- 
delphia, and  Remanding  of  congress  a  Iredrees  of  tiieir 
jgri&^ances. 

33.  The  officers  strove  t^)Domp6l^  them  to  relii^iiish 
their  pnj^se.  In  the  atten^,  one  was  killed  and  several 
were  wounded.  General  Wayne  presented  his  pistols 
as  if  intending  to  fire.  They  held  thilrbay^^ 
breast;  "  We  love  and  re^ctjrou^^  said  th^*  *^but  if 
you  fire  you  are  a  dead  lian.  We  are  not  going  to  to 
enemy*  On  the  cwMitrary^if  they  were  notiT  to  coiOi^  oii^ti 
you  should  see  us  fipi|  under  your  orders  With  asMich 
alacrity  as  ever,    mi  we  will  be  amused  no  * 


_^r|  we 

are  de^oolaed  to  obl^         i|  our  jujBt  dire."    ^  ^     K 

k  body  tiwaMs  Prinoeton.    Gen^  iw^ne,  to  fsrevent 
thim  fironii^m|p^Bf  ihe  inhabftantsrlor^NNirW  |«»vi«on 
for  their  us^.    'i^e  next  day  he  folloWedtand  requested 


^ 


REVOLUTIONARY  WiJU         [m^ 


^m  to  appoint  a  mtn  from  each  regimenty  to  atate  to  him 
their  complaints.  The  men  were  apuointed,  a  conference 
hiMf  but  ne  refused  to  comply  with  their  demands. 

S5.  They  proceeded  in  good  order  to  Princeton.  Three 
emissaries  from  sir  Henry  Clinton  meetii^^  |hem  h^nre, 
madelhem  liberal  offers  to  entice  them  from  tnd'aer^ice  of 
congress.  The  offers  were  instantly  rejected,  and  the 
emissaries  seized  and  confined  in  strict  custody.  Here 
they  were  also  met  by  a  committee  of  Congress,  and  a 
deputation  from  the  state  of  Penhsylvania.  The  latter, 
granting  a  ps^  of  their  demands,  persuaded  them  to'return 
to  their  duty.  The  agents  of  Clinton  were  then  given  up, 
and  immediatel)r  executed  as  spies. 

36.  This  mutiny,  and  another  in  the  Jersey  linci  which 
vi^  instantly  suppressed,  aroused  the  attention  of  the 
states  to  the  miserable  condition  of  their  troops.  The 
amount  of  three  months  pay  was  raised  and  iorwarded 
to  them  in  specie.  Th^y  received  it  with  joy,  aa  it  af- 
forded evidence  that  their  country  was  not  unmindful  of 
their  sufferinga. 


CHAPTER  XXni. 

CAMPAIGN  OP  1781,  AND  TERMINAtlON 

m  THE  WAR. 

.  In  the  spring  of  1781,  the  project  of  besieging  New- 
York  was  s^n  resumed.  Requisitions  for  men  and' 
stores  weie  made  upon  the  northern  stales,  and,  in  June, 
the  l^rench  and  American  troops,  marching  from  their 
l^spective  positions,  encamped  together  on  g^round  contig* 
uous  to  the  city.  But  reinforcements  and  supplies  arrived 
slowly,  and  the  want  of  them  compelled  th0  troops  In  the 
field  to  remain  inactive. 

p.  In  the  southern  department,  far  different  was  the 
fortune  of  the  opposing  armies.  That  of  which  general 
Greene  took  the  command,  consisted  of  but  2000  men. 
Nearly  one  half  of  these  he  despatched,  under  general 
Mor^,  into  the  western  section  or  South-Carolina,  wh^e' 
a  Bntiah  party,  aided  1^  the  tories,  were  plundoring  and 
muraerin^thewhifis  without  mercv  and  without  jrestraint. 

^«  Against  the  Americim  d/etachment,  Comwallis  des- 
patched Tarleton,  with  a  f(nb^  considerably  superior,  and 


iiBi4 


IttrVOitmONARY 


a  Ittve  |rop^ion  of  it  cavalry*  Ittorgan  began  to  retfeat, 
tmt  gisdMiimgto  fly  from  an  enemy,  and  uncertain  whether 
he  eoold  eieftpe  an  oflicer  so  distinguished  as  his  pursuer 
for  the  oi^erttir  of  his  movements,  he,  on  the  i7tl|  of 
Ja^iBBiuryitialtea  at  the  Cowpens,  ana  determined  t&  hazard 
a  battle,  before  his  troops  became  dispirited  and  fatigued. 

4.  Soon  after  he  had  placed  ,  his  men,  the  British  van 
appeared  in  sight.  Oii>imdent  of  an  easy  victbTy,Tarleton 
rushed  to  the  charg#  wilH  his  usual  impetuosity.  The 
militia  posted  in  front  yi^lded^iis  directed  by  Morgan,  to 
the  s^bck ;  and  the  infantry  composing  the  second  line, 
retreated  a  few  yards.  In  the  irdor  of  pursuit,  the  enemy 
were  thrown  into  disorder:  the  infantry,  facing  abunt, 
poured  upon  them  a  Are  as,  deadly  as  it  was  unexpected. 
Their  disorder  was  increased,  and  a  charge  with  the  bay- 
onet completed  their  overthrow.  One  hundred  df  the 
enemy  were  killed,  and  five  hundr^  made  prisoners* 

5.  Seldom  has  a  victory,  aelpiteil  by  so  small  a  nuniber, 
been  so  important  in  its  qoafl^qudi^ces.  It  deprive40pi^ 
wallis  of  one  fifth  of  his  f(»cf^and4i8concerted  hlifUN^ 
for  the  reduction  of  North-CM^t*  He  sought,  howevef, 
to  repair,  by  active  exertions,  tne  loss  which  he  i|ad  suf- 
fered. Having  learnt  that  Morgan,  th^  instant  #er  his 
victoi^i  had  marched  with.his  pnsonem  towi^rds  Virginia, 
he  detenilibled,  if  possible,  to  intercej^r^uxB^  and  compel 
him  to  restore  his  trophies. 

6*  Now  commenced  a  military  race  which  has  hardly 
its  parallel  in  history.  Each  army  strove  to  arrive  first 
at  the  fords  of  the  Catawb^,  ^om  wHich  both  were  equally 
distant.  The  American  troops  endured  almost  incredible 
harihihips.  They  wsre  sometimes  without  meat^^tten 
withotjtt  flomr,  and  always  without  spiritous  liquors.  Mwajf 
marcliing  over  frozen  ground  without  shoes,  marked  .i|itli 
blood  every  step  of  their  progress.  '  ,  ^ 

7.  On  the  twelfth  day  after  the  battle^Morgan  reached 
the  fords  and  crossed  the  Catawba.  ^  Two  hours  a^tejPsi 
wards,  Gornwallis  arriveij,  and,  it  being  then  dark,  en«* 
camped  on  the  bank.  In  die  night,  a  heavy  fafic^  rain 
made  the  river  impassable.  This  gave  M^gaa  an  impor** 
tunity  tp  remove  ther  priisoners  beyond  the  reaeh  oi  Ms 
pursuer.  Arid  here  he  waS^Joinedbygenendl^fife^ei^ 
feavinir  the  main  body  of  his  army,  with  ordeis  to  march 
towards  yirginia,  had"  ridden,  wiST  but  two  or  thfoe  «tten- 
&its^  one  hundrei  and  fifty  miles  for  that  pmrpbse*^    , 

8.  At  the  ead  of  thr^  days,  Comwallis  found  meant  to 


M8 


RSIWMITIONARY  WAIt 


txrn. 


li' 


MM  the  riyer.  Th*  Htliat  and  parauit  amdn  eommeneed. 
On  tire  second  nignt,  tlw  Americans  reached  a  foid  on  the 
Yadkin.  Before  all  had  crossed,  the  British  appeared, 
and  a  port  of  the  baggage  was  left  in  their  power.  Again 
the  two  armies  la]r  encamped  oh  the  opposite  bauks,  and 
before  morning,  this  river  also  was  made  impassable  bj 
the  r^.    Tlus  second  preservation  from  imminent  danser, 

Eersuaded  the  Americans  that  their  cause  was  favored  of 
eaven. 

9r  The  next  day,  Greene  proceeded  to  Guilford  court- 
house, where  he  was  joined  oy  the  other  division  of  his 
army.  CoruwaUis,  marching  up  the  Yadkin,  crossed  at 
the  shallow  fords  near  its  source.  Both  armies  now  started 
for  the  river  Dan,  on  the  borders  of  Virginia,  and  distant 
more  than  one  hundred  miles.  The  knowledge  that  there 
the  course  must  terminate,  gave  fresh  vigor  to  the  troops, 
and  a  new  impulse  to  their  speed.  On  the  fifth  day,  tne 
American  army,  having,  in  the  last  twenty-four  hours, 
marched  forty  miles,  crossed  the  river  in  boats  which  had 
been  collected  for  the  purpose,  and  scarcely  were  .hey  over, 
when  the  British  appeared  on  the  opposite  shore. 

10.  Chagrined  that  his  adversary  nad  thus  eluded  his 

Easp.  ComwalUs  wheeled  about  and  marched  sullenly  to 
illsborough.  Here  man}r  loyalists  resorted  to  his  stand- 
ard. Six  hundred  Virginia  militia  having,  in  the  mean 
time,  joined  the  American  army,  Greene  determined  to 
recross  the  Dan,  and,  by  his  presence  in  North-Carolina, 
support  the  courage  of  those  who  had  embraced  the  cause 
of  independence. 

11.  Cornwallis  having  detached  Tarleton,  with  his  legion, 
to  the  country  on  the  branches  of  the  Haw  river,  in  order 
to  countenaiiCv<)  the  rising  of  the  loyalists  in  that  neigh- 
borheod,  a  body  of  cavalry,  under  lieutenant-colonel  Lee, 
and  of  militia  under  general  Pickens,  were  directed  to 
march  thither  and  attack  him.  Lee,  who  led  the  van, 
overt<^,  in  a  long  lane,  a  band  of  torie8,-<>n  their  way  to 
the  ehi^m^^  Mistaking  him  for  Tarleton,  they  expressed 
a  lively  joy  at  the  meeting,  and  declared  their  zeslous 
attachment  to  the  royal  cause. 

13.  Hoping  to  surprise  Tarleton,  who  was  but  a  xnlllln 
advance.  Lee  forbore  to  correct  their  error ;  but  wh||le  he 
was  endeavoring  to  pass  them,  the  militia  came  njpi  and 
ensaged  their  rear.  ReUnquishing  his  first  prCgvct^  he 
ordered  his  cavalry  to  faU  upon; the  tories,  who  were 
slaughtered  withbut  meioy,  i^U||s  protesting  they  wete 


'*tli6  very  b«st  fHends  of  the^  Iciflt*^  Bitween  twd  waA 
tht9»  hundfed  were  killed.  Tauetoiiy'ilarmed  by  the 
Mp§t  retreited  instantly  to  Hillsborough.  On  his  way, 
he  dvk  #^  a  small  party  of  royalists,  mistaking  them  for 
whigmuHia. 

13.  Leaving  Hillsborough,  Gomwallis  next  encamped 
near  Guilford  court-house.  Greene,  having  been  still 
further  strengthened  by  several  bodies  of  militia,  pursued 
and  offered  him  battle.  On  the  15th  of  March,  an  en- 
gagement was  foug^ht.  At  the  first  fire,  the  North-Carol ina 
militia,  who  were  in  the  front  line,  fled.  The  second  line 
was  also  routed.  Tho  continentals,  who  composed  the 
third,  fought  with  their  usual  bravery,  and  for  an  hour  ai^ 
a  half  mamtained  the  conflict  with  great  firmness.  They 
at  length  gave  way,  but  retreated  in  good  order,  the 
slaughter  they  had  made  in  the  enemy's  ranks  preventiof 
^pursuit.    Both  sides  sustained  nearly  an  equal  loss. 

14.  This  victory,  won  by  a  far  inferior  force,  was  more 
glorious  than  advantageous  i^  the  British  army.  Greene, 
expecting  and  desiring  to  be  attacked  at  his  place  of  tetreiyt, 
made  preparations  for  a  secoiid  engaj^ement.  CoriiwiJl^, 
far  from  courting  a  battle,  deemed  it  prudent  to  tetire  to 
Wilmington,  near  the  sea.  He  was  pursued  fOr  a  few 
days,  but  so  excessive  had  been  the  iufi^ngs  of  the 
Americans,  from  hunger  and  fatigue,  th^t  inaiiv  fainted  «n 
the  march,  and  at  Ramsay's  mills  the  army  halted  to  seek 
refreshment  and  repose.  - 

15.  After  remaining  three  weeks  at  Wilmin^on,  Com* 
wallis  proceeded  to  Petc^rsbursh,  in  Virginia.  From 
Ramsay's  mills,  Greene  marchef  towards  Camden,  where 
werQ  posted  nine  hundred  men,  under  the  command  of 
lord  Kawdon.  He  tp6k  a  position^  on  Hobkirk's  hill, 
about  a  mile  from  the  British  entrenchments.  At  this 
position,  the  Americans  were  attacked  on  the  25th  of 
April.  In  the  beginning  of  the  action,  their  brav^fligained 
aovantages  which,  in  its  process,  were  lost  hjUfo  pre- 
mature retreat  of  two  companies,  occasioned  by  tne  dea^ 
of  ail  their  officers.  At  this  reverse  of  fortune,  Greene 
fetired  a  few  miles  from  the  field,  both  armies  h%Tii% 
sustained  nearly  an  equal  loss.  > 

16.  In  April  and  May,  several  British  posts  III  Siofuth- 
Caroiina,  fell  into  the  power  of  the  >brave-  and  active 
partisans,  who,  yrith  snuill  bodies  of  troops,  were  evei 
present,  where  oppression  was  to  be  resisted,  or  glory  won. 
aMon  and  Leo  mvesttsd  and  took  fort  Watson.    Orange* 

»  a 


fllO 


msHlu^onary  war. 


imu 


burg  and  fort  MotU  turrendered  to  Sumpter.  Lee  eap- 
t  irer^  fort  Grarby,  and  Marion  drore  from  Georgetown 
Xiiii  tiv  ^  stationed  to  defend  it.  None  of  these  potts 
had  nuiueious  trarrisons,  the  prisoners  being  less,  in  the 
whole,  than  eignt  hundred  -,  but  the  advantafl[es  thoy  hnd 
Reoured  to  the  enemy  rendered  their  eapture  important  to 
the  American  cause. 

17.  About  the  last  of  May,  lord  Rawdon  retired  to 
Moiik^s  comer,  near  Charleston,  leaving  garrisons  only  at 
Ninety-Six  and  Augusta.  The  latter  post  was  besieged 
by  Lee,  and  soon  cai)itulated.  Ninety-Six,  which  was 
much  stronger,  was  invested  by  the  main  army.  The 
siego  had  continued  three  weeks,  and  eventual  success 
appeared  certain,  when  intelligence  arrived  that  lord  Ra^'^- 
don,  having  received  a  reinforcement  from  Ireland,  v  ..^ 
approaching,  with  two  thousand  men,  to  the  relief  of  the 
place.  All  hope  was  now  lost  of  reducing  it  bv  the  slow 
ofieration  of  a  siege.  On  the  ISth  of  June,  the  Americans, 
with  great  gallantry,  made  an  assault  upon  the  works. 
They  were  received  with  no  less  gallantry  by  the  garrison, 
and  repulsed.  Greene  then  retired  towards  North-Caro- 
lina, and  three  days  afterwards  lord  Rawdon  arrived  at 
Ninety-Six. 

18.  During  this  year,  \hd  inhabitants  of  the  Carolinas 
endured  calamity  and  disiress,  from  Which  humanity  revolts 
with  horror.  The  countr}r  was  ravaged  and  plundered  by 
both  armies.  The  people,  in  sentiment,  were  about  equaUy 
divided.  Village  was  hostile  to  village,  and  neighbor  to 
neighbor ;  and  tneir  hostility  had  been  embittered  by  accu- 
sation and  retort,  by  attack  and  reprisal,  until  pillage, 
burning,  and  murder,  became  familiar  to  all..  Whenever 
£i  republican  or  royalist  fell  into  the  power  of  an  adversary, 
he  was  instantly  sacrificed  in  revenge  c^  a  fdend,  or  to 
gratify  political  hatred.  Tt  is  asserted  th«^:^  ,  'his  ma 
ner,  thousands  were  put  to  death.  Eac  v  n^  aimed  at 
the  OMkation  of  the  other,  and  the  whole  country  nre^ 
sentecnm  unvaried  scene  of  blood  and  slaughter,  mi 
ccnnire  ought  not  to  rest  equally uj^on  the  two  patties^ 
In  it'  commencement  of  the  contest,  the  British,  to  teniiy 
tht  p'H.,  io  intr*  submission,  set  an  example  which  the^tclrieS 
vf&ti'  %^\.ik,  but  the  whigs  slow,  to  follow;  and  in itspre^* 
gree  c^  ike  ^<mertcaif>  generals,  and  they  alone,  seized  ever^ 
occasion  to  discountenanee  such  vincnctive  and  barbarous 
eonduct. 

19.  Lord  Rawdtm  having  returned  to  SfliliLnd^ thecoma 


l^ 

i^ 


im.]       MnroLUTioNidty^iNi.  iu 

mtnd  of  the  E  ritish  troops,  in  Soolli-Cirolint,  deTolred 
mKm  llautantnt  colonel  Stewart.  In  the  beginning  of 
Septofliberi  he  took  post  at  Eutaw.  Greene  nrarohed 
agmat  lifoi  fVoui  the  High  Hills  of  Santee.  Their  forcea 
were  eqaal,  amounting  '^n  each  aide  to  two  Ihoueand  men- 
On  the  8th.  a  b..ttle  was  fought,  more  bloody  perhapa  than 
any  which  nad  occurred  during  the  war.  The  attack  was 
made  by  the  Americana ;  the  Britiah,  rojBolute  and  braye, 
mado  an  obstinate  resistan<^e,  but  were  at  length  driveii 
in  disorder  fh>m  the  field. 

30.  A  small  number,  on  their  retreat,  took  possession 
of  a  large  brick  house,  and  others  of  an  adjoining  picketed 
garden.  From  these  strong  positions,  a  deadly  fire  was 
poured  upon  the  Americans,  who  persisted,  for  a  long  time, 
m  a  rash  attempt  to  take  them  by  storm.  This  ch  ck 
enabled  the  British  commander  to  rally  his  broken  bat- 
talions, and  bring  them  again  into  action.  Greene,  des- 
pairing of  further  success,  withdrew  h^s  troops,  carrying 
with  him  his  wounded  and  prisoners. 

91.  The  loss  on  both  sideK  was  unc(/mmonIy  greati'in 
proportion  to  the  numbers  engaged.  On  the  Aineilean 
side,  the  number  of  killed  and  wounded  :  mounted  to  five 
hundred  and  fiilv;  on  that  of  the  Bqitish,  as  stated  by 
themselves,  to  almost  seven  hundred.  This  sanguinary 
battle  was  followed  by  the  retreat  of  the  British  army 
towards  Charleston.  The  Americans  pursued,  and  by 
establishing  a  chain  of  posts  at  a  short  distrnce  from  that 
city,  protected  the  state  fiTom  their  incursions. 

22.  Cornwallis,who  left  North-Carolina  in  April,  arrived 
at  Petersburgh,  in  Virginia,  on  the  20lh  of  Mar.  He  there 
formed  a  junction  with  a  British  detacbm^tf  which,  com«- 
manded  at  first  by  Arnold  and  afterwards  by  PhilUps,  hatd 
previously  gained  possession  <^  Richmond  am  PortsmontK 
With  the  £rce  now  at  his  command,  he  flattered  himself 
that  he  should  be  able  to  add  this  state  also  to  the  list  of 
his  conouests.  ^    V 

33.  The  American  troops,  stationed  in  Virginia  Jbr  tt» 
defence,  were  indeed  entirely  insufficient  to  oppose  any 
effectual  resistance.  Under  their  gallant  leader,  the 
Marquis  de  la  Fayette,  they  accomplished  even  more#an 
was  expected ;  but  were  unable  to  prevent  the  enemiy  from 
marching  through  the  country,  and  destroying  much  public 
and  private  property- 

24.  From'these  excursions,  Cornwallis  was  recalled  to 
ibesea-ojast  byUis  commander- iiH^efyWhOf  having  intei- 


alJ 


REVOLtmONARt  WaR.         [mh 


«ei^d  a  letter  from  Washington  to  ConsretSy  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  danger  which  threatened  New- York.  He 
was  directed  to  take  a  position  near  the  ocean*  where  his 
army  and  the  fleet  might  alford  mutual  protection,  until  the 
event  of  the  operations  of  the  north  should 'be  known.  He 
selected  Yorktown  and  Gloucester  point,  situated  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  York-riyer,  which  empties  into  Chesapeake 
bay.  He  had  an  army  of  more  than  10,000  men,  and  ap- 
plied all  his  means,  with  unwearied  industry  and  zeal,  to 
fortify  these  cotnmandinff  positions. 

25.  In  the  mean  time,l)ut  little  progress  had  been  made 
in  the  preparations  to  besiege  New- York.  Of  the  6000 
men,  whom  the  northern  states  were  required  to  furnish 
for  that  purpose,  a  few  hundred  only,  at  the  beginning  of 
August,  had  joined  the  army.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
enemy  in  the  city  had  been  strengthened  by  the  arrival  of 
3000  Germans.  In  this  posture  of  aiikirs,  the  idea  of  an 
expedition  against  Cornwallis  occurred  to  the  commander- 
in-chief.  While  deliberating  on  the  enterprise,  he  received 
information  that  a  French  fleet,  under  the  count  de  Grasse, 
with  3000  troops  on  board,  was  on  the  way  to  America, 
and  destined  to  the  Chesapeake. 

36.  He  hesitated  no  longer,  but  determined  to  conduct 
the  expedition  in  person.  The  show  of  an  intention  to 
attack  New-Yorkp  was  nevertheless  preserved.  After 
the  troops  left  their  respective  positions,  and  crossed  the 
Hudson,  their  march  was  so  directed  as  to  lead  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  to  believe  that  it  was  the  object  of  Washington 
to  gain  possession  of  Staten  Island,  m  order  to  facilitate 
his  designs  a^inst  the  cit^.  The  despatches  he  had  in- 
jlercept^  assisted  to  deceive  him,  and  not  until  the  army 
had'crossed  the  Delaware,  and  was  thus  beyond  the  reach 
of  pursuit,  did  he  suspect  the  real  object  of  his  adversary. 

d7.  He  then  determined  to  profit  by  his  absenco,  or 
recall  him,  by  some  daring  enterprise  at  the  north.  Givuig 
4o  the  traitor  Arnold,  who  had  just  returned  from  Virginia, 
the  command  of  a  strong  detachment,  he  sent  him  against 
New-London,  a  flourishing  city  situated  upon  the  river 
Thames,  in  his  native  state.  Nearly  opposite,  on  a  hill 
in  Groton,  stood  fort  Griswold^  which  was  then  garrisoned 
by  militia,  hastily  summoned  from  their  labors  in  the 
ncld. 

38.  Against  this  fort  Arnold  despatched  a  part  of  his 
tioops.  It  was  assaulted  on  three  sides  at  the  same  mo- 
^Atfttti    The  garri^n,  flirting  in  view  of  their  propeity 


-f 


1781.]      KEvoummmiyfAB-        m 

tnd  thm  homes,  made^a  brave  and  obstinate  resistance. 
By  tl^^  8^e|dy  and  well  directed  fircr  nuuay  of  the  assaH- 
ants  ^ipeie  killed.  Pressing  forwara  with  perseVering 
ardor,  the  enemy  entered  the  fort  throuj^  the  embrazures. 
Immediately  all  resistance  ceased.  Irritated  b^  gallantly 
Which  should  have  caused  admiration,  a  Briti&K  oMcer 
inquired  who  commanded  the  fort.  ^  I  did,"  said  colonel 
Ledyard,  **  but  you  do  now,"  and  presented  him  Ms  swerd. 
lie  seized  it,  and  with  savage  cruelt;^  plunged  it  into  his 
iosom.  This  was  the  signal  for  an  indiscriminate  olias- 
sacre.  Of  one  hundred  and  sixty  men,  composing  the 
garrison,  all  but  forty  were  killed  or  wounded,  and  most 
of  them  after  resistance  had  ceased.     Seldom  has  the 

flory  of  victory  been  tarnished  by  such  detestable  bar- 
arity.  The  enemy  then  entered  New  London,  which 
was  set  on  fire  and  consumed.  The  propertv  destroyed 
was  of  immense  value.  Perceiving  no  other  ooject  within 
the  reach  of  his  force,  Arnold  led  back  his  troops  to  New- 
York. 

29.  The  march  of  Washington  was  not  arrested  by  ihi^ 
barbarous  inroad.  He  pressed  forward  with  the  utiilfiost 
speed,  the  great  object  in  view  imparting  vigor  to  his  troops. 
At  Chester,  he  received  the  cheering  intelligence,  thait 
admiral  de  Grasse  had  entered  the  Chesapeake  with  a  force 
sufficientJv  strong  to  prevent  the  escape  of  the  enemy  liry 
%ater«  On  the  25th  of  September,  the  last  division  6f 
the  allied  forces  arrived  at  the  place  appointed  for  thei^ 
meeting.  The  whole  consisted  of  16,000  men,  and  was 
furnished  with  a  large  and  powerful  train  of  battering 
|irtillery. 

2  30.  A  body  of  troops  under  general  deClioise  was  st^ 
|tioned  to  watch  the  small  garrison  at  Gloucester  Poil^ 
*on  the  north  bank  of  the  river ;  and  on  the  2l^h  the  sevem 
^divisions,  destined  to  besiege  the  main  garrison  at  York- 
town,  reached  the  positions  assigned  them.    On  the  night 
of  the  6th  of  October,  advancing  to  within  600  yardis  of 
the  enemy's  lines,  they  be^n  their  first  parallel,  ajid 
labored  with  such  silence  and  diligence,  that  they^wefe 
not  discovered  until  morning,  when  the  works  thej  had 
raised  were  sufficient  to  protect  them. 

31.  On  the  9th,  several  batteries  being  cotapleted,  a 
Heavy  canuonaue  was  begun*  jriany  ox  uvo  enetc^  s  guus 
were  dismounted,  and  portions  of  meir  fortifications  laid 
level  with  the  ground.  On  the  nii|^t  of  the  11th,  the 
besiegers  commenced  their  second  ^virlilld,  three  hundred 


f 


fl4 


RKVOtOTIONAllY  WAR. 


fmi. 


ftiti^  in  admnce  of  the  first.  This  approach  wiis  made 
so  much  sooner  than  was  expected  that  the  men  were 
not  disboverdd  at  their  llmCT,  until  thdy  had  rendered  them* 
ielres  secure  from  all  molestation  in  front.  The  fire  from 
the  new  batteries  was  still  more  furious  and  destructive. 

3S.  From  two  British  redoubts,  in  advance  of  their  main 
workst  and  flanking  those  of  the  besiegers,  the  men  in  the 
trenches  were  so  severely  annoyed  that  Washington  re- 
solved to  storm  them.  Thie  enterprise  against  one  was 
committed  to  an  American,  that  against  the  ether  to  a 
French  detachment.  Colonel  Hamilton,  who  led  the  van 
of  the  former,  made  such  an  impetuous  attack,  that  pos- 
session was  Soon  obtained,  with  little  slaug^hter.  Retalia- 
tion for  the  carnaffe  at  fort  Griswold  might  have  been 
Justified.  But  "the  soldiers,"  said  colonel  Hamilton, 
^  incapable  of  imitating  examines  of  barba^-Hy,  and  for- 
getting; recent  provocation,  spared  every  man  that  ceased 
to  resist."  The  French  detachment  was  equally  brave 
and  successful,  but,  opposed  by  a  stronger  force,  sustained 
a  more  considerable  loss. 

33.  Comwallis,  perceiving  no  hope  of  safety  but  in  flight, 
attempted,  on  the  evening  of  the  16th,  to  cross  over  to 
Gloucester,  intending  to  force  his  way  through  the  troops 
under  de  Ghoise,  ana  proceed  by  rapid  marches  to  New- 
York.  Before  reaching  the  opposite  shore,  with  the  firs^ 
division  of  his  army,  a  storm  aispersed  his  boats  and  com^: 
polled  him  to  abandon  the  project. 

34.  On  the  mominff  of  the  I7th,  additional  batteries 
were  completed  by  the  besiegers.  The  cannonade  became 
too  powerful  to  be  resisted.  The  enemy's  works  were 
Sinking  rapidly  under  it,  and  nearly  all  their  guns  were 
sHenced.  Before  noon,  Cornwallis  beat  a  j^arley,  and  pro- 
posed l^at  commissioners  should  be  appointed  to  settle 
terms  of  surrender.  They  were  accorain^ly  i^i^intedi^ 
and  on  the  l9th  of  October,  the  teirms  wmch  they  had 
agreed  upon  were  ratified  by  the  respective  commanders. 

35.  The  kiaval  force  in  the  harbor  was  surrendered  to 
de  Grasse,  the  garrison  to  the  American  general.  To  the 
garrison,  the  same  terms  were  panted  as  had  been  con- 
ceded to  the  troops  who  capitulated  at  Charleston ;  and 
general  Lincoln,  who  was  present,  was  desiimated  by 
Washington  to  receive  the  sword  of  OornwaDis.  The 
Dumber  of  prisoners  exceeded  seven  thousand,  of  whom 

Barly  three  thousand  were  not  fit  for  duty. 

t6i  On  ao  Qoommk  during  the  war,  did  thA  American 


■Mr 


1782.] 


AEYOLUTIONART  WA». 


M 


people  munifest  greater  exultation  and  jot»  To  the  Give? 
of  all  Hoo^,  they  united  in  rende7inc[,  with  gratefnl  hearts, 
thank^ving  and  praise  for  the  decisiye  victory  which  he 
had  enabled  them  to  gain.  From  the  nature  and  duration 
of  the  contest,  the  affections  of  many  had  been  so  con-* 
centrated  upon  their  country,  and  so  intense  was  their 
interest  in  its  fate,  that  the  news  of  this  brilliknt  success 
produced  the  most  rapturous  ^motions,  under  the  operation 
of  which  some  were  defirived  of  their  reason^  and  one 
aged  patriot  in  Philadelphia  expired. 

37.  The  loss  of  a  second  entire  army  extinffuished  every 
hope,  which  the  people  of  Great  Britain  had  entertained, 
of  the  subjugation  of  their  colonies.  Their  burdens,  which, 
although  heavy,  they  had  borne  with  patience,  while 
animated  by  the  prospect  of  success,  now  pressed  with 
intolerable  wei^ght.  They  demanded,  with  an  almost 
unanimous  voice,  that  an  end  should  speedily  be  put  to  a 
hopeless  and  ruinous  war.  But  the  speech  of  the  king  tn 
parliament,  at  the  opeuingof  the  winter  session,  discovered, 
that  his  feelings  and  determination  remained  unchanged f 
Bearing  no  portion  of  the  burdens  of  war,  he  felt,  with 
undiminished  force,  his  reluctance  to  part  with  the  au- 
thority which  he  had  once  exercised  over  three  million9 
of  subjects. 

*  36.  But  the  house  of  commons,  6|)eaking  the  sentimf'nts 
of  the  people,  eimressed,  in  energetic  language,  their  dis* 
approbation  of  all  further  attempts  to  reduce  the  colonies 
to  obedience  by  force.  Lord  North,  contrary  to  the  wishes 
of  his  sovereign,  then  resigned  the  office  of  prime  minister* 
Another  cabinet  was  formed,  who  advised  the  king  to 
concede  independence  to  the  polonies.  Early  in  the  spring 
of  1782,  pacific  overtures  were  accordingly  made  to  tlia 
American  govermnent,  ~and  iioUi  nations  desisted  from 
hostile  measures. 

39.  Congress  had  previously  appointed  Johfl  Adams,  ot 
Massachusetts,  a  commissioner  to  treat  with  Great  Britaii}, 
whenever  her  government  should  express  a  desire  for 
peace.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  opposers  of  parlia- 
mentary encroachment.  Actuated  by  hatred  of  tyranny 
as  well  as  7  >ve  of  country,  he  had,  before  resistance  was 
contemplated  by  others,  devoted  all  the  energies  of  his 
powerful  mind  to  the  work  of  enlighteniap  the  people^;  and 
preparing  them  for  the  contest  which  ne  foresaw  was 
approaching.  In  the  continental  congress  he  was  conspic* 
uous  %  his  talents  and  zeal.     A(»poiuted  minister  to 


'm 


M 


ii4 


I^VOLtmONARY  WARi,  (178S. 


I 


Holland,  he  raeeeeded  In  oblftining  a  loan  at  Amsterdaniy 
when  the  reaomces  of  hie  ooiintrjr  were  almost  exhausted, 
and  In  eonclnding  with  that  f  epaUio  a  treaty  of  amity  and 
commerce* 

40.  As  coUeagnee  with  him,  conffress  now  appointed 

'  Beiqamin  Frankun,  John  Jay,  and-Henry  Laurens.  The, 
firot  was  minister  to  France.  He  was  beloved  by  hie 
country  for  the  services  he  had  rendered  her;  and  ulus^ 
trious  throuffhout  the  world  for  his  inventive  eeiiius  and 
practical  philosophy.  John  Jay  was  a  native  of  New- York ; 
Was  distmguished  for  the  purity  of  his  moral  character, 
and  his  attachment  to  the  rights  of  mankind.  He  had 
long  been  a  member  of  congress,  and  was  then  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  United  States  at  the  Spanish  court. 
Henrv  Laurens  was  a  citizen  of  Soulli-Garolina,  had  been 

Seslaent  of  congress,  had  been  appointed  minister  to 
olland,  but  when  crossing  the  ocean,  was  captured  by  M 
British  cruiser  and  confined,  on  a  charge  of  treason,  to  the 
tower  of  London.  In  the  endurance  of  sufferings  in  his 
country's  cause,  he^  displayed  a  character  formed  after  the 
models  of  antiquity.  i 

41.  To  negotiate  with  these,  Mr.  Oswald  was  appointed 
bn  the  part  of  Great  Britain.    The  conferences  were  heM 
at  Paris,  where,  in  November,  1789,  preliminary  articles^ 
Were  agreed  upon.    These  were  to  term  the  basis  of  a' 
definitive  treaty,  the  conclusion  of  which  was  deferred 
until  Oeace  should  take  place  between  France,  the  ally  6f 
the  United  States,  and  Great  Britain.    That  event  oc<* 
curred  on  the  third  day  of  December,  1783 ;  and,  on  the^" 
same  day,  a  definitive  treaty  between  the  parent  country 
and  her  late  colonies  was  also  signed. 

42.  The  provisions  of  the  treaty  attest  the  zeal  and 
ability  of  the  American  negotiators,  as  well  as  the  liberal 
feelings  which  actuated  the  new  British  ministry.  The 
independence  of  the  United  States  was  fully  acknowledged. 
The  right  of  fishing  on  the  banlcs  of  Newfoundland,  and 
certain  facilities  in  the  enjoyment  of  that  right,  were 
secured  to  them  for  ever ;  and  territory  was  ceded  to  th?m 
more  extensive  than  the  most  sanguine  had  dared  to  anti- 
cipate or  to  hope.  During  the  negotiation,  France,  to 
ensure  the  future  dependence  of  her  allies  upon  herself, 
endeavored,  by  secret  intriguei^,  to  prevent  them  from 
obtaining  as  favorable  terms  as  even  their  lato  enemies 
were  willing  to  grant — ^a  striking  proof  of  the  selfishness 
of  nations. 


*-■ 


mm      msmim:t<mm:^m 


XVM 


tiotm  W6rei^i#)^d'^ia  «ierT^e#  hut  rem^xii^ ^nemj^oyeid 

at  their  icark^t  staHona.^^   Xh^jr  0a:w^  witk,  0eafW  the 

end  of.  their  toils  apprpaeHlng,  bat  apprelienaed,  that: their 

countryj  when  she  no  iong«s  iieetted  their  services,  woiild 

fbigef  with  what  zeal  an^ndeUty^they  had  |)een  rendered. 

%i*he  officers,  especially,  dread^  that,  after,  having,  H>r 

:ktrie^|of  pay,  expended  their  private  fortunes,  tf^  a^«r 

,:ll^K^I^  exhausted  their  strength  in  the  perfohitanee  of 

Hl|iuoas  and  protracted  services,  they  should  be  dismissed 

jlli^verty,  without  any  secure  provision  for  thev  futuice 

i>'<||ii|^ort«  J  ■  4'  '■  -        • .  fj  - '  ?>,;  ■! 

^^1^4.  In  the  course  of  the  war,  a  resolution, had  ,b6i^ 

itetted  by  conpess,  stipulating  that  the  officers,  after 

#w!g  disbiatded,  sh^ould  receive  half -pay  for  lite.    T^B 

^^>f osoktion  had  never  been  ratified  by  the  retfai^ife  iiumber  of 

states,  and  no  sa&  reliance  could  therefore  &  placed  up^n  t$, 

III  December,  1788,  the  officers  fiwrwarded  to  cpnip-ess  a 

pptitioa  praying  that  all  arrears  which  were  due  to  thgn 

might  be  discharged,  and  that,  instead  of  half-pay  for  life* 

a  sum  equal  to  five  years  full  pay  should  be  paid  or  secured 

to  them  when  disbanded.         ....  .   ., 

45.  The  delay  of  congress  to  comply  wtth  this  I'e^est 
produced  an  alarming  agitaUon  in  that  portion  of  the  amiy 
stationed  at  Newburgh,  iin  address  to  the  officers  was 
privately  circulated,  written  with  great  ability,  and  stdnufla* 
bly  well  fitted  to  work  upon  those  passions  which  recent 
suSerings^^and  gloomy  forebodings  had  excjted  in  eyery 
bosom*  /  The  writer  boldly  recommended  that,  ak  all  the 
applications  to  the  sympatny  and  justic|^|ef  dong^^lad 
failed  of  success,  an  appeal  should  be  Q]|jaje^t9  t^^)^  ^@<)^« 
S-  -  46*^  Fii!rttii*at«%  the  commander-in-cwf  ^9B  in  caiip. 
Though  censoious^liat  the  ofiicers  Had  jiist  ca^se  of  com- 
plaint, be  was  aware  that  duty  to  his  country  and  Iveu 
friendship  for  them,  reouifed  that  he  should  ppv^rttth 
ad(»ption  of  rash  and  disorderly  expfedients  to  c*tain  i^e- 
dress.  Calling  them  together,  he,  by  a  calm  aiwl  Sensible 
iftddress,  persu  ed  them  to  rely  still  longer  upo^  the  dis- 
ptosition .  of  congress  to  perform  for  th^m  wn&tetet  tlhe 
ilmited  means  of  the  nation  would  permit.       ,  ;. "      ^ 

47.  In  a  letter  to  that  body,  giving  an  accomit  of^lfte 
4)aciirrencea,  he  maintained  and  enforced  the  clauns  of  wte 
olfi«ers  with  such  pathos  and  stren^h  of  r6asoRrn|,  that 
their  request  was  granted.  In  November,  1783,  the 
PATRIOT  ARMY  was  dlsbauded,  ahd^ftdor  mingled  wttli 


MS 


OONFll 


imik 


their  fellow  eiftizeneu  bi  |li0  99m»  ttioiith»  New^'York 
was  evwafd  l^he  B^  ^ftki^  "Oeutt^  ITMlii. 
ington,  t^%aii  aiNticMnite  ^ptvtof  Woffltoers,  i»pairad 
t|9  Anni^pdis,  wlieiio  olmgrest  "^  sHlfai^  and  there,  at  a 
!  liijbuc  audiencei  if^h  dignity  and  settsTOlity.  reaigned  hir 
cbnuni^siun  t$  cdmmaiider*iii^^G^ef  of  the  American 
armies.  'IThei^  #ith  a  olu^nlctar  fliustrioas  thronghoiit 
tht  i?ir^,  he  returned  ^o  hit  residence  at  Mount  Vi»mon« 
poii^fii^g  the  ftiicere  love  and  profound  veneration  ofhls . 
co^tfyft^en. 


¥' 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 
ADOPTION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION, 

'""^'   ""': '^  "■^- 'i' :^-.-'  "   AND  '  "■■'^■^^' 

WASHK^GTON'S  ADMINISTRATION, 

Inoepe^idencb  and  peace  did  not  immediately  ^odcijpe 
all  the  advantdges  which  had  been^uiti^^ed  by  aai  aimtt 
mid  sanguine  people.  , The  evils  of  warlike  ^trgcted 
beyond  Its  duration.  JPlblic  and  pritate  debts  b<mj;hWrMy 
xmn  the  people,  restnibing  ^eir^nterpri^  and  demani^g 
im  their  resources.  v^  i   ^ 

2.  UnsuMported  by  the  sense  of  imminent  and  c^nnmon 
danger,  the  articles  of  confederation  were  found  fhstmleient 
to  accomplish  the  purposes  of  a  national  govemmeiat.  'Fhey 
conferred  upon  congress  the  power,  not  to  raise  mOney, 
hut  merely  to  make  requisitions  upon  the  states.  These 
were  often  disregarded,  no  authority  beiig  given  t#  eto«' 
fprce  obedience.  The  revenue  was  tydrefore  deficient, 
the  public  creditors  were  unpaid,  and  the  national  ePecurtties 

.or  evidences  of  debt  depreciated  SO  low  that  they  were 
■  oHen  sold  for  one  eighth  o^t^^Mr  iioni^l  value. 

3.  Neither  did  these  art^tesoon^r  the  power  to  regulate 
conunerce.  Congress,  therefore^  eould  not  iHake  conimer- 
dial  treaties  Willi  foreign  nations  which  D^Md  be  obligatory 
upon  the  individual  states.  Ui^nofeeted  1^  treaties,  and 
unsupported  by  countervailing  regnlatioiis,  the  Americat 
merchants  wem  denied  all  parttOij^tlonv  except  on  terms 
at  once  burdo'  some  and  degrad^g^  in  the  commerei  of 

.  tite  worl4,    f^t  trade  between  th«l0teiid  states,  whIifQ 


^'■4 


f>f ■-'«,: 


i  '■'H^'T)  '  li'iiij'Jiirtff^tti^i^fi'rit'iriiti'  t  iik  "^'.teii^-'bi* 


:■■  (ftf  ^-SiQ^M^Wft^F 


mk 


^ei^'hoN. 


■•■^.'If^i' 


wemeoqsider^  -Mmtm-'mi,  Mepeai^t  mtrmlmli^^ 
wmB  tk»Q  emlwinukiei}  m  nun^ious  iwrietldhs,j»roduciiu; 
fire^Mni  oolIi8ioii%  and  dixn&bhmg  uie  b^^  whien 
natunlly  fkmf(^  the  unfettered  enterprise  andjiidustry 
of  man.  Commerce  languished ;  and  from  the%ant  of 
its  vivifying  inflaenee,  «li  the  energies  of  the  coittnil^r  Were 
dorinant.  #"  ■ 

^  4f  To  remedy  these  evils,  eongress  applied  to  1|ii6  states 
for  a  grant  of  the  power  to  regulate  commereer,  and'  to 
edlect  a  revenue  from  it.  New-York  alone  refrtsed ;  but 
as  unanimity  was  requisite,  her  sin^e  ne^ptive  defeated 
the  project.  In  the  inean  time,  the  distress  increased, 
and  m  Massachusetts,  where«  it  was  greatest,  ur^  to 
insurrection  a  portion  of  the  ii^abitants.  Near  the  dose 
of  the  year  1786,  they  assembled,  to  the  nuii^r  of  two 
thousand,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  stat^,  and,  chdos- 
ing  Daniel  Sbays  their  leader,  demanded  that  the  collec- 
tion  of  debts  should  be  susjiended,  and  that  the  legislature 
should  jauthorize  the  emission  of  paper  money  for  general 
circulation. 

j^»  Two  bodies  of  militia,  drawn  from  those  parts  of  the 
ftt^  irhere  disafieotiondid  not  prevail,  were  immediately 
^espii^ed  against  thein,  one  under  the  command  of  ^ene- 
llA  pncdn,  di0  other  ofrg^eirad  Shepird.  Thc^  were 
emiy  dispersed ;  and  itfrerwards  ji^ilndoning  their  seditioiUh 
ipurposes,  accepted  the  proffered  indemnity  of  the  govern* 

0.  So  early  as  1783,  John  Aj^ams,  being  then  minister 
m  Europe,  and  seeing  in  what  light  the  American  con- 
federation was  resaraed  by  foreign  nations,  suggested  to 
eongress  the  expemency  of  effecting  a  closer  union  of  the 
states,  and  of  Oonferring  more  efficient  powers  upon  the 
general  government.  A  conviction  of  the  necessity  of 
such  a  course  was  also  felt  by  general  Washington,  and 
most  of  the  distinguished  patriots  of  that  period.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1786,  upon  the  proposition  of  Mr.  Madison,  of 
Virginia,  a  convention  of  commissioners  from  ^ye  of  the 
middle  states,  was  held  at  Annapolis,  for  the  pu|^se  of 
devising  and  recommending  to  the  states  a  unifofi^  System 
of  commercial  reguladons^  ,# 

7.  These  commissioners,  after  deliberating  uptt  the 
subject,  came  to  the  conclusion  that  nothing  short  of  a 
thorough  reform  of  the  existing  government  should  be 
attempted.  This  opiiiion  was  expressed  in  the  report  of 
their  proceedings,  wiuoh  was  laid  before  eongress.    That 


.MQi 


CONltDEiATION. 


^'wf' 


:^im  0c»veiil|p  9|  ielegi^t«f  from  all  tfte  states  shomd 
m  held  «t  iwidi^%^  1^^^^^       parppsb  of  revising  t|ie 

3|r«Bl4lmbAw  adequate  ;to  the 

&  lln^  ^i  f9C#im  states,  except 

lOiiNtaitfllanif  Q<»ni^  in  my,  1787,  the  convention 

fin0|*H(if  t|£m^t»^  el  venerable  a^  illustrious  statesmen, 
Oitttfi  Wlmhing^  was  unanimously  elected  president. 
Tkey.'deiib^ted  with  closed  doors^and  at  the  end  of 
^-fior  BUHithSi  agreed  upon  a  coitim|^tioa  ibr  the  United 
States  of  Aiwica,  which^jafter  being  reported  to  congress, 
waf  aiUimitt^  f^ratiAcatibn  to  conventions  hcrldenin  the 
respective  states*  t  "*'» 

9.  This  ^stitntion,  tmder  which  the  citizens  of  this 
repiihHe  mm  90iiOiyed  such  unexampled  happiness  and 
proipmtv,  diifeardi  m  many  particulai^  ftomthe  articles 
of  Qonfeaeration.  It  connects  the^States  more  closely 
together,  by  establishinff'' a  general  and  sai)reme  govern-  .. 
'II10BI  composed  of  three  dcpartment^|^gislative,  executive, 
,8mlittd&5ial.  v^ 

1&  The  legislative  de^rtn^eil  eonslsts  of  a  senate  and 
hoaitof  representatiyeS|iiid  18  ]^^  The 

members  ot  the  hous^  ai^e  chosen  by  the  |>ec^Te»  and  hold  * 
their  oflkJi»  two  years*    l^y  are,aDportione4  among  the 
several  states,  according  to  lie  EUi£ippr  Qf  mhabitapts,  as 
ascertarfned  every  terp  year!  Jp^tt  !^ 
two  Mhs  of  the  slaves^ 

1  !•  The  senators  are  the  repri&sentat jyes  of  the  states, 
in 'their  sovereign  capacity,  and  are  chjasen  by  the  state 
legislatures,  each  choosing  two.  The  cb^ttltutibn  ordained 
that  on  assembling  at  the  first  se^ion,  they  should  be 
,  divided,  as  equally  as  possible,  into  three  classes*  Those 
composing  the  first  class  were  to  hold  their! bfficesbiit  two 
years;  those  composli^thie*  Second  i^ss,^  four  years; 
those  composiligthe  thii^d,  si|c  years.  ^11  subsequently 
chosen  were  to  h6ld  thfsir  ollees  six  yiears,  except  suoltt  as 
should  be  cho|«t  to  s^p|^y  the  plaees  of  those  who  died  or 
resigned,  lyllles  their  tegisktive  power,  they  jiiave,  in 
eoncurrence,with  the  executive^  a  voice  in  all  appoint 

m^vif-a  fn  nfRn.a.  ar\A  iti  thti  vntAfktiiMan  (if  trA»^^P.fi. 

12.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  i^.^^si^entap 
potnted  by  electors.    These  electors  are  chosen  iju  tha 
Stspeciive  states,  in  such  xloanner  as  the  diffeiei^l^ila 


tt8?.} 


CONlPKDEfti^ON. 


J»t 


■* 


tores  may  preserBw^  «iad  are  equal  tn^pinbdr  td1|e  tena* 
^rs  and  repi^sentatiVes  fVom  thef  $la^^      eoilgr^il9.    If, 
however,  no  petao^  reeeiires  a  loi^or^of  the  ViitefjpC 
these  electors;  tl}^  |iffjeisyi^t  is  theneitbseii  bjr^liilrepre^ 
sentatiires,  thosdr  lironi^liich  state  hsTinff  tnit'^i^'tote. 
He  is  elected  for  four  v^rs ;  but  he  in%  Ee  iim)i00h<0:hy 
the  house,  tried  (^  tlMlsoiiate,  and,  if  doUTici^oi  of  pis* 
conduct,  may  be  removed  from  oQicf.    He^  Q«iMiitfer. 
in-chief  of  the  land  ttnd  naval  if^m  me^hm^^ 
the  senate  all  officers  of  the  general  g(«Ve]|»^^i^|iii^h  ^ 
the  advice  and  coifsept  pf  two-thirds  of  tffi  bS(i|vfattftps 
ueaties.    A  vice-pir$Bident  is  chosen  at  the  lelife  time, 
and  in  tiie  same  manner,  to^  perform  aH  theiduiifes  of^ 
president  when  that  office  is  vacant  bydcath,refif^ifitipn, , 
<)r  remoyiL '/  ''  '  ■    /.,^,      !.-"  :•'•■  :-;^  ■■'■■■;  ;'^-->,^«>   "■•' 

13.  TO  pass  a  law  the  housi  and  senate  must  concur, 
and  it  is  then  to  be  sent  tothe  president,  who  must  approve 
it.  If  he  does  not  approve  it,  hfe  mitsl  riBtuwiHt  \vi^  his 
objections;  and  it  must  then  be  agre€td^ti> by  two-thirds 
of  both  branches.  Laws  thus  enactesdiipobJS^tory  upon 
the  citizens  indivi<^lly,  and  may  be  exlcuted%^  ofllcers 
appointed  by  the  jpo^^ident  and  seriate.  Under  tlie  con- 
federation, the  tMi^d^s  of  congress  operated  6nly  upon 
the  stateSiaadiid  effiicient  m^de  was  provided  forlnforc- 
ingtfiem.   /^  ,  "'^ '.  ;' 

M.  The  cohatitutjbtt  confers  on  cong^^^ 
declare  war  f  to  raise  atid  suppcft  armies ;  to  prolgide  and 
mairitiina  navy;  to  lay  and  collect  taxes,  dutiesi^p^sts, 
and  excises;  to  reffulate  commerce;  to  coin  money  ;%nd 
aU  other  powers  (u"  a  general  or  national  chara^er;  It 
C^nishes,  in  ||>  respect,  the  liberty  of  the  citiifeh,  J)ut 
transfem  a  portibn  of  the  powers,  previously  e^sercisei  by 
the  state  govepmentSi  to  the  government  of  the  union^  >. 
16.  TKe  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  is  vested 
in  a  supreme  court,  and  such  inferior  courts  as  the  congress 
may  establish;  and  it  extends  to  all  cases  arising  under 
the  constitution,  the  laws  of  congress,  and  treaties ;  to  all 
cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdicttoj,  to  ail  con- 
troversies between  citizens  of  different  stlte^^ and  between 
forekners  and  citizens :  the  judges  hold  their  offices  during 
gobd^behavior. 

^rl6.  The  new  constHution  fouud  opposers  as  Wep  as 
sHvocates,  and  ^th  wereT  egu$|^  zealous.  The  f(>ifeer,^ 
ardently  attached  to  liberty,  imagined  that  rulers  posses- 
Slnf  such  extensive  sway,  such  abuiidant  patronage  and 


3133 


WASHINGTON'S 


[1799. 


•iioh  independent  tenure  of  ofllce,  would  become  fond  of 
Ihe  exerciae  of  power,  and  in  the  end,  arrogant  and  tyranni* 
Ofkl.  The  latter  professed  equal  attachment  to  liberty,  but 
oontai^ed  that,  to  preserve  it,  an  energetic  covernment 
wa*  mdcestary.  They  desoribed,  with  |K)werful  effeut,  the 
evils  aoiiifilly  endured  from  the  inefllciency  of  the  con- 
Meration,  and  demanded  that  %  .trial  at  least  should  be 
made  qI»  the  remedy  proposed.  These  took  the  name  of 
federalltts,  as  triendl^r  to  a  union  of  the  states ;  the  appel- 
lation of  anti-federalists  was  given  to  their  antagonists. 

>  17«;In  thi'  conventions  of  eleven  stales,  a  majority, 
though  in  some  instances  a  small  due,  decided  in  favor  of 
Its  ratification.  Provision  was  then  made  for  the  election 
of  the  officers  to  compose  the  executive  and  iegislativo 
departments.  To  the  highest  station,  the  electors,  by  a 
unanimous  vote,  elected  George  Washington,  itiustrious 
for  his  virtues  and  military  talents.  To  the  S'i3Cond,  tliat 
of  vice-president,  by  a  vote  nearly  unanimous,  they  ele- 
vated John  Adams,  who,  in  stations  less  con&:picuous,  had, 
with  equal  patriotism,  rendered  important  services  to  his 
countr^ 

18.  Th^^rth  of  March,  1789,  was  the  day  designated 
i^  the  new  government  to  conrnfience  i^s  operations.  The 
4ela;fn  incideni  to  its  first  organization,  prevented  the 
inauguration  of  the  president,  until  the  30th  of  April. 

.  The  ceremony  was  witnessed,  with  inexpressible  joy,  by 
an  inmiense  concourse  of  citizens*  In  im  impressive 
addren^  to  both  housed  of  cd^igress,  he  declared,  with 
cluuaeitertstic  modesty,  his  *'  incapacity  for  the  mighty  and 
untried  eares  before  him,"  and  offered  his  "fervent  suppli- 
cittiotts  to  that  Almighty  Being,  whose  providential  aid 
c«m  supply  every  human  defect,  that  his  fenediction  would 
consecrate  to  the  liberties  and  happiness  of  the  people  of 
.the  United  States,  a  government  instituted  by'the^mselves 
for  these  essential  purposes ;  and  would  enable  every 
instrument,  employed  in  itS',adnunistration,  to  execute, 
Mjitli  success,  the  functions  allotted  to  his  charge." 
^;^49.  He  also  expressed  his  firm  conviction,  "  that  the 
fouflrfation  of  our  national  policy  would  be  laid  in  the  pure 
and^inmutabie  principles  of  private  morality;  and  that 
the  pl!e-eminence  of  a  free  government  would  be  exem- 
plified by  all  the  attribujteS  vniich  can  win  the  affections 
of  ip  citizens,  and  command  the  respect  of  the  world." 
"  I  dwell,"  said  he,  "  on  this  prospect  with  every 
whMl^ m  SYthniit  hrra  Jbr  my  inmntry  om 


1990.] 


A.DAflNISTRA'WGxS 


/  ft* 

Inspire ;  since  Iheve  is  jia  tnith  more  thfiroughly  enu. 
Ushed,  than  that  ther«)  exists,  in  the  econ<Mnn^  Hnd  cour 
of  nature,  an  indissuiuble  uniim  between  virtue  aiM{  h»p|H 
nessj  between  duty  and  adviniiige^  between  thefenaine 
maxiTus  of  an  honest  andMiiia^nanimmis  fKiUcy,  Ind  ^e 
Bolid  rewards  of  puMic  prr»sperity  and  fdlichyiftnd  tkiee 
the  destiny  of  the  republican  model  of  ggyernmeHl  is 
justly  considered  as  deeply,  perhaps  as  FiNAiiLV,  Mlped 
on  the  experiment  intrusted  toth«)  American  peiif>l4d«^ 

21.  To  establish  a  revenue  sufficient  for  the  suppiint  of 
government,  and  for^ho  discharge  of  the  debt  ^ntracted 
m  the  revolutionary  €rar,  was  the  first  object  of  eofrgrest. 
For  this  purpose,  duties  were  laid  on  the  traportanon  of 
merchanaise,  and  on  the  tonnagr  of  vessels^  and  from 
these  sourctes  were  drawn  into  the  liational  tve^sury. 
iimds  which  had  before  been  collected  and  appvopriatod 
by  the  states  on  the  sea  eoast. 

!^3.  Laws,  creating  a  departnient  of  state,  of  the  trea- 
8ury,_and  of  war,  were  enactecj;  and  Mr.  .Teffetsos,  Mr 
HamilUm,  and  general   Knox',^ap|)ointed  seoretanes  or 
principals.      A    national  judiciary  was  conatJliited  and 
organized.     A  resolve  was  passed,  directln^Ke  seeretftrr 
of  the  treasury  to  prepare  i  plan  for  the  support  of  piMQ' 
credit ;  and  ameodment^  to  the  constitution  were/'f>^ 
posed,  which  wete  subsequently  ratified  by  the  stiEite'Sl 
jand  which,  ren^ovinff  many  of  the  objections  made  to  ft 
rendered  it  acceptablis  to  all.  .   v  ^ 

^^3.  After  the  a^journmeHt  of  congress,  the  president 
made  a  tour  throuph  New-England,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived by  tho  inhabitants  with  an  affection  bordering  on 
adoration.  People  of  all  classes  crowded  lo  behold  the 
man  who^se  virtues  and  talents  exalted  him,  in  their  view, 
aboye  ;^he  heroes  of  ancient  and  modern  times;  and  to 
Jfiresent  to  him  the  ui?dissenil)led  homarge  of  their  grafeful 
IieWts.  But  to  none  did  his  visit  give  more  exquisite 
pleasure  than  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  "  patriot 
armjV'  who  had  been  his  companions  in  suffering  and 
in  vietory,  who  were  endeared  to  him  by  their  bravery 
and  fidelity  in  war,  and  by  the  .magnanimity  with  which, 
in  peace,  they  endured  unmerited  neglect  and  povel^tx* 

^.^  At  the  next  session  of  congress,  which  comffiehced 

in  lanuary,  1790,  Mr.  Hamilton,  the  secretary  of  the 

t^aSury,  made  his  celebrated  report  upon  the  public  debts 

contracted  during  the  revolutionary  war.    Taking  ari  able 

jHii  oalarged  viow^f  i^be  advantogeft  of  paUio  citdlti  l» 


,m 


m 


•it 


.f .. 


M4 


WASHINGTON'S 


[1790. 


Tecommended  that,  not  only  tho  debti  of  the  oontinmttl 
eongresSf  but  those  jpf  the  states  arisiiy  from  their  exer- 
tions in  the  common  cause,  should  be  funded  or  assumed 
by  the  general  goyemment  \  and  that  provision  should  be 
made  for  paying  the  interest,  by  imposm£[taxes  on  certain 
articles  of  luxury,  and  on  spiritii  distilled  within  the 
counti^. 

S5*  Upon  this  report  an  animated  debate  took  place. 
Its  recommendations  were  opposed  by  that  ptitXy  who  had 
aeen,  or  thought  they  had  seen,  in  the  constitution,  many 
features  hostile  to  freedom,  and  who  remembered  that 
Mr.  Hamilton,  when  a  member  of  the  convention,  had 
proposed  that  the  j^resident  and  senate  should  be  ap- 
pointed to  hold  thei|f  offices  during  good  behavior.  They 
now  expressed  their  fears,  that  the  assumption  of  these 
debts  would  render  the  government  still  stronger,  by 
drawing  around  it  a  numerous  and  powerful  body  of  puli- 
lic  creditors,  who,  in  all  its  contests  with  the  states  or  the 
peopbt  would  be  bound,  by  the  stronffest  of  all  ties,  that 
of  interest,  to  support  it  whether  ricnt  or  wrong.  This 
part^,  existmg  pnncipally  ui  the  southern  states,  and  pro- 
fessms  an  ar^nt  attachment  to  the  equal  rights  of  man, 
took  the  name  of  republican. 

2C.  Mr.  Madison  proposed,  that  whenever  the  public 
securities  had  been  transferred^  the  highest  price  which 
they  had  borae  in  the  market  should  be  tmia  to  the  pur- 
chaser, and  the  residue  to  the  original  liolder.  After  an 
eloquent  debate,  this  proposition  was  rejected.  The 
party  denominated  federal,  and.^xisting  principally  in  the 
northern  states,  supported  throughout,  with  great  ability 
and  force  of  reasoning,  the  plans  of  the  secretary ;  but  on 
taking  the  vote  in  the  house  of  representatives,  they  wore 
rejected  by  a  maiority  of  two. 

21,  Afterwards  this  national  measure  was  connected, 
as  is  top  frequently  the  case  in  legislative  bodies*, with 
one  which  had  excited  much  local  feeling.  It  was  under- 
stood that,  should  the  seat  of  government  be  fixed  for  ten 
years  at  Philadelphia,  and  afterwards  permanently  at  a 
place  to  be  selected  on  the  Potomac,  some  southern 
members  would  withdraw  their  opposition  to  the  funding 
system.  A  law  to  that  effect  was  accordingly  enacted. 
The  former  discussion  was  then  resumed.  The  plans  of 
the  secretary  were  adopted  in  the  senate  and  afterwards 
in  the  house,  two  members  representing  districts  on  the 
Botomac,  changing  their  rotes.  The  debt  funded  amount- 


1791.] 


ADMINISTRATIS 


ed  to  a  littlo  more-  thiiii  fteyenty-fivo  raiUioiD|  of  doUart ; 
Upon  a  part  of  wKich  three  per  cent,  and  upon  the  remain- 
de)  six  per  cent  interest  w^  to  be  faid. 

38.  The  effect  of  thifii  measiure  was  mat  and  rapid. 
The  price  of  the  jiublio  paper,  which  haCfallen  to  twelre 

.  or  fin  ;en  cents  on  th^doilah  suddenly  rote  to  the  ixan 
expressed  on  the  face  or 'it.  This  diflerenee  wai  gai^ned, 
in  most  instances,  by  purchasers  of  the  securities,  who» 
feeling  indebted,  lor  this  immense  accession  of  w^altt:, 
to  the  plans  of  the  secretary,  regarded  him  with  enihbsi- 

.  astio  attachment.  But  in  others,  this  wealth,  aoddenly 
acquired  without  merit,  excited  envy  and  dissatu^faction. 
These  joined  the  republican  party;  who,  fancm({  they 
were  witneasing  the  fulfilment  of  their  predietiou,  be- 

. came  more  active  In  ^eir  opposition.  <|' 

29.  The  recommendation  of  the  secretary  to  impose 
additional  duties,  was  not  acted  upon  until  thetiext  session 
of  congress.  Those  on  distilled  spirits  were  proposed  in 
ordei  to  render  the  burdens  of  the  inhabitants  beytind  the 
Alleghany  mountains,  where  no  other  spirits  were  con<* 
sumed,  equal  to  those  of  the  inhabitants  on  the  sea  coaSl, 
who  consumed  most  of  the  articles  on  wMch  an  impoirt 
duty  was  paid.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1791,  they 
were  laid  as  proposed.    A  national  bank,  recommended 

.  also  by  the  same  ofiloe/,  was  in  the  same  year  incorpo* 
rated.  Both  measures  met  a  violent  opposition  from  the 
republican  party,  -y 

30.  When  the  neyr  government  was  first  organized, 
...but  eleven  states  had  ratified  the  constitution.    Afler- 

wards,  North-Carolina  and  Rhode  Island,. the  two  dis- 
senting states,  adopted  it ;  the  former  in  November,  1789, 
the  latter  in  May,  1790.  In  1791,  Vermont  adopted  it, 
and  applied  to  congress  to  be  admitted  into  the  union. 
The  territory  of  fhis  state,  situated  between  New-Hamp- 
shire and  New- York,  was  claimed  by  both,  and  both  had 
made  grants  of  land  within  its  limits.  In  1777,  the 
inhabitants,  refusing  to  submit  to  either,  declared  them- 
selves independent.  Although  not  represented  in  the 
continental  congress,  yet,  during  the  war,  they  embraced 
the  cause  of  their  brethren  in  the  other  states,  and,  to 
them  their  aid  was  oflen  rendered,  and  .was  always 
efficient.  Agreeably  to  their  request,  an  act  was  now 
passed,  constituting  yei:mont  one  of  the  members  of  the 
union.  Anjust  was  also  passed,  declarmg  that  the  district 
of  Kentuq&y,  then  a  part  of  Virginia,  should  be  admitted 


■4j^ 


wje.i/i^'^feai^.  ^ 


vfkumsQfWB 


•% 


irm. 


htto  the  onion  on  the  first  day  of  Juilk^  the  snoeeeding 

y®ar»  ■  ^ 

81.  In  1791^  was  completed  the  first  eensas  or  enumer- 
ation of  the  mhabitants  of  the  United  States.  They 
amounted  to  3,931,326,  of  which  number  695,656  were 
slaves.  The  reTeniie,  according  to  the  report  of  the 
secretary  of  tf.e  treasury,  anounted  to  4,771,000  dollars, 
the^exports  to  about  nineteen,  and  the  imports  to  about 
twenty  millions.  A  great  improvement  in  tne  circumstan- 
ces of  the  people  b^n  at  this  period  to  be  visible.  The 
establishment  of  a  firm  and  regular  government,  and  con- 
fidence in  the  men  whom  they  had  chosen  to  administer 
it,  ^ve  an  impulse  to  their  exertions  which  bore  them 
rapidly  forward  in  the  career  of  prosperity. 

33.  In  17^0,  a  termination  was  put  to  the  war  which, 
for  several  years,  had  raged  between  the  Creek  Indians 
and  thjB  state  of  Geor^a.  Pacific  overtures  were  also 
made  to  the  hostile  tnbes  inhabiting  the  banks  of  the . 
Scioto  and  the  Wabash.  These  being  rejected,  an  army 
of  1400  men,  commanded  by  general  Harmer,  was  des- 
mitched  against  them.  Two  battles  were  fought  near 
Chilicothe,  in  Ohio,  between  successive  detachments 
from  this  army  and  the  Indians,  in  which  the  latter  were 
Tictorious. 

33.  Emboldened  by  these  successes,  they  made  more 
vigorous  attacks  upon  the  frontier  settlements,  which 
sunered  all  the  distressing  calaimties  of  an  Indian  war. 
Additional  troops  were  raised,  and  the  command  of  the 
whole  was  given  to  general  St.  Clair*  Wit^  near  3000 
men,  hemarcucd,  in  October,  into  the  wilderness.  By 
desertion  and  detachments,  this  force  was  reduced  to 
fourteen  hundred.  On  the  third  of  November,  th^  en- 
camped a  few  miles  from  the  villa|pj&  on  the  Miami, 
intending  to  remain  there  until  joined  oy  those  who  were 
absent.  \  .....  ,: 

34.  But  before  suiirise,  the  next  mbming^  just  a(terthe 
troops  were  dismissed  from  ^jparade,  they  were  attacked 
unexpectedly  by  the  Indianau^  The  new  levies,  who  were 
in  front,  rushed  back  in  confusion  upon  the  regulars* 
These,  who  had  been  hastily  formed,  were  thrown  into 
disorder.  They,  however,  With  great  intrepiditv,  mAr 
vanced  into  the  midst  of  the  enemy,  who  retired  fliini-, 
covert  to  covert,  keeping  always  beyond  reach,,  sn^  ^^0i^^ 
returning  as  soon  as  tne  troops  Weire  recalled  fron^  purs^ 
In  these  cM|geB  many  brave  and  exj^rioBoetf  i^eetn^ 


wejre  Idlled ;  the  loss  of  men  y^  also  great,  wfiA  no  per- 
manent impression  was  made  upon  the  enemy. 

36.  At  len|[thf  after  a  contest  of  mee  qi  four  honrSf  St, 
Ckiir»  whose  111  health  disabkd  hun  from  performing  the 
active  duties  of  command^^  determined  to  withdraw  from 
the  field  the  remnant  of  his  troops.  The  mstant  that  the 
directions  to  retire  were  given,  adisorderW  flight  com- 
menced.    Fortunately  for  the  suryiv0rs^  the  victorious 

B^  Indians  were  sooi  recalled  from  pursuit  to  the  camp,  by 
their  avidity  for  plunder;  and  the  vanquished  contmued 
their  retreat  unmolested  to  the  frontier  settlements. 

3^.  In  this  battle,  the  numbers  engaged  on  each  side 
were  supi^osed  to  be  e|Rial.  Of  the  whites,  the  slaughter 
was  almost  beyond  eawiple.  Six  hundred  and  thirty  were 
killed  and  missing,  and  twq  hundred  and  sixty  werta  wounds 
ed— a  loss  which  proves  at  once  the  obstinacy  of  the 
defence,  and  the  bravery  of  the  assailants.  On  receiving 
information  of  this  disaster,  congress,  resolving  to  prose- 
cute the  war  with  increased  vigor,  made  provision  for 
augmentihg,  by  enlistment,  the  mintaiy  force  of  the  nation 
td  5000  men. 

37.  In  the  autumn  of  1792,  general  Washinffton  was' ^ 
again  unanimously  elected  president  of  the  American 
repablic,  and  in  March,  1793,  was  inducted  into  office. 
^.  Adams  was  rc'^elected  vice-president,  in  opposition 
to  Georgp  Clinton,^jO^  New^York.  In  the  prog»-ess  of  ' 
these  elf  wns,  but  Jittp  party  feeling  was  exhibited ;  the 
repoise  of  society  was  liot  disturbed,  but  the  citizens  raised 
to  pos^  0|  the  higl^'^thonor  those  whom  their  judgments 
ati4  aif^ctlQns  des^ated  as  the  most  worthy. 

38.  Whue  the  Americans,  with  but  little  alloj,were 
eiypying>  nndp  a  government  of  their  own  choice,  the 
blessi^  of  ihdependence  and  ficeedom,  the  people  of 
France^  by  Whose  ad  these  blesslnsts  had  been  acquired, 
were  etpen^cing  all  the^miseries  of  anarchy.  Greviously 
oppressed  by  institutions  originating  in  times  of  Ignorance 
aiNl  barbarism,  they  had  risepi^in  the  majesty  of  physical 
strength,  and  declared  the^*  determination  to  be  /ree. 
I  f  «nst  a  whole  peiop|09  ar#^d  by  their  sufferings  to 
4|aand  their  rights»  what  effectual  resistance  can  be 


»d1  Be^  their  energetic  eprtioii^jj^        by 
liasm  and  direcled  by  fatal  skUl,  their  ahoient  govern- 
stumbled  to  the  dust. 

Passing  at  once  from  abject  slavery  to  entire  liberty, 
ikcirjDtfid^ct  was  mtarked  tyy  the  most  shockhig  excesses* 


The  mild  Vktues  of  their  king,  allevia^ff  but  slightly  the 
enU  of  d^potism,  eould  not  save  him^rom  that  resent- 
ment which  consigned  to  indiscriminate  destruction  the 
hereditary  orders.  Himself,  his  queen,  and  many  thou- 
sands of  the  nobility  and  clergy,  suffered  death  on  Itlie 
"^•caifold.  A'  tfi®w  i^overnment  was  instituted,  having,  for 
its  fundamental  principle,  the  universal  equality  of  man. 
Its  ^  form  v%B  often  changed,  and  the  reins  of  authority 
were  successively  but  unsteadily,  held  by  the  temporary 
favorites  of  an  unenlightened  and- capricious  people. 

40.  The  Americans  could  not  regard  with  indifference 
this  struggle  of  their  allies  for  freedom.  Thev  considered 
their  excesses  as  the  first  effects  of  sudden  relief  from 
oppression,  and  hoped  that  experience  would  produce 
feobrietyef  conduct  and  reverence  for  law.  Tiiey' hailed 
the  French  revolution  as  the  offspring  of  their  own,  and 
cherished  the  flattering  expectTition  that,  by  the  diffusion 
c(  the  principles  of  liberty,  the  whSle  civilized  world 
would  bec<»me  pai;Jakers  of  its  blessings. 

41.  The  French  people,  at  the  same  time,  regarded  the 
Aftiericans  as  their  brethren,  bound  toJihem  by  the  tie&of 
gratitude;  and  when  the  kings  of  Europe,  dreading  the 
establishment  of  republicanism  in  her  V/rders,  assembled 
in  arms  to  restore  monarchy  to  France,  they  looked  across 
the  Atlantic  for  sympathy  and  assistance.  The  new 
government,  recallins  the  minister  whom  the  king  had 
appointed,  despatched  the  citizen  Genet,  of  ardent  temper 
and  a  zealous  republican,  to  supply  his  place.  In  April, 
1793,  he  arrived  at  Charleston,  in  Southi-Carolipa,  where 
he  was  received,  by  the  governor  and  the  citizens,  in  a 
manner  expressive  of  their  warm  attachment  to  his  country^ 
and  their  cordial  approbation  of  the  cha^e  in  he;  iasti* 

tutions.  1*^' 

42.  Flattered  by  his  reception,  and  presuming  that  the 
nation  and  the  govemmeiit  were  actuated  by  similar  feeU 
ings,  he  assumed  the  authority  of  expeditmg  privateers 
from  that  port  to  cruise  agsSnst  the  vessels  of  nations  who 
were  enemies  to  France,  but  at  peace  with  the  United 
States,  a  procedure  forbidden  by  the  laws  of  nations,  and 
derogatory  to  the  ffovernment  of  the  pountry.  Notwith- 
stanaing  vthis  iVtegjM  assun4)tion  of  power,  he  received,  on 
his  journey  to  Philadelphia,  extravagant  marks  of  (Miblic 
mtaohment;  and,  oh  his  arrival  theriB,  **  crowds  flooked 
from  every  avenue  of  the  city  to  meet  the  republican  am- 
bassador of  an  allied  nation**'    Intoxicated  by  these  C9a-, 


IW.] 


ADiUNISTRATION. 


'W0 


tinued  and  increased  demonstrationftof  regard,  he  persisted 
in  forming  and  executing  schemes  of  hostility  against  the 
enemies  of  France. 

43.  The  British  minister  complained  to  the  president, 
who,  by  the  unanimous  advice  oi  his  cabinet,  directed  Mr. 
Jefferson,  the  secretary  of  state,  to  lay  before  the  ministei 
of  France  the  principles  which  would  regulate  the  conduct 
of  the  executive  in  relation  to  the  powers  at  war.  These 
principles  forbade  the  course  which  Mr.  Genet  had  pur- 
sued. Relying  on  the  popularity  of  his  nation,  he  attempted, 
by  insolent  and  offensive  declarations,  to  drive  the  president 
from  the  ground  he  had  taken.  He  threatened  to  appeal 
from  the  government  to  the  people,  a  measure  which  other 
agents  of  th&  French  republic  had  adopted  with  success 
in  Europe.  Here  the  result  was  different.  The  peoplo 
rallied  around  rulers,  having  the  same  interest  as  them- 
selves. The  minister  was  abandoned  by  most  of  his 
friends ;  his  government,  at  the  request  of  the  president, 
annulled  his  powers ;  and  fearing  to  return,  he  remained 
in  the  country,  a  striking  example  of  the  imbecility  of  a 
factious  individual  among  a  people  confiding  in  their  ru)ers« 
and  contented  with  their  lot. 

44.  This  conduct  of  Mr.  Genet,  the  attrocities  commit- 
ted by  the  French  people,  and  the  dreaded  danger  of  their 
example,  alienated  from  them  many  of  the  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  especiallv  those  belonging  to  the  federal 
party.  And  as, the  world  was  then  agitated  hy  the  mighty 
contest  between  France  and  Great  Britain — a  contest 
which  permitt^ed  not  iteutrality  of  feeling— ^those  who 
became  hostile  to  t]|^  former  became  natursdly  the  friends 
of  the  latter.  Tocher  they  were  besides  attraetecT  hf 
identity  of  origin,  by  resemblance  of  institutions,  bysimi- 
lS):ity  of  langua^e»»  by  community  of  laws,  of  literature^ 
and  of  religion* 

45.  The  republicans  retained  an  unabated  affection  for 
the  French,  whose  services  they  remembered  with  grati- 
tude, and  whose  strugiles  fof  freedom,  against  the  league 
of  European  tyrants,  dheaged  all  tlieir  sympathy.  Over 
these  two  parties  Washington,  admitting  no  thought  but 
fyr  his  own  country,  watched  with  anxious  solicitude, 
striving  to  restrain  their  aberrations,  and  to  temper  their 
mutuaTanimosities.  •'     ' 

46.  After  the  defeat  of  St.  Clair  by  the  Indians,  in  1791, 
general  Wayne  ym  appoint^  to  commaad  the  Amerio« 


ni 


WASHINOTaN^S 


(iim; 


Ibroes.  Taking  post  near  the  country  of  the  enemy,  he 
made  assiduous  and  long  protracted  endeayors  to  negotiate 
a  peace*  Failing  in  these,  he  marched  against  them,  at 
the  head  of  three  thousand  men.  On  the  20th  of  August, 
1794y  an  action  took  place  in  the  vicinity  of  one  of  the 
British  garrisons,  on  the  banks  of  the  Miami.  A  rapid 
and  vigorous  charjje  roused  the  savages  from  their  covertsL 
and  they  were  driven  more  than  two  miles  at  the  point  of 
the  bayonet.  Broken  and  dismayed,  they  fled  without 
renewing  the  combat.  Their  houses,  and  cornfields  were, 
destroyed,  and  forts  were  erected  on  the  sites  of  the  towns 
laid  waste.  In  1795,  a  treatv  was  concluded  at  Grenville, 
which,  long  and  faithfully  observed,  gave  peace  and  se- 
curity to  the  frontier  inhaoitants,  permitting  the  abundant 
,  population  of  the  eastern  states  to  spread,  with  astonishing 
rapidity,  over  the  fertile  region  north-west  of  the  Ohio. 

47.  The  tax  which  had  been  imposed  upon  spirits  diSf 
tilled  within  the  country,  bearing  heavily  upon  the  people 
in  the  western  counties  of  Pennsylvania,  produced  there 
disaffection  and  disturbance.  All  excise  taxes,  of  wh|ch 
this  was  one,  being  considered  hostile  to  liberty,  great 
exertions  were  made  to  excite  the  public  resentment 
against  those  who  should  willingly  pa>r  it,  and  especially 
against  the  officers  appointed  to  collect  it.  In  September» 
1791,  a  larse  meeting  of  malcontents  was  held  at  Pitts- 
burgh, at  which  resolutions,  encouraging  resistance  tolhjD 
laws,  were  passed ;  and  subsequently  other  meetings  wiore 
held,  at  which  similar  resolutions  were  adopted.  Com* 
mittees  of  correspondence  were  also  appointed  to  give  unity 
of  system  to  their  measures,  and  to  increase  the  number 
of  their  associates. 

48.  A  proclamation  of  the  president,  exhorting  all  per- 
sons to  desist  from  illegal  combinations,  and  calling  on  the 
magistrates  to  execute  the  laws,  was  disregarded.  The 
marshall  of  the  state,  while  serving  processes  upon  delin- 
quents and  offenders,  was  resisted  and  fired  upon.  The 
inspector  of  the  revenue,  dreading  the  indignation  of  the 
populace,  procured  a  small  detachment  of  sddiers  to  guard 
his  house.  These  were  attacked  by  a  body  of  five  hundred 
insurgents,  who,  setting  fire  to  several  contiguous  buildings, 
obliged  the  soldiers  to  leave  the  house,  and  deliver  them- 
Belvei  up.  Several  individuals,  zealous  in  supporting  the 
foyamment,  were  ordered  to  quit  the  country  and  compeUed 
10  o^y*    An  intention  was  openly  avowed  of  fozciUy 


'■K*';. 


fesisting  the  ffeneral  gov^toin^ht  with  the  viQW  of  extort- 
ing a  repeal  of  the  offensive  l^ws.  The  ^ffectire  strength 
of  the  insurgents  was  computed  at  seven  thousand  men. 

49.  The  president,conceiYinf  himself  bound  by  the  most 
solemn  obligations,  "to  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faith- 
fully executed,''  determined  to  call  out  a  part  of  the  militia 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  adjacent  states,  to  suppress  this 
insurrection.  In  the  autumn  of  1794,  fifteen  thousand 
were  detached,  and  being  placed  under  the  command  of 
governor  Lee,  of  Virginia,  were  marched  into  the  disaf- 
fected counties.  The  strength -of  this  army  rendering 
resistance  desperate,  none  was  offered,  and  no  l»lood  was 
shed.  A  few  of  the  most  active  leaders  were  seized  and 
detained  for  legal  prosecution.  The  ereat  bo<C^  of  tho 
insurgents  on  submission  were  pardoned,  as  were  also  th# 
leaders,  afler  trial  and  conviction  of  treason.  The  govern- 
ment acquired  the  respect  of  the  people,  by  this  exertion 
of  its  force,  and  their  affection,  by  this  displajr  of  its  lenity* 

oO.  Since  the  peace  of  1783,  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States,  had  each  incessantly  complained  that  the 
other  had  violated  the  stipulations  contained  in  the  treaty. 
The  former  was  accused  of  having  carried  away  negroes 
nt  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war ;  and  of  retaining  in 
her  possession  certain  military  posts  situated  in  the  west* 
ern  wilderness,  and  within  the  limits  of  the  United  State% 
in  consequence  of  which  the  Americans  were  deprived  oi 
their  share  of  the  fiir  trade,  and  the  Indians  incited  t« 
make  incursions  upon  the  frontier  settlements.  The  latter 
were  accuiped  of  i)reventing  the  loyalists  from  regaining 
possession  of  their  estates,  and  British  subjects  from 
recovering^ebts  contracted  before  the  commencement  of 
hostilities* 

51.  For  the  purpose  of  adjusting  these  mutual  coQiplaint^^j 
and  also  of  omiclu^ng  a  commercial  treaty,  Mr.  Adams,  in 
1785,  was  appointed  minister  to  London.  Great  Britain^ 
aware  that  the  artieli^s  of  confederation  did  not  authorize 
congress  to  bind  the  states  by  a  commercial  treaty,  de- 
isHimd  then  to  negotiate.  After  the  constitution  was 
iratified,  ministers  were  interchanged,  and  the  discussion 
was  proseeuted  with  no  little  acrimony  and  zeal, 

5d.  In  1794,  Mrt  Jay  being  then  minister  from  the 
Unhed  States,  a  treaty  was  concluded,  wJilch,  in  the 
spring  ol  the  next  year  was  laid  before  the  senate,  That 
Ibody  advised  the  president  to  ratify  it,  on  condition  tha^ 
«i  iteration  should  be  made  in  one  of  the  articlc^r    h% 


WASmNOTON'S 


[llVf. 


eoRtei^  hfttinff,  in  the  mean  time«  bipen  disclosed,  the 
repiiblicnn  parfy^  exclaimed,  in  intemperale  lan^affe, 
against  most  of  the  stipulations  it  contained.  Tlie 
partisans  of  France  swelled  the  cr]^  of  condenination. 
Public  meetings  were  held  in  varioui ip«rts  of  the  union, 
at  which  resolutions  were  passed  expressing  warm  disap- 
probation of  the  treaty,  and  an  earnest  wish  that  the 
president  would  withhold  his  ratification.  Such  appeared 
to  be  the  wish  of  a  great  majority  of  the  people. 

53.  General  Washington,  believing  that  an  adjustment 
of  differences  would  conduce  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
republic,  and  that  the  ireaty  before  him  was  the  best  that 
ooold,  at  that  time,  be  obtained,  gaye  it  his  assent,  in 
4^snce  of  popular  clamor.  So  great  was  the  confidence 
foposed,  by  the  people,  in  their  l^lpved  chief-magistrate, 
ihat  the  public  sentiment  began  immediately  to  change. 
.TJie  friends  of  the  treaty  not  only  increased  in  numberSy 
but  gained  courage  to ,  speak  in  its  defence.  And  c|&|nig 
the  summer  of  1795,  the  nation  was  agitated  by  a  ze%)U8 
and  animated  discussion  of  its  merits. 

54.  At  the  next  session  of  consress,  it  became  a  sul^ot 
of  consideration  in  the  house  of  representatiyes.  The 
treaty,  its  negotiator,  and  eyen  the  president,  were  yini- 
lently  censur^,  and  warmly  defended,  in  a  debate  which 
has  seldom  been  equalled  for  its  intemperance,  its  eloqnence, 
mita  duration.  On  the  final  question,  a  majority  ot  thrSe 
yc^d'  in  fayor  of  the  appiopriation  necessary  to  carry  it 
into  effect.  The  subsequent  prosperity  of  Arfierican^te- 
merce  demonstrates  the  wisdom  of  ye  president's  decision. 

55.  The  conduct  of  Spain  tow£ds  the  United  States, 
had  ever  been  cold  and  unfriendly.  She  feared  lest  the 
principles  of  liberty,  and  the  desire  of  independence  should 
find  their  way  into  her  eonti^ous  American  proyinces. 
During  the  negotiations  at  ^ris,  which  resulted  in  peace, 
she  secretly  exerted  her  influence  to  cause  the  western 
boundaries  of  the  new  republic,  from  the  great  lakes  to 
Florida,  to  be  fixed  two  or  three  hund'^ed  miles  east  of  the 
Missisibippi.  To  the  repeated  offerSv  which  were  af\;er- 
wards  made,  to  form  with  her  a  commercial  treaty,  and  to 
make  arrangements  respecting  the  mutual  nayigation  of 
tha^riyer,  she  pertinaciously  declined  to  accede. 

56.  When  the  inhabitants  beyond  the  All"ghsny  moun- 
tains had  become  numerous,  dhe  denied  them  access  to 
the  Ofean  by  the  medium  of  that  rlvi^vthe  mouth  of  which 
was  Within  her  province  of  Louisiana.    She  intended, 


1705.1 


ADMlNlStllA/rtdN. 


'"mS9 


perhaps,  to  sKoW  them  tM  importance  of  that  tHriyilege 
t>y  withholding  if,  aiid  to  aHure  them,  by  the  promise  of 
restoring  it,  to  submit  to  her  authority.  The  people  of 
Kentucitsr,  indignant  at  the  deprivation,  laid  their  com- 
plaints before  obngress.  In  bold  and  forcible  language 
they  asserted  their  rights,  by  the  laws  of  God  and  of 
nature,  to  the  free  use  of  that  noble  river,  and  demanded 
that,  at  any  cost,  the  acknowledgment  of  that  right  should 
be  obtained. 

67.  At  length  Spain  became  involved  in  a  war  with 
Franee.  Embarrassed  at  home,  and  intimidated  by  the 
unauthorize'  preparations  which,  under  the  auspic^^M 
Genet,  were  making  in  Kentucky  to  invade  liouisjilp^ 
she  intimated  her  readiness  to  conclude  a  satisfa(li^f|r 
treaty,  should  a  minister  be  sent  to  Madrid  for  that  pwr 
pose.  Thomas  Pinkney  was  accordingly  appointed.  In 
pDotober,  1795,  a  treaty  was  signed,  securing  to  the  citizens 
of  tiie  United  States  the  free  naviption  of  the/  Mississippi 
to  the  ocean,  and  the  privilege  of  landing  and  depositing 
cargoes  at  New-Orleans. 

68.  Thus  were  adjusted  all  controversies  with  two 
European  powers,  which,  while  they  existed,  retarded  the 
prosperity,  and  disturbed  the  tranquillity  of  the  country ; 
arid  from  which,  at  different  periods,  even  war  was  seriously 
apprehended.  In  1795,  a  treaty  was  also  concluded  iilrith 
the  regency  of  Alders,  with  which  the  republic  was  pre- 
viously at  war.  It  stipulated  thai  the  United  States,  in 
eonfoirmity  with  the  practice  of  other  nations,  should,  as 
the  price  of  peace,  pay  an  annual  tribute  to  the  soveroi|n 
of  that  country. 

69.  Within  the  last  two  or  three  years,  several  changes 
took  place  in  the  important  offices  of  the  nation.  On  the 
first  aay  of  theye.ir  1794,  Mr.  Jefferson  resigned  the  office 
of  secretary  of  state.  He  had  performed  the  duties  of 
that  office  with  extraordinary  ability,  and  to  the  entire 
satisfaction  of  tho|)resfident.  Having  been  minister  to 
France  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolution  there,  he 
became  acquainted  with  its  prime  movers,  and,  anticipating 
from  theit  exertions  the  diffusion  of  the  principles  of 
liberty  and  the  renovation  of  the  government^  was,  in  the 
early  stages-of  its'  progress,  its  enthusiastic  and  iindis- 
guised' defender.  Of  the  republican  party,  he  was  con- 
mdered  the  leader,  enjoying  tlieir  highest  confidence  Itnd 
warmest  attachment*  He  was  succeeded  bv  Bdmttnd 
Rm^dTphf  dT  Vii)^ii& 


4ti 


WASHINGTON'S 


[ITM. 


60.  On  the  last  day  of  Janua]7»,179%#{r«  Hamilton 
ntired  from  the  office  of  secretary  m^^reaauiy.  He 
possessed  distinguished  talents,  and  h^  ^varted  those 
talents  to  establish  order  where  ail  was  (KMlfiiiidn,  and  to 
raise  from  the  lowest  depression  the  eredit<^  the  country. 
His  complete  success  greatly  exalted  his  le^tation,  and 
to-  him  the  federalists  foil  a  sincerity  of  attachment 
equalled  only  by  that  entertained  for  Washington.  '  With 
him  he  had  seryed  in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  had  then 
Acquired  his  confidence  and  affection,  which  he  ever  after- 
wards retained.  Being  the  advocate  of  an  energetic 
government,  and  averse  to  intrusting  much  power  with 
the  people,  he  was  peculiarly  obnoxious  to  the  republican 
party.  He  was  accused  of  partiality  to  England,  and  of 
nusconduct  in  office.  Afler  the  closest  scrutiny,  his 
official  character  was  acknowledged,  by  his  enemies,  to  be 
without  stain.  He  was  succeeded  by  Oliver  Walcott,  of 
Connecticut. 

61.  At  the  close  of  the  year  1794,  general  Knox  resigned? 
the  office  of  secretary  of  war,  and  colonel  Pickeringi  c^ 
Massachusetts,  was  appointed  in  his  place.  In  Atlgiiiit 
Mr.  Randolph,  having  lost  the  confidence  of  the  presi£nty 
and  having  in  consequence  retired  from  the  administ^ationy 
||r,  Pickering  was  appointed  his  successor  in  the  depart^r 
iVfent  of  state,  and  James  MMIeury,  of  Maryland,  Was  made 
atecrilary  of  war.  No  republican  beiiig  now  at  the  head 
of  aMiy<»f  the  departments,  many  of  the  leaders  of  that 

Sicty  withdrew  their  support  from  the  administration;  and 
eentious  individuals,  ui  their  abusive  attacks,  dared  to 
cnarge  even  the  president  with  cormption.  But  the 
confidence  of  the  people^itn  lib  integrity  and  patriotism 
experienced  not  tiie  i^ti^NNwt  Jbgllemc^^ 

6j2.  The  conduct  pfTPrance  towards  the  Ameri^ 
public  continued  to  be  a  soutiee  of  increasing  trouble  and 
vexation.  Mr.  Fauchet,  the  successor  of  Genet,  bore,  from 
those  by  whom4ie  was  deputed,  the  strongest  assurances 
<>f  friendship ;  but  encouraged  and  supported  by  a  numerous 
party,  ardently  attached  to  his  nation,  he  gradually  assume^l 
liiwi.  is  tL.>  administration  the  tone  of  remonstrance  and 
leproacki.  He  charged  it  with  sentiments  of  hostilitv  to 
the  allies  of  the  United  States,  with  partiality  for  tneir 
former  f<)es,  and  urged  the  adoption  of  &  course  miHo 
favorable  to  the  cause  of  liberty^  -  - 

€3.  The  American  government  was  in  fiact  desirous  ot 
ful^liag  ftH  its  duties  to  Franooi  end  of  ownoiiiittng  b«r 


im.] 


ADmmmmLTioiR. 


id 


*' 


^Wl^-.. 


iriAndskip.  Mr*  Morris,  the  minister  to  Parit,  harkif 
incurred  tho^«fi|eaJ|iire  of  those  in  power,  was  reoailM 
at  their  request,  and  his  place  supplied  by  Mr.  Monroe  of 
Virginia.  This  f  "ifitleman  was  a  republican,  and  had 
embraced  wit^  ardoi^the  cause  of  the  French  republic. 
He  Was  reooifed  in  the  most  respectful  manner  by  the 
convention,  who  decreed  that  the  flags  of  the  two  republics, 
intwined  together,  should  be  suspended  in  the  legislative 
hall,  as  a  mark  of  their  eternal  union  and  friendship. 

64.  Mr.  Adet  was  appointed  soon  afte^r,  to  succeed  Mr. 
Fauchet.  He  brought  with  him  the  colors  of  Fraj^ce* 
which  he  was  instructed,  by  the  convention,  to  present  to 
the  congress  of  the  United  States.  They  were  received 
by  the  president  with  extraordinary  ceremonies,  transmit* 
ted  to  congress,  and  afterwards  deposited  in  the  national 
archives.  In  the  house  of  representatives,  a  resolution 
was  unanimously  adopted,  expressing  the  lively  sensations 
"wj)ich  were  excited  by  this  testimony  of  the  existing  sym- 
wk^  of  the  two  republifis,  and  their  hope,  that  the  bril- 
iliill|^  and  glorious  victories  of  the  French  people,  would 
l$i3^to  the  perfect  establishment  of  their  liberty  aod 
hapf^ness*  ^^ 

65.  But  France>equired  of  the  United  States  more  thaw 
professions  and  hopes,  and  more  than  by  ire!;iy.'  nhe  wai> 
entitled  to  claim.  She  wished  to  malce  them  a  party  ia 
the  war  she  was  waging  with  the  des]3ots  of  Europe. 
Failing  in  this,  and  jealous  of  the  more  intimate  rekit|oiMi 
contracted  with  her  enemy,  she  adopted  regulations  h^^ 
injurious  to  American  conmierco,  directing  her  cruisers  to 
Capture,  in  certain  jjases,  the  vessels  oC  the  United  States. 
In  consequence  of  thetse  regu|ei$ions,  several  hundreds^ 
loaded  wdth  valuable  cargoes, ^were,  while  prosecuting  a 
lawful  trade,  taken  and  the  Whole  confiscated. 

66.  Believing  that  the  rightarof  the  nation  were  not 
asserted  and  vindicated  Svith  sufficient  spirit  Iw  Mr.  Mon- 
roe,-^© president  recalled  him,  and  Charles  C.  Pinkney, 
of  Soiith*GaroUna,  was  appointed  in  his  stead.  In  the 
summer  of  1796,  he  left  the  United  States,  instructed  to 
use  every  effort  compatible  with  national  honor,  to  restore 
the  amical^o  relations  which  had  once  subsisted  between 
the  sister  republics. 

own  predilections,  devoted  a  great  ^wrtion  df  his  life  to 
his  country;  haviii|  successmlly  conducted  its  armies 
tbrongh  «n  iBrdwms  oonfliot  for  existence;  and  having 


8S6  WASHINGTON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  {I'm, 


■!ne«  directed  its  course  through  the  most  eritioal  period 
of  an  experiment  under  a  free  constitutioni  determined  to 
retire  to  the  eT\joyment  of  domestic  l^ppiness  and  rural 
quiet.  In  September,  he  announced  this  determination  to 
his  fellow  citizens,  and  feeling  for  them  all  the  solicitude 
of  a  father  for  his  children,  he  published  at  the  same  time 
•  farewell  address. 

68..  From. long  experience,  he  had  acquired  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  -the  dangers  to  which  the  liberties  of 
the  republic  wore  exposed.  These  he  deprecated,  and 
M'arjied  his  countrymen  to  shun,  with  all  the  impressive 
energy  of  conviction,  and  all  the  ardor  of  parental  affection. 
He  oesouffht  them,  especially,  to  frown  indignantly,  upon 
the  first  dawning  of  any  attempt  at  a  separation  of  the 
union ;  to  discara  local  attachments  and  sectional  animosi- 
ties; to  guard  against  the  excessive  indulgence  of  the 
spirit  of  party,  and  against  cherishing  a  hatred  of  particular 
nations,  and  an  affectlbi  for  others. 

69.  This  address  was  read  with  sentiments  of  profound 
veneration  in  every  part  of  the  union.  Some  of  the  state 
legislatures  directed  it  to  be  inserted  at  large  in  tlieir 
journals,  and  most  of  them  passed  resolutions  expressing 
their  respect  for  the  author,  their  high  sense  of  his  exalted 
services,  and  the  emotions  with  which  they  contemplated 
kis  retirement  from  office. 

70.  To  fill  the  station  from  which  the  father  of  his 
country  had  resolved  to  retire,  the  two  great  political  par- 
ties brought  forward  their  chiefs.  The  federalists,  desirlns 
that  1^  system  of  measures  adopted  by  Washington  should 
^ntl^  to  be  pursue(Land  areading  the  influence  of 
Freneh  sentiments  au^%)^iuctples,  made  the  most  active 
effbrts  to  elect  John  Adams.  The  republicans,  believin*^ 
their  opponents  less  friendly  than  themselves  to  the  maidms 
lyf  liberty,  and  too  much  devoted  to  the  British  nation  and 
to  British  institutions,  made  equal  exertions  to  elect 
Thomas  Jefferson*  x 

71.  The  result  was  the  choice  of  Mr.  Adams  to  be 

{^resident,  and  Mr.  Jefferson  to  be  vice-president.  Re- 
^  eased  from  public  cares,  Washington  hastened  to  Mount 
l^ernon.  Having  established  his  fame  as  the  greatest 
hero  and  most  distinguished  statesman  of  the  age,  ho 
there,  devoting  his  time  to  the  cultivation  of  an  extensive 
farm,  added  to  his  titles  of  renown  that  of  the  most  indus* 
Prions  and  intelligent  agrieulliaralistof  Kis  cuDuntiy; 


»:«• 


1^; 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

MR.  ADAM8*S,  MR.  JEFFERSON'Sr  AND  PART 
OF  MR.  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 

DECLARATION    OF    WAR.    ^ 

Mr.  Adams,  soon  after  the  commencement  of  his  presi- 
dential term,  received  from  Mr.  Pinkney  despatches  of  a 
most  disagreeable  and  alarming  naturer  The  Directory, 
then  exercising  the  executive  anthoritv  in  France,  had 
refused  to  accredit  him,  declaring  their  determination  not 
to  receive  another  minister  from  the  United  States,  until 
they  had  fully  complied  with  the  demands  which  had  been 
made.  He  was  moreover  ordered,  by  a  written  mandate, 
to  quit  the  ten-itories  of  thaipepublic. 

8.  Congress  v  ere  immediately  convened,  and  the  defl- 
1)atches  Idd  before  them.  Their  proceedings  indicated  a 
love  of  peace,  but  also  a  firm  determination  to. yield  to 
no  unjust  demand.  Laws  were  nassed  authorizing  the 
^Tesident,  whenever  he  should  deem  it  n:::ie8sary,  to 
de^ch  eighty  thousand  men  from  the  militia  of  the  I/nited 
BtateSy  providing  for  an  increase  of  the  navy,  End  for 
augmentmg  the  revenue  of  the  nation.  ^To  display  to 
France,  and  to  the  world,  his  desire  of  peace,  and  tl>  leave 
no  means  unattempted  to  preserve  it,  the  president  rttaolved 
to  institute  another  and  more  solemn  mission.  General 
pinkney,  John  Marshall,  and  £lbridge  Gerry,  were  aocof- 
dingly  appointed  envoys  to  the  French  republic,  and  were 
instructed^  as  the  first ^had  before  been,  to  seek  a  |^con- 
ciUation  as  the  representatives  of  a  people  dreaf!^i||  Ivar 
much,  but  the  sacri^ce  of  honci  .nore. 

3.  These  also  the  directof^  refused  to  receive.    Th^ 

ero,  however,  addressed  by  persons  v/?rbally  instructed, 
pMf  Talleyrand,  the  minister  of  foreijrn  relations,  to  make 
them  proposals.  In  explicit  terms,  these  unofficial  afrents 
demanded  a  large  sum  of  money  before  any  negotiation 
could  be  opened.  To  tiiis  iitssuUiug  demand,  a  decidied 
active  was  given.  A  compliance  was  nevertheleSlBi 
repeatedly  urged,  until  at  length  the  envoys  refused  ^ 
Jlb<»ld  with  them  any  further  communication.  After  re- 
maining several  months  at  Paris,  pressing  in  vain  to  be 
received  and  heard,  two,  who  were  federalists,  were  ordered 
to  leave  France,  but  Mr.  Gerry,  who  was  a  republicaa, 
was  permitted  to  I'^ma^  and  was  invited  singly  to  enter 


•13 


...J; 


ADAMS*S 


[1000. 


into  disouasiont  relating  to  the  comraenoement  of  a  nego- 
tiation. 

4.  When  theae  events  were  known  in  the  United  States, 
they  excited  general  iitdisnation.  The  apirit  of  party  ap* 
penred  to  be  extinct.  **  Miliiuns  for  defence,  not  a  cent  (or 
tribute,"  resounded  from  every  quarter  of  the  union.  The 
treaty  of  alliance  with  France  was  declared  by  congress 
to  be  no  longer  in  force.  Authority  was  given  for  captur- 
ing armed  French  vessels.  Provision  was  made  for  raising 
immediately  a  small  regular  army;  and,  in  case  events 
should  render  it  expedient,  for  augmenting  it.  A  direct 
tax  and  additional  internal  duties  were  laid. 

5.  To  command  the  armies  of  the  United  States,  presi- 
dent Adams,  with  the  unanimous  advice  of  the  senate 
appointed  George  Washington.    He  consented,  but  with 

Suat  reluctance,  to  accept  the  office,  declaring,  however, 
at  he  cordially  approved  the  measures  of  the  government. 

6.  No  opportunity  >vas  presented  of  testing  the  courage 
and  skill  oi  the  American  troops.  At  sea,  a  desperate 
action  was  fought  between  the  frisate  Constellation,  of  38 
guns,  commanded  by  commodore  Truxton,  and  the'French 
frigate  Ulnsurgente,  of  40  cuns.  The  latter,  aliii0Q|h  of 
superior  force,  was  captured.  The  same  intrepid  officer, 
in  a  ^^equent  action,  compelled  another  French  frigate 
of  5C|guns,  to  strike  her  colors,  but  she  afterwards  escaped 
in  the  night. 

7.  The  United  States,  in  arms  fit  home  and  victorioaB 
on  the  ocean,*  commanded  'the  respect  of  their  enemy. 
The  directory  made  overtures  of  peace.  The  president 
immediately  appointed  ministers,  who,  on  their  arrival  at 
Paris,  found  the  executive  authoritv  in  the  possession  of 
Bonaparte  as  first  consul.  They  were  promptly  accredited, 
and  in  September,  1800,  a  treaty  was  concluded  satisfac- 
tory to  both  countries.  • 

8.  yVhile  this  nofrotiation  was  in  progress,  the  whole 
American  people  were  overshadowed  with  gloom,  by  the 
sudden  death  of  the  father  of  bis  country.  On  the  14th 
of  December,  1799,  after  an  illness  of  one  day  only,  general 
Washington  expired.  Intelligence  of  this  event,  as  it 
rapidly  spread,  produced  spontaneous,  deep,  and  unaffected 
ffrief,- suspend ii}g  every  other  thought,  and  absorbing  every 
diil^^nt  reeling. 

9m  Congress,  then  in  session  at  Philadelphia,  immedi- 
ately adjw  rned.  On  assembling  the  next  day,  the  house 
df  represent al Ives  resolved,  "that  the  speaker's  chair 


18(NK] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


isf 


ihould  be  shrouded  in  black,  and  the  members  wear  blaojc 
during  the  session ;  and  that  a  joint  committee  should  be 
appointed  to  devise  the  most  suitable  manner  of  paying 
honor  to  the  memory  of  the  MAN  first  in  war.  first  in 
peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen.*' 

10.  The  senate,  on  this  melancholy  occasion,  addressed 
a  letter  of  condolence  to  the  president  of  the  United  States. 
'*  This  event,"  they  observe,  *^  so  distressing  to  all  our 
fellow  citizens,  must  be  particularly  heavy  to  you,  who 
have  long  been  associated  with  him  in  deeds  of  patriotism* 
Permit  us,  sir,  to  mingle  our  tears  with  yours.  On  this 
occasion  it  is  manly  to  weep.  To  lose  such  a  man,  ift 
SUiili  a  crisis,  is  no  common  calamity  to  the  world.  Our 
country  mourns  a  father.  The  Almighty  Disposer  of 
human  events  has  taken  from  us  our  greatest  benefactor 
and  ornament.  It  becomes  us  to  submit  with  reverence 
to  HIM  who  maketh  darkness  his  pavilion. 

11.  "With  patriotic  pride  we  review  the  life  of  our 
WASHINGTON,  and  compare  him  with  those  of  other 
countries  who  have  been  pre-eminent  in  fame.  Ancient 
and  modsrn  names  are  diminished  before  him.  Greatness 
and  ^iHrhave  too  often  been  allied ;  but  his  fame  is  whiter 
than  It  is  Williant.  The  destroyers  of  nations  stood  abashed 
at  title  mt^esty  of  his  virtues.  It  reproved  the  inton)ip|rance 
of  their  amH-lon,  and  darkened  the  splendor  of  vicfery. 

18.  **  Su.  a  was  the  man  whom  we  deplore.  Th|inks  to 
God,  his  plnry  is  consummated.  Washington  yet  lives  on 
earth  in  his  spotless  example — his  spirit  is  in  heaven.  Let 
his  coimtrymen  consecrate  the  memory  of  the  heroic  gene- 
ral, the.  patriotic  statesman,  and  the  virtuous  sage :  let 
thein  tepch  their  childreij,  never  to  forget  that  the  fruits 
of  his  labors,  and  of  his  example,  are  their  inheritance^ 

1$.  Agreeably  to  the  report  of  the  conraiittee,  and  the 
unanimous  resolves  of  congress,  a  funeral  procession  moved 
from  the  legislative  hall  to  the  German  Lutheran  church, 
where  an  oration  was  delivered  by  general  Lee,  a  repre- 
sentative from  Virginia.  The  procession  was  grand  and 
solemn,  the  oration  impressive  and  eloquent.  Throughout 
the  union  similar  marks  of  affliction  were  exhibited.  A 
wh(de  bereaved  people  appeared  in  mourning.  In  every 
part  of  the  republic,  funeral  orations  were  delivetedy^and 
the  best  talents  of  the  nation  were  devoted  to  an  e|gpjra^o|iL 
of  the  nation's  griefl  'x_  ^  ; 

I    14.  In  pursuance  of  the  law  ena^ibd  in  1790ba|daee 
had  been  seleoted  on  the  Potoipaef  a  few  nam  abore 


mfi 


■'*>! 
'-!;«■■•;*;•",   I 


mmBsoHm 


ttiMiQl  y«^^^<ft»  permanent  seat  of  the  natumalgor- 
#rameii|»  ^^^  te^  miles  square,  whicb  was 

€aUed  tlift  Jmilf te^^  or  Obiumbia,  a  city  was  laid  out,  to 
which  l|^i^  was  appropriately  ffiven. 

Public  bdltlii|B  haytitg  been  erected,  the  officers  of  gov- 
ernment  reilioved  to  that  place  in  1800,  and  in  November 
of  that  ^ear,  congress,  for  the  first  time,  there  commenced 
its  sesHion. 

15.  At  this  period,  a  presidential  election  again  recurred. 
From  the  time  ot  the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  the 
i^ubiican  party  had  been  gradually  increasing  in  numberSf 
The  two  (Mirties  being  now  nearly  equal,  the  prospect  of 
success  inspired  both  with  uncommon  ardor.  The  foder- 
altsts  supported  Mr.  Adams  and  general  Pinkney;,  the 
tepublicans,  Mr.  Jefferson  and  colonel  Burr.  The  two 
J^ter  received  a  small  majority  of  the  electoral  votes  $ 
and  as  thev  received  also  an  equal  number,  the  selection 
of  one  of  them  to  be  president  devolved  upon  the  house  of 
representatives.  After  thirty-five  trials,  during  which 
the  nation  felt  intense  solicitude,  Mr.  Jefferson  was  cho« 
sen. .  Colonel  Burr  received  the  votes  of  the  federalistSy 
ar«d  lost,  in  consequence,  the  confidence  of  his  former 
friends.  By  the  provisions  of  the  constitution,  he^  becamei 
of  course,  vice-president.  ^ 

16.  The  causes  which  rendered  Mr.  Adams  unpopuli^ 
and  led  to  a  change  in  the  administration  were,  his  af^r«^ 
ent  coldness  towards  the  French  revolution*;  the  charge  that 
the  federalists  generally  were  partial  to  Great  Britain;  the 
expenditure  of  mon^^y  for  buildfing  a  navy  and  for  other  pur^ 
posAs  alleged  to  be  impolitic  or  useless ;  the  enactment  of 
the  alien  Taw,  by  which  the  president  was  authorized  to 
com|)el  sLspeoted  foreigners  to  leave  the  country,  and  of  the 
«editioa.l|iw  which  provided  that  the  authors  and  publish^ 
ers  of  false  and  malicious  accusations  against  the  president 
and  meii^bers  of  congress  should  be  prosecuted  and  pun- 
ished. But  more  effectual  than  these  was  the  charge  that 
Mr.  Adams,  and  the  party  which  supported  him,  entertain- 
ed political  opinions  less  favorable  to  liberty  than. those  of 
the  party  which  opposed  him. — ^By  deserting  a  man  so  dis* 
tinguished  as  Mr.  Adams  for  his  talents,  for  his  experience 
in  political  affairs,  and  for  the  important  services  which 
he  had  rendered  to  hiniooimtry  in  tne  revolutionary  stnig- 
irle,  the  people  showed  how  jealous  they  were  of  the 
fiberty  they  had  obtained,  and  how  firmly  they  were 
determined  to  guard  it  from  even  oossible'  danger. 


miui 


m 


»' 


WtP'The  control  pf  the  goveiiiment  h$i 


iipfvr  tmisfer* 
red  ^o  the  repablfcan  party,  th«y,  at  the  M|t  jie^^ 
congress,  repealed,  after  a  long  and  elCqItiimt  debate}  li 
hw  altering  the  judicial  system^  l^eh  hip  oiMlQi  passed 
at  the  close  of  Mr.  Adamses  admioislfatitmv  ^^  repieal 
annihilated  the  bffices  of  sixteen  judges,  who  had  just 
been  appointed.  At  the  same  session,  the  internal  duties 
were  also  abolished. 

18.  A  second  census  of  the  people,  re/erring  to  1800, 
was  completed  in  1801.  They  amounted  to  5,319,76:^, 
having  in  ten  years  increased  nearly  one  million  four  hun- 
dred thousand.  In  the  same  number  of  years  the  exp(ji^9 
Increased  from  nineteen  to  ninety^our  millions,  and  thi» 
revehue  from  4,771,000  tol2,945,000  dollars !  This  m|n| 
advance  in  the  career  of  prosperity  has  no  parallel  in  th^ 
history  of  nations,  and  is  to  be  attributed  principally  totli^ 
institutions  of  the  country,  which,  securing  equal  privi-^ 
leges  to  all,  give  to  the  enterprise  and  industry  of  allt 
free  scope  and  full  encouragement. 

19.  In  1802,  the  state  of  Ohio  was  admitted  into  thd 
union.  It  was  fornA)riy  a  portion  of  the  Northwestern 
Territory,  ior  the  government  of  which,  in  1787,  an  ordi- 
nance was  passed,  by  the  continental  congress.  With 
commendable  foresight  they  provided  that  slavei^,  the 
source  of  weakness,  of  poverty,  and  of  crime,  should 
never  exist  in  that  extensive  and  fertile  region.  Tills  is 
doubtless  one  of  the  causes  of  the  unparalleled  rapidity  of 
its  population.  In  thirt]^  years  from  its  first  settlement, 
the  number  of  its  inhabitants  exceeded  half  a  million* 
The  state  of  Tennesee,  which  was  previously  a  p^rt  of 
North-Carolina,  and  lies  between  that  state  and  the  river 
Missibsippi,  was  admitted  in  1796. 

20.  The  right  of  deposit  at  New-Orleans,  conceded  to 
the  citizens  of  the  Ilnited  States  by  Spain,  and  necessary  . 
to  the  people  of  the  western  country,  had,  until  this  pen- 
od,  been  freely  enjoyed.  In  October,  the  chief  officer  ^ 
that  city,  prohibited  the  exercise  of  it  in  future.  This 
violation  of  a  solemn  engagement  produced,  throughout 
the  states  of  Oliioand  Kentucky,  indignant  clamor  aad 
violent  commotion.  In  congress,  a  proposition  was  made 
to  take  possession,  by  force,  of  the  whole  provihce  of 
Louisiana,  and  the  injured  peop^of  tha  west  wefs  e^ie; 
fipr  permission  to  avenge  their  wiiifiSr  io4  to  iigain^  t^^ 
rights,  by  the  sword.  ^ 

2L  A  more  pacific  course  wa9  adpi^ed.    Knowing 


iiM. 


m 


fi-K' 


mwfmsoWB 


Ihut  the  proYince  lia4  !)een  ceded,  although  not  trahl 
0  France,  the  president  instituted  a  negotiation  to  ib$ii{i^ 
it  by  purchase.  In  April,  1803,  a  treaty  Was  conclMed, 
conveying  it  to  the  United  States  for  fifteen  millions  of 
dollars* 

s.  32..  The  territory  thus  added  to  the  national  domain, 
iiiras  first  discovered  by  the  French,  who,  in  1699,  began  a 
iMtlement  within  its  limits.  It  continued  a  colony  of 
that  nation  until  1762,  when  it  was  ceded  to  Spain.  In 
her  possession  it  remained,  slowly  increasing  in  popula<< 
tioR|  until  October,  1800  when  it  was  retroceded  to 
France,  and  by  her  was  afterwards,  as  him  been  related, 
IfU^tlerred  to  the  United  States.  The  inhabitants,  a 
Suture  of  French  and  Spaniards,  were  not  numerous. 
Itsiboundaries  have  never  been  defined.  They  embrace, 
itli  moderate  estimation,  a  territory  more  extensive  than 
jK^oof  the  most  powerful  European  kingdoms,  and  in 
many  parts  the  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile.  Its  acquisition 
was  considered,  by  the  United  States,  of  the  greatest 
,  importance,  as  it  gave  them  the  entire  control  of  a  rivei^ 
-which  is  one  of  the  noblest  in  the  world.      '  - 

'  33.  Since  the  year  1801,  war  had  existed  between  the 
United  States  and  Tripoli,  one  of  the  states  of  Barbary, 
situated  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  No  memo* 
rable  event  occurred  until  1803,  when  a  large  squadron, 
under  the  command  of  commodore  Preble,  was  despatched 
into  that  sea.  On  arriving  before  Tripoli,  captai»>  Bain- 
bridge,  in  the  frigate  Philadelphia,  of  44  guns,  w  is  sent 
into  the  harbor  to  reconnoitre.  While  in  eager  pursuit  ol| 
a  small  vessel,  he  unfortunately  advanced  so  far  that  the 
ffi|^te  grounded,  and  all  attempts  to  remove  her  were  in 
vain.  The  sea  around  her  was  immediately  covered  with 
TripoUtan  gun-boats,  and  captain  Bainbridge  was  compel- 
led  to  stipender.  The  ofi!icers  were  considered  as  pris- 
oaers  of^war;  but  the  crew,  according  to  the  custcn  of 
Barbiuryt  were  treated  as  slaves. 

3^  At  the  capture  of  this  frigate,  the  enemy  rejciced 
and  fsxulted  beyond  measure.  Lieutenant  Stephen  bsca- 
tar  coneeived  the  design  of  retaking  or  destroying  her. 
Commodore  Preble,  applauding  the  spirit  of  the  youthfUl 
hero,  granted  him  piermission  to  make  the  attempt.  In 
February,  1804,  he  sailed  from  Syracuse,  in  a  small 
schooner,  having  on  board  but  seventy-six  men,  entered 
Uttdisoovered  the  harbor  of  Tripoli,  and  advancing  boldly 
took  a  station  alongside  the^rigate.    Perceiving  the  ci&ir 


ABMINISTpuriON. 

in  c<instemation)  Decatur  sprang ,  on  board,  his  mep  ial* 
l<ywe49  and  with  dirawn  swords  rusM!  lipdn  the  eneiiqr- 
The  decks  were  soon  cleared,  some  bemg  lulled,  idod 
others  driven  into  the  sea. 

25.  A  heavy  cannonade  upon  the  fl'igate,  from  the 
batteries  on  shore  and  the  corsairs  near,  was  now  coite^ 
menced,  and  several  vessels  of  war  were  sejBn  approach- 
ing. She  was  set  on  fire  and  bandoned,  none  of  iHe. 
party  being  killed  and  but  four  wounded.  Throughdit 
ail  the  piratical  states,  this  brilliant  exploit  exalted  tte 
reputation  of  the  ^*  '^rican'arms.  Tne  president,  in 
reward  of  hi|.  sddr&oa  and  bravery,  promoted  lieut^aat 
Decatur  to  tht'rank  of  post-captain  in  the  navj.        '    * 

26.  While  the  squadron  remained  before  Tnpolt^oother 
deeds  of  heroism  were  performed,  evincing  a  love  «f  hH^ 
and  a  devotion  to  country  unsurpassed  in  Oreciak/or 
Roman  story.  The  events  and  operations  of  this  wtr 
shed  a  lustre  upon  the  American  name,  gave  expedience 
and  character  to  the  officers,  and  prepared  them  to  acqtdfe 
greater  glory  in  a  contest  with  a  nobler  foe.  They  were 
equalled  however,  by  an  enterprise  on  land,  bold  atl4 
romantiain  its  concept  ion,  and  exhibiting,  in  its  execu- 
tion, uncommon  address  and  decision  of  cnaracteir* 

87.  William  Eaton,  who  had  been  a  capttiin  in  the 
American  army,  was,  at-  the  commencement  of  this  war, 
consul  at  Tunis.  He  there  became  acquainted  with 
Hamet  Caramaniy,  whom  a  younger  brother  had  excluded 
from  the  throne  of  Tripoli.  With  him  he  concerted  an 
expedition  against  the  reigning  sovereign,  apd  returned 
to  the  United  States  to  obtain  permission  and  the  means 
to  undertake  it.  Permission  was  granted,  the  co-ope^- 
tion  of  the  squadron  recommended,  and  such  pecuniary 
assistance  as  could  be  spared  was  afforded. 

28.  To  raise  an  army  in  Egypt,. and  lead  it  to  attack 
"the  usurper  in  his  dominions,  ws  the  project^  which  had 
been  concerted.  In  the  beginning  of  1805,  Baton  met 
Hamet  at  Alexandria,  and  was  appointed  general  of  his 
foiees.  On  the  6th  of  March,  at  the  head  of  a  respecta- 
ble body  of  mounted  Arabs,  and  about  seventy  Clj^tians, 
he  set  out  for  Tiipoli.  His  route  lay  across  a  desert  one 
thousand  miles  in  extent.  On  his  march,  he  encountered 
"sril,  fatigue,  and  suffering,  the  dbscr;ption  of  which 
would  resemble  the  exaggerations  of  romance.'  XIn  the 
25th  of  April,  having  been  fifty  days  on  the^lM^h,  he 
arrived  bdiore  Derne,  a  Tripolitan  city  Ito  thd  Bfil<fitemb- 


•^ii 


'Ait 


JEFFEXtBOWB 


IMpn.  and  foand  in  the  harlnnr  it  part  of  the  Jism&iitmn 
Jqaadroni  destined  to  assist  him.    He  learnt  also  ihiU  ||i^: 
IMja|pery  having  received  notice  of  hieapprMcbt  had 
^e^l^  a  considerable  army  and  was  then  withikawiy's 
laaroh  of  the  city. 

99.  No  time  was  therefore  to  be  lost.  The  next  mom- 
ii^  he  ammoned  the  governor  to  uirrender,  who  returned 
for  answer,  **My  head  or  yours.'*  The  city  was  assaulted, 
and  after  a  contest  ef  two  hours  and  a  half,  possession 
ipBuned.  The  Christians  suffered  severely  and  the  general 
was  slightly  wounded.  Great  exertions  were  imm^iately 
"  '  to  fortify  the  city.    On  the  8th  of  May,  it  was  at- 


tacirad  by  the  Tripolitan  armv.    Althoug^h  ten  times  more 
Ki^^^ous  than  £aton's  band,  the  assailants,  afVer  per- 


|tlng  four  hours  in  the  attempt,  were  compelled  to 
retire.  On  the  iOth  of  June  another  battle  was  fought. 
In  i#iich  the  enomy  were  defeated.  The  next  day  the 
jlfl^erioan  frigate  Constitution  arrived  in  the  harbor, 
which  BO  terrified  the  Tripolitans  that  they  fled  pirecipi- 
tately  to  the  desert. 

30.  '^he  frigate  came,  however,  to  arrest  the  (^rations 
of  Eaton,  in  the  midst  of  his  brilliant  and  successful 
career.  Alarmed  at  his  progress,  the  reigning  bashaw  had 
offered  terms  of  peace,  which,  being  much  more  ^vorable 
than  had  before  oeen  offered,  were  accepted  by  Mr.  Leaiw 
the  authorised  agent  of  thl!  government.  Sixty  thousand 
donai:^  were  giv^  Is  a  imsom  for  the  unfortunate  Ame- 
rican prisoners,  ^d|n  engagement  was  made  to  withdraw 
idl  support  from  Hamet.  The  nation,  proud  of  the  ex- 
ploits of  Baton,  i^retted  this  diplomatic  interference,  but 
the  treaty  was  ratmed  by  the  president  and  senate;  and 
thus  ei^ed  the  war  in  the  Mediterranean. 

31.  Colonel  Burr,  having  lost  the  confidence  of  the  re- 
jpu|b!i3«fi  p|rt^  l^ecame,  in  1804,  a  candidate  for  the  office 
%V^^^^  the  federalists  generally  gave 
K|a  inAJir  vo^  but  Mr.  Hamilton,  considering  him  an 
|u||Hrinoipled  .politician,  openly  opposed  his  election.  The 
e|9w0  fell  upon  the  rival  candidate.  A  duel  ensued 
MtvifeiMi  these  distinguished  individuals,  the  challeni^ 
pi^e^it^  from  Burr.  Hamilton  was  mortally  wounded. 
This  event  produced  a  strong  and  lively  sensation  through- 
out the  union*  At  the  next  presidentia..  election,  which 
occurred  in  the  same  year,  Mr.*^  Jefferson  was  elected  OTes- 
idpit,  and  George  Clinton  of  New- York,  vice-presidenty 
im  former  receivmg  all  but  fourteen  votes* 


mi,] 


:£ 


ADMINISTRATION. 


3^.  Burr,  notwithstanding  his  i)riiliant  talents,  mrir 
sunk,  for  a  time,  into  merited  obscurity.  His  future  i0on- 
duct  showed,  howeverf  that,  while  unobsejryed  by  his  Ibl* 
low  citizens,  he  had  not  been  idle.  In  the  autumn  of  iWf^f 
his  movements  in  the  western  country  attracted  the  nofi^e 
of  government.  He  had  purchased  and  was  building  bdats 
on  the  Ohio,  ana  engaging  men  to  descend  that  river. 
His  df 'lared  purpose  was  to  form  a  settlement  on  the 
hankh  of  the  Washita,  in  Louisiana  ;  but  the  character  of 
the  man,  the  nature  of  his  preparations,  ai^  the  incautiouis 
disclosures  of  his  associates,  led  to  the  suspicion  thaj^Jfis 
true  object  was  either  to  gain  possession  of  New-Oi^^ 
and  erect  into  a  separate  government  the  country 
by  the  Mississippi  and  its  branches,  or  to  invade,  frti^  ^ 
territories  of  the  Ui,..ted  States,  the  rich  Spanish  i^T- 
ince  of  Mexico.       .  ^^>^ 

33.  From  the  first  moment  of  suspicion,  he  was  ci)09e|y 
watched  by  the  agents  of  the  government.  At  NatehOEy 
while  on  his  way  to  New-Orleans,  he  was  cited  to  appear 
before  the  supreme  court  of  the  Mississippi  TeTitory.  But 
he  had  so  enveloped  his  projects  in  secrecy,  that  sufficient 
evidence  to  convict  him  could  not  be  produced*  and  he  wak 
idiiie^irged.  Hearing,  however,  that  several  persons,  s«s- 
^dtedM  being  his  accomplices,  had  been  arrested  at  New^ 

Orfesiii  and  elsewhere,  he  fled  in  disguise  from  Natchez, 
was  %rehended  on  the  Toml^e^,  and  conveyed  a  |>ns- 
dher  to  Richmond.  Two  indictmeki|s  ii^ere  found  against 
him^  one  charging  him  with  treas6|^  a^inst  the  UnitjBd 
States,  the  other  with  preparii;)g  ana  comn^eiicing  an  eit- 
l^dition  against  the  dominions  of  Spaf%     ' 

34.  In  August,  1807,  he  was  tried,^  upon  those  indict- 
ments, before  John  Marshall,  the  chief  yaS0s»  G^t^ 
United  States.  Full  evidence  of  his  gui^t'ific.beilffi  ex« 
hibited,  he  was  acquitted  by  the  jury*  ■  The^^f^  how- 
ever, believed  him  guilty;  and  by  theft  desertion  tmd 
contempt,  he  was  reduced  to  a  condition  of  the  most  ali^E^ 
wretchedness. ,  The  ease  with  which  his  plaifs  were  4e*^ 
feated,  demonstrated  the  strength  o f  the  government,  and  ms 
fkte  will  ever  be  an  impressive  warning  to  thos^  wfro,  in  a 
free  country,  listen  to  the  suggestions  of  criminzi}  ambiiien. 

^  35.  The  wars  produced  by  the  French  revolution  con- 
tinued to  rage  in  S^Mpe.     The  attempts,  made  b^  the 
neighboring  kings,  to  ef nlfiel  republican  France  to  resume 
her  monarchical  ihSti^tions,  had  not  only  been  resii^d 
,and  dffflEiQ)t%hl  by  &^  &i«^imt  eitiafens^  but  ^m  ha^  fta- 


m 


>T   ^' 


tie 


[1907. 


li^^liotti^  the  repelled  invaders  of  their  twMff^  and 
hm  ittbdued  those  who  be«^  n  the  war  with  the  mpt  ftnd 
pirpiise  of  siibduiiiff  France.  Tlie  nation  had  neciiaanly 
iM^tme  a  nation  of  soldiers,  and  one,  more  daring  irtd  for- 
Innate  than  the  others,  had  been  placed  at  their  head  us 
chf ef  of  tko  republic.  By  his  extraordinary  talents,  and 
the  vast  means  subjected  to  his  single  will,  he  acquired 
Control  over  most  of  the  European  kingdohis. 

36.  England,  however,  unsubdued  and  undaunted,  had 
'l^ome  as  pre-eminent  on  the  water  as  France  on  the  land. 

tier  powerful  navy  expelled  every  hostile  navy  from  the 
ocean,  and  rode  triumphant  in  every  sea.  America  profit- 
ted  from  the  destruction  of  the  ships  and  commerce  of 

lOr  nations.  Being  neutral,  her  vessels  carried  from 
to  port  the  productions  of  France  and  her  dependant 

_  tbms;  and. also  to  the  ports  of  those  kingdoms  the 
iir^fiufactures  of  England.  Few  ships  were  found  on  the 
^Mkn  except  those  ot  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

37.  The  latter,  having  always  found  it  impossible  to 
man  her  numerous  fleets,  by  voluntary  enlistments,  had 
been  accustomed  to  resort  to  impressment,  or  seizing  by 
force  her  subiects  and  compelling  them  to  serve,  as  sailors, 
on  bMrd  her  ships  of  war.  Soon  after  the  peace  of  1783, 
she  claimed  a  right  to  search  for  and  seize  them,  even  on 
bpard  of  ncatral  vessels  while  traversing  the  ocean.  In 
im  exercise  of  this  pretended  right,  citizens  of  the  United 
IStates,  sometimes  by  mistake  and  sohietimes  by  design, 
#ere  seized,  dragged  fnirfe  their  friends,  transported  to 
dfi^ant  parts  of  the  world,  compelled  to  perform  the  de- 
grading duty  of  British  sailors,  and  to  fight  with  imtions'at 

{leace  with  their  own.  Against  this  outrage  upon  personal 
ibcrty  and  the  rights  of  American  citizens,  Washington, 
Adams,  and  Jefferson  had  remonstrated  in  vain.  The 
abuse  continued,  and  every  year  added  to  its  enormity, 
until  a  feeling  of  resentment  was  aroused  worthy  the  best 
period  of  the  Roman  republic. 

38.  But  not  in  this  mode  only  were  the  rights  of  the 
United  States  iavadfed  and  their  interest  sacrinced  on  the 
ocean.'  The  carrying  trade  afforded  a  harvest  too  rjch,  and 
too  tempting  to  British  cupidity,  to  be  long  enjoyed  ujiQio- 
lested.  American  ships,' carrying  to  Europe  the  prc^ce 
of  Ereneh  coiciules,  were,  in  an  early  stage  or  tne  war, 

ured  by   British  cruisers,  an]  co'idemned   by  their 


eorfrts  as  lawful  prizes.    Several  European  ports  under 
the  control  of  France,  were  declared,  by  British  orders  ia 


-"  H^fW^'ftTriiitiir»tr-iiJtyiiiiiiiiir  -'V-  . 


18070 


ADMUQSTBATION. 


8#7 


eoyftoU,  iated  in  Mayv  1806,  to  be  in  a  state  of  bHcka^, 
altho^gli  tiot  investod  with  a  British  fleet,  and  American 
.  Tesaela,  attempting  to  enter  those  ports,  wcie  also  captured. 
and  condemned. 

d9'  France  and  her  allies  suffered,  as  well  as  the  United 
V States,  from  these  transgressions  of  the  laws  of  nations. 
.  Her  yengeance  fell,  not  so  much  upon  the  belligerent  in- 
flif^tin^  the  injury,  as  upon  the  neutral  enduring  without 
resenting  and  repelling  it.  By  a  decree,  issued  at  Berlin, 
in  November,  1806,  the  French  emperor  declared  tl;^ 
British  islands  in  a  state  of  blockade,  and  of  course  aiii- 
thorized  the  capture  of  all  neutral  vessels  attempting  to 
trade  with  those  islands.  From  these  measures  of 
nations,  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  seyi 
suffered,  and  their  merchants  loudly  demanded  ctf 
government  redress  and  protection. 

40.  In  June,  1807,  an  event  occurred,  which  for  a  titjie 
concentrated  upon  one  of  the  rival  nations  the  w^ilile 
weight  of  popular  indignation.  The  frigate  Chesapeake, 
while  near  the  coast  of  the  United  States,  and  unsus- 
picious  of-  danger,  was  fired  upon  from  the  Leopard,  a 
british  ship  of  superior  force,  three  of  her  men  were 
killed  and  eighteen  wounded.  Being  unprepared  for^^oi^B, 
she  struck  her  colors,  was  then  boarded  by  a  detachment 
from  the  Leopard,  her  crew  mu:>tered  and  four  of  them 
Jbrcjbly  carried  off  upon  the  pretence  that  they  wei^ 
British  deserters.  The  truth,  upon  investigation,  was 
ascertained  to  be,  that  three  of  them  were  citizens  ot  the 
United  States,  had  been  impressed  by  the  British,  and  l|i^ 
aftejjwards  escaped  from  their  service. 
'41.  This  insolent  attack  upon  a  national  ship,~tlMS 
wanton  exercise  of  a  claim  derc^atory  to  national  Ironor,-^ 
aroused  the  spirit  of  the  republic.  The  distinctioiHs  of 
party  were  forgotten,  numerous  meetings  of  the  .Mzens 
%ere-  held,  and  all  concurred  in  the  eiriression Of  adeter- 
jmination  to  support  the  g'^vernment  of  their  country  iii  its 
fefforts  to  obtain,  whether  by  negotiation  or  war,  satisfaction 
for  this  insulting  outrage. 

.  4^.  The  president,  by  proclamation,  prohibited  all  British 
diliips  of  war  from  continuing  in  or  entering  the  harh^)rs  of 
t^r  United  $tate3.  He  sent  instructions  to  the  njinister 
at  London  todemand  satisfantion  for  tlie  hisiilt,  and  sofiiirily 
against  future  aggression.  He  summoned  congress  to  fifit^et 
,and  decide  what  further  measures  should  be  adoptedi-  ll*e^ 
firittuli  .government  prouipuy  oisavowing  tne  act  oi  its 


m 


JEFFC] 


[ISOS. 


ik,,. 


offloor»  thd  hostile  feelings  which  W  been  «x|HB^l%tui 
lb  iiiMcle ;  but  delaying  to  render  satisfactioiiy  ati|d  rel^sinff 
to  adopt  adequate  measures  to  prevent  a  continuance  of 
ifgression,  they  were  not  extinguished  nor  appeasedf^ 

^.  Bonaparte  having  declared  his  purpose  of  enfq|t^t|g 
with  rigor  the  Berlin  decree ;  the  British  governmeilt  hav- 
ins  solemnl]r  asserted  the  right  of  search  and  impr^jEwment, 
aim  haying  intimated  their lucntion  to  adopt  measures  in 
retaliation  of  the  French  decree,  tlie  president  recommend- 
ed to  conj^ess  that  the  seamen,  ships,  and  merchandise 
of  the  United  States  should  be  detained  in  port  to  preserve 
them  froni  the  dangers  which  threatened  them  on  the 
ocean.  A  law  layine  an  indefinite  embargo,  was  in  conse- 
quence enacted.  A  hope  to  coerce  the -belligerent  powers 
to  ^return  to  the  observance  of  the  laws  of  nations,  by 
d^ifving  them  of  the  benefits  derived  from  the  trade  of 
America,  was  doubtless  a  concurring  motive  for  passing 
the  law. 

44»  A  few  days  only  had  elapsed,  when  information  was 
reeejved,  that  Great  Britain  had  prohibited  neutrals,  except 
upon  the  degrading  condition  of  paying  a  tax  or  tribute, to 
her,  from  ti'adin^  with  France  or  her  allies,  comprising 
lu^ly  every  maritime  nation  of  Europe.  This  was  fol- 
lowed, in  a  few  weeks,  by  a  decree  issued  by  Bonaparte, 
at  MUaii,  declaring  that  every  neutral  vessel,  which  should 
«iibniit'to  be  visited  by  a  British  ship,  or  to  pay  the  tribute 
demanded,  should  be  confiscated,  if  afterwards  found  in 
his  ports,  or  taken  by  his  cruisers.  Thus,  at  the  date  of 
the  embargo,  were  orders  and  decrees  in  existence  render- 
ing  liable  to  capture  almost  every  American  vessel  sailing 
on  the  ocean. 

45.  In  the  New-England  states,  the  embargo,  with- 
holding the  merchant  from  a  career  in  which  he  had  been 
highly  prosperous,  and  in  which  he  imagined  that  he  might 
8tm  be  favored  of  fortune,  occasioned  discontent  and 
clamor.  The  federalists,  more  numerous  there  than  in 
any  other  part  of  .the  union,  pronounced  it  a  measure  un- 
y.^ss  and  oppressive.  These  representations,  and  the  real 
and  severe  distress  which  the  people  endured,  prochiced  a 
rapid  change  in  their  political  opinions.  In  a  short  time, 
a, majority  became  federalists,  and  opposed  with  zeal  all 
th#;ineasures  of  the  governmeRt* 

46.  In  the  fall  of  180R,  a  new  election  of  chief-magistrate 
mk  i^aoet  Mr*  Jeff^i^ison,  believing  that  no  porson  should 
hoM  fliltt  crfiSof^ei  xaatB  iBtto  e\^  yearafi  vA  IMrciis  oC 


1806.1 


ADMINISnUTION. 


9i9 


eonfirminc  the  example  of  Washin^on,  had  previously  an- 
netinoed  ms  intention  to  retire  to  private  life*  James  Madi- 
turn  was  elected  president  andGeorgeCUntcn  vice-president. 
47«  In  Marcn,  1809,  congress  repealed  the  embarffoi 
•nd  substituted  a  law  prohibiting  all  intercourse  .with 
France  and  Great  Britain.  Bonaparte,  m  retaliation* 
issoed  a  decree,  at  Rambouillet,  directing  that  all  Ameri- 
can vessels,  which  were  then  in  the  ports  o€  France  or 
might  afterwards  enter,  .should  be  seized  and  confiscated. 

48.  In  the  nonintercourse  law,  a  provision  was  inserted, 
that  if  either  nation  sh4Mild  revoke  her  hostile  edicts,  ai^p 
the  president  should  announce  that  fact  bv  proclamation, 
then  the  law  should  cease  to  be  in  force  in  resard  to  the 
nation  so  revoking.  In  April,  Mr.  £rskine,^e  Briiipi 
minister  at  Washington,  engaged,  on  the  part  ofhis  goVerb- 

-ment,  that  the  orders  in  council,  so  far  as  they  affeetiiid' 
the  United  States,  should  be  withdrawn  on  the  10th  of 
June ;  and  the  president  immediately  issued  the  proclama- 
tion prescribed  in  the  law. 

49.  This  arrangement  the  British  ministry  refused  to 
ratify,  declaring  that  Mr.  Erskine  had  no  authority  to  make 
it.  Kecalling  him,  they  appointed  Mr.  Jackson  his  suc- 
cess<Nr.  In  a  correspondence  between  this  gentleman  and 
the  secretary  of  state,  the  former  insinuated  thaf  (he 
American  government  knew  that  Mr.  Erskine  was  not 
authorized  to  make  the  arrangement,  and  knew  of  course 
tlKat  it  would  not  be  binding  on  Great  Britain.  This 
insinuation  was  distinctly  denied  by  the  secretary,  but 
was  subsequently  repeated,  in  aii  piTensive  manner,  by  l^r. 
Jackson.    He  was  immediately  informed,  that,  on  account 

"df  his  indecorous  conduct,  no  other  communications  from 
him  ^ould  be  received.  He  was  shortly  J^fterwards  re- 
called by  his  government. 

6v>.  The  nonintercourse  law  expired  in  May,  1810,  when 
a  proposition  was  made  equally  to  both  belligerents,  tKHl 
if  either  would  revoke  ita  hostile  edicts,  that  law  should 
be  revived  and  enforced  against  the  other.  la  August, 
Bonaparte,  by  his  minister  of  state,  assured  Mr.  Arm- 
strong, the  Ajnerican  envoy  to  France,  that  the  Berlin 
and  Milan  decrees  were  revoked,  the  revocation^ to  take 
effect  on  the  first  day  of  November  ensuing.  Oonfiding 
in  this  assurance,  the  president,  on  the  second  day  6? 
Novemher»  issued  his  proclamation,  deelaring  that  al) 
intercourse  with  G^reat  Britain  was  prohibited,  and  %^aX 
%a  uoiestrained  commerce  with  France  was  allowed. 


.■m 


p 


'W, 


MAD10OK*S 


IIBU. 


If  ■' 


51*  Otnt  Britain  haTinl^xpreesed  a  wUlinffnesa  to 
t0pMd  Jiet  orders  whenever  France  should  repeal  her  de- 
eMly  8h^  was  now  called,  npon^  by  the  American  enyoy, 
to  fblfil  her  engagement.  She  objected,  that  the  French 
decrees  could  not  be  considered  as  repealed,  a  letter  from 
Iho  minister  of  state  not  beine,  for  that  purpose,  %doou 
Ipent  of  sufficient  authority.  In  answer  to  this  objection, 
proof  was  presented  that-  the  French  admiralty  courts 
ebnsidered  them  repealed,  and  that  no  American  vessel, 
ahnough  ^ny  had  entered  the  ports  of  France,  had  been 
fuWeeted  to  their  provisions.  Great  Britain,  however, 
litill  peirsisted  to  enforce  her  orders. 

52.  For  this  purpose",  she  had  stationed  ships  of  war 
before  the  principle  harbors  of  the  United  States.  All 
American  merchantmen,  departing  or  returning,  were 
boarded,  searched,  and  many  of  them  sent  to  British  ports, 
M  legal  prizes.  Impressments  too  were  frequent,  and  the 
British  officers,  entertaining  exalted  ideas^f  their  naval 
strength,  and  holding  in  contempt  the  republican  flag, 
exhj^ted,  on  all  occasions,  an  extreme  insolence  of  be- 
ba^br/ which  nations  as  well  as  individuals  expose  them- 
aclire8;to  incur,  by  long  and  patient  endurance  of  insult  iuid 
llgimssioift 

"^i»  In  OJlio  instance,  however,  their  insolence  was  de« 
Bll^edly  punished.  Commodore  Rogers,  sailine  in  the 
filjl^te  President,  met,  in  the  e'<''ening,  a  vessel  on  the 
Doast  of  Virginia.  He  hailed,  but  instead  of  receiving  an 
answer,  was  hailed  in  turn,  and  a  shot  was  fired  which 
struck  the  mainmast  of  the  President.  The  fire  was 
i|8tantly  returned  by  the  commodore,  and  continued  for  a 
few  minutes,  when,  finding  his  antagonist  was  of  inferior 
force  and  that  her  guns  were  almost  silenced,  he  desisted* 
On  hailing  again,  an  answer  was  given,  th£it  the  ship  was 
the  British  sloop  of  war  Little  Belt,  of  18  guns.  Thirty- 
two  pf  her  men  were  killed  and  wounded,  and  the  ship 
was  J&iUch  disabled. 

54.  Mr.  Foster,  successor  to  Mr.  Jackson,  arrived  at 
Washington  in  the  summer  of  1811,  and  proposed  terms 
of  reparation  for  the  attack  on  the  Chesapeake.  These 
were  a  formal  disavowal  of  the  act,  restoration  to  the 
frigate  of  the  surviving  sailors  taken  from  it,  a  pecuniary 
provision  for  those  who  were  wounded,  and  for  the  fyaa* 
lies  of  those  who  were  killed.  These  terms  were  ac- 
cepted by  the  president. 

5dk  Bat  the  British  envoy  could  give  no  assuraoco  that 


U\U] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


•ii 


his  goTernment  was  disposed  to  make  a  satis/lustor^f 
arrangement  of  the  subject  of  impressment,  or  to  repeal 
the  orders  in  council.  These  orders,  on  the  contrary, 
continued  to  be  enforced  with  rigor ;  and  on  the  restoration 
of  a  free  commerce  with  France,  a  large  number  of  Aineri- 
oan  vessels,  laden  with  rich  cargoes,  and  destined  to  her 
ports,  fell  into  the  power  of  British  cruisers.  Such  was 
now  th(3  state  of  affairs,  that  the  United  States  suffered 
the  evils  of  war,  while  great  Britain  enjoyed  the  advan- 
tages. Her  cruisers,  since  1803,  had  captured  nine 
hundred  American  vessels. 

56.  The  patience  of  the  nation  was  exhausted.  Presi- 
dent Madison,  early  in  November,  1811,  called  con^ia 
together,  laid  before  them  the  state  of  foreign  relationSf 
and  recommended  that  the  republic  should  be  placed  in  ati 
attitude  to  maintain,  by  force,  its  wounded  honor  and 
essential  int€|rests.  TIm  representatives  of  the  people, 
whose  sentiments  and  feelings  they  expressed,  determined 
to  act  in  accordance  with  the  views  of  the  president* 
.  57.  Laws  were  enacted  providing  for  the  increaaa  of 
the,  regular  army  to  35,000  men ;  for  the  augmentatioii  of 
the  naval  establishment ;  empowering  the  president  to 
accept  of  the  services  of  volunteers,  to  vmk^  a  detaoK- 
mcnt  from  the  militia,  and  ta  borrow  elevsn  millt^p|^ 
dollars.  It  was  the  expectation  of  many  that  6|eat 
Britain,  witnessing  these  serious  preparations,  would  ^re- 
cede from  the  stand  she  had  taken. 

58.  Events,  however,  occurred,  while  congress  were  in 
iiession,  which  considerably  diminished  this  expectation* 
For  several  years,  the  Indian  tribes  residing  near  tiro 
remote  lakes  and  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  had  dis- 
played symptoms  of  hostility,  murdering  a  number  of 
whites  and  robbing  others  of  their  property.  In  tire  fUl 
of  1811,  general  Harrison,  with  a  small  force,  wi^  son*^ 
into  their  territories,  instructed  to  negotiate  if  p^i^lue 
but  to  fight  if  necessary. ,  On  the  6th  of  Novembier,  h 
arrived  at  Tippecanoe,  their  principal  town,  where  he  waa 
met  by  Indian  messengei's,  with  whom  an  agreement  was 
made,  that  hostilities  snould  not  take  place  before  the  next, 
morning,  and  that  then  an  amicable  conference  should  Si 
held. 

59.  Just  before  daybreak,^he  savages,  in  violation  of 
their  engagement,  made  a  sudden  and  furious  attaok  upon 
the  troo^  in  their  encampment.  Nothing  but  the  pre- 
caution St  sleeping  in  order  of  battle,  on  their  arms,  aavad 


.,&• 


m 


waasKim 


{HIE 


clitm  (k'iSm  total  deftyitf.  A  df«idl^itini|^r  WMnNttf 
mat  the  savtgeB  were  tinmr  i^fljliMd,  dispe^Md,  and  ^Mlr 
t^wn  laid  waite.  A  strong  D«lifwa9  entertain«a»  fotmM 
upon  credible  testimony*  thttt  ih0f  had  been  inoiteil  Id 
losttlity  by  British  agents  stationed  among  them. 

60*  In  February,  18)^8,  John  flenry,  wlto  had  «AOS  rf- 
ifa(^  in  Canada,  communicated  to  the  president  this  tei 
hat  in  1809,  he  had  been  0tiiido3red  by  the  fforeiii^  of 
that  prorince,  upon  a' secret  mission  to  fioston,  the 
metropolis  of  the  New-England  states;  ano  hat  I^  Was 
instructed  to  confer  with  the  disaffected,  upon  the  Subject 
of  a  separation  of  those  states  from  the  union^  and  their 
forming  a  political  connection  with  Great  Britain.  He 
exhil)ited  documwtts  in  support  of  his  disclosures,  which 
he  was  led  to  mdke^  by  the  neglect  of  his  employer  to  re* 
ward  him  for  hb  services.  It  did  not  appear  that  he  had 
succeeded  in  cp|Tapt|ng  the  fidelity  of  any  individual ;  but 
the  attempt,  in  a  time  of  peace,  and  in  the  midst  of  the 
most  amicable  t^Yifessions,  not  only  preserved  in  full  force 
but  increasoa  the  previous  irritation. 

61.  Congress  continued  to  be  employed  until  the  20th 
of  M^7»  in  making  prepaiations  for  war,  still  chetrishing  the 
hope  that  a  change  of  policy  in  Europe  would  render  un- 
necessary an  appeal  to  arms.  On  that  day,  the  Hornat 
arriv-ed  from  London,  bringing  information  that  no  prospect 
existed  of  a  favorable  change.  On  the  first  of  June,  the 
president  sent  a  message  to  congress,  recounting  the 
wron^  received  from  Great  Britain,  and  submitting  the 
question  whether  the  United  States  should  continue  to 
endure  them  or  resort  to  war  ? 

63.  The  message  was  considered  with  closed  doors. 
On  the  18th,  an  act  was  passed  declarinff  war  against 
Great  Britain.  The  measure  was  decideoiy  condemned 
by  a  considerable  portion  of  the  citizens,  among  whom 
ver^lgliny  honest  and  able  men.  Exercising  the  undoubted 
privuege  of  freemen,  thev  examined,  with  the  severest 
scrutiny,  the  measures  ana  motives  of  the  administration. 
They  asserted  that  4he  war  was  unnecessary,  partial,  and 
unwise :  that  it  was  unnecessary,  because,  in  their  j^iriion, 
a  satisfactonr  adjustment  of  all  disputes  migiil  haTS  been 
obtained^by  farther  negotiation:  that  itwaspArtif^ybeoause 
France  had  ^en  gresier  provocation,  in  proportien  to  her 
means  of  annovance,  than  Great  Britain:  that  it  Was  un* 
wiseibecauss  the  nation  was  not  prepared  for  war ;  becaufiey 
by  declaring  It  against  almost  mfi  only  remaining  enemy 


t81i.l 


ADMINISTRATION. 


m 


jof  FVanee,  th«  United  Statef  iadireotl^  out  powtjUHf 
tmltiikd  BoniDiparte  in  his  denigtt  of  universtl  conqnMtf 
Mid  because  the  expenses  and  sufferings  it  mast  UnafW- 
ably  occasion,  would  more  than  counterbalance  all  ihe 
.advantages  sought  to  be  obtained.  And  many,  piiifaf 
the  limits  of  candid  and  temperate  discussion,  inaolMid  ia 
a  rlrulence  of  inrectiveof  which  no  govenunent  MKMlli 
be  the  object  that  is  not  manifestly  corrupt. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

CAMPAIGN  QF  1812. 

Ths  people  of  th^  United  States  reriembered,  with 
pride,  the  patriotism  and  bravery  exhibi'  -:d  by  their  anny 
in  the  revolutionary  war.  A  long  period  of  peac  <  and  pros- 
perity had  increased  their  confidence  in  their  c  v  )i  8treii|^; 
and  the  belief  was  generally  entertained  that  viotoiy  wer 
the  same  foe  would  now  be  so  much  itn  more  oeti..aif 
and  easily  gained,  as  the  nation  was  more  rich  and  popa« 
lous.  They  did  not  reflect,  that  peace  had  impaired  the 
military  energies  of  the  republic,  while  their  eneniy,  by 
constant  exercise  in  arms,  had  acquired,  not  only  additional 
strength,  but  greater  skill  to  use  and  &pply  it. 

2.  Prom  the  veteran  officers,  who  had  acquired  fame  in 
the  former  conflict,  a  selection  was  made  to  fill  the  prin- 
cipal posts  in  the  new  army.  Henry  Dearborn,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  appointed  major-general  and  commander-hi- 
chief.  He  was  at  the  batti  of  BunkerV  hill.  In.  the  ex- 
pedition against  Quebec,  he  r^  >:ved  as  a  captain  under  Ar- 
nold. He  distinguished  himself  on  these  and  other  oeoa^ 
sions;  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  bore  the  commission  of 
colonel.  He  held,  for  ?i  long  time,  the  oilice  of  secretary 
of  war,  and  discharged  its  duties  with  exemplary  hjdustry 
and  skill.  Tliomas  Piiikney,  of  South-Carolina,  was  also 
appointed  major-general.  Amonjgr  the  brigadiers  were 
Wilkinson,  Hull,  Hampton,  and  Bloomfield. 

3.  At  the  time  of  the  delaratiea  of  war,  general  HuH 

was  also  governor  of  the  IVfichigan  territory,  of  which 

Detroit  is  the  capital.    On  the  ll^th  of  July,  with  two 

thousand  reffulars  and  volunteers,  he  crossed  the  river  di- 

9^Ung  the  United  States  from  Canada.    On  the  same  ^j^ 

he  addressed  a  proclamation  to  the  CajhadiaAs.  tendering 

w 


854 


MAPIfi^N'S 


U91i9* 


I*- 


thomf  the  blessings  of  oivil  and  relmous  liberty,  snd  a8miT<- 
ing  them,  in  a  lofty  tonei  **  that  his  force  was  sulBeient 
tobreak  aown  all  opposi^opt " &nd yet  was^  but  the  van- 
gaard  of  one  much  greaten  It  ap|ieared  to  be  his  pnrpose 
to  attack  Maiden,  and  thence  jiroeeed  to  Montreal. 

4.  Had  the  attack  be^n  instantly  made,  success  would 
have  been  highly  probable.  A.  month  was  wasted  in  rain- 
ous  delay.  Distrust  and  iBonte&pt  expelled  confidence  and 
attachment  from  the  breasts  of  the  Canadians.  l*he  ar- 
dor of  the  troops  began  to  cool.  Maiden  was  reinforced ; 
and  at  this  critical  moment,  information  was  received  that 
Mackinaw,  an  American  post  above  Detroit,  had  surren- 
dered to  a  large  body  cf  British  and  Indians,  who  were 
rushing  down  the  river  in  numbers  sufficient  to  overwhelm 
the  American  forces.  Panic  struck,  general  Hull  has- 
tened back  to  Detroit. 

5.  General  Brock,  the  commander  at  Maiden,  pursued 
him,  with  a  force  superior  in  number,  but  composed  of 
militia  and  Indians.  On  the  14th  of  August,  he  erected 
batteries  opposite  Detroit.  The  next  day,  he  began  a  can- 
nonade ujpion  the  Ainencan  fortifications  which  was  re- 
turned with  precision  imd  effect.  On  the  16th,  the  ene- 
my crossed  4;he  riveir^  taking  post  about  ihree  miles  above 
the  city*  Meeting  with  no  resistance,  and  hearing  that 
some  of  the  American  troops  were  absent,  general  Brock 
resolved  to  march  directly  forward  aad  assault  the  fort. 

'  6.  The  troops,  cool  and  undaunted,  awaited  in  good  order 
the  approach  of  the  enemy,  antici|Mitinc  an  easy  victory^ 
Tothe  astonishment  of  all,  general  Hull  mrbad^tlie  artillery 
to  fixe,  and  hung  out  a  white  Hag  in  token  of  a  wish  to 
capitulate.  A  correspondence  between  the  two  generals 
was  immediately  opened,  which  ended  in  the  surrender  of 
the  arm;^  and  of  the  territory  of  Michigan. 

7.  ]t  is  impossible  to  describe  the  indignation  of  the 
8ol4li?r9  and  citizens,  when  they  suiv  themselves  delivered, 
by  ^»  authority  of  one  man,  into  the  power  of  an  enemy 
whbtn  they  supposed  they  might  easily  have  conquerea. 
Many  believed  him  either  a  traitor  or  coward.  An  event 
so  disgraceful,  occurring  in  a  quarter  where  success  was 
confidently  anticipated,  caused  throughout  the  union  the 
greatest  mortification  and  amazement.  Stumr  bv  disap- 
pointment, all  united  hi  censuring  general  Hull.  His 
greatest,  perhaps  his  only  fault,  was  want  of  decision  and 
enerjnr. 

8.  j'lie  people  o(  Ohto  and  Kentucky  were  alarmed. 


•A 


1819.1 


ADMINISTRATION. 


teient 
Tan- 
rpofle 


Nearly  ten  thousand  citizens  made  a  tender  of  their  8er« 
viceSy  and  a  part  of  theniy  placed  under  the  command  of 
general  William  H.  Harrison,  marched  towards  the  terri- 
tory of  Michigan.  But  great  and  numerous  wer'e  the 
difficulties  encountered;  the  volunteers  wer»  unwilling  to 
submit  to  the  wholesome  restrauits  of  di  scip line ;  and 
winter  anived  before  any  important  underti  Jcing  could  be 
accomplished.  Several  incursions  were  made  into  the 
cou'ntrv  of  the  savages,  who,  instigated  by  Btitish  agerits, 
and  by  a  celebrated  Indiiai  prophet,  and  commanded  by 
Tecums^h,  a  gallant  warrior,  had  become  almost  universally 
hostile. 

,  9.  For  the  purpose  of  invading  Canada,  in  another  quar- 
ter, an  army  of  regulars  and  imlitia  were  assembled  on 
the  northern  frontier  of  New- York.  It  wa^far  less  nu- 
merous than  the  government  had  anticipated.  So  happy 
was  the  condition  of  even  the  poorest  class  of  American 
citizens,  that  but  few  could  be  induced  to  enlist  as  soldiers. 
And  in  some  of  the  states  the  plausible  doctrine  was  inain- 
tained,  that  the  officers  of  the  genera]  government  hav$ 
no  power  over  the  militia,  untfi  called  into  service  and 
consigned  to  their  authority,  by  the  state  executive,  and 
that  even  then  they  cannot  bc' compelled  to  march  beyond 
the  boundary  of  the  republic.  Several  eovernors  actually 
withheld  their  militia,  when  called  for  by  the  president, 
and  thus  dimininished  the  amount  of  one  species  of  force 
upon  which  the  general  government  had  relied. .  ^  ;  • 
10.  General  Van  Hensselaer,  of  the  New- York  militia* 
being  the  senior  officer  on  that  frontier,  had  the  comofiand 
of  these  troops,  which  were  called  the  army  of  the  centre* 
His  headquarters  were  at  Lewistown.  on  the  river  Niagiu»^ 
and  on  the  opposite  side  was  Queenstown,  a  fortified  Bntisk 
post.  The  militia  displaying  great  eagerness  to.  be  led 
against  the  enemy,  the  general  determined  to  crops  Qvei 
to  Queenstown.  The  first  attempt  was  defeated  by  tern 
pestuous  weather.  On  the  13th  of  October,  a  party,  led 
by  colonel  Van  Rensselaer,  effected  a  landing,  altnoi^h 
opposed  by  a  British  force  stationed  on  the  bank.  'Hie 
colonel  was  sevevely  wounded,  but  the  troops,  under  cap-' 
tains  Ogilvieand  Wool,  advanced  to  storm  the  fort.  They 
gained  possession,  but,  at  the  moment  of  success,  general 
Brook  arrived,  from  a  neighboring  post,  with  a  reinforce- 
ment of  six  hundred  men.  These,  although  the  most  nu- 
merous, were  gallantly  driven  back  bv  the  American  troops. 
in  attempting  to  rally  them,  general  Bropk  was  killed. 


«»- 


m 


MADISON*S 


iWiH 


J^l •  General  Van  Rensselaer,  who  hid  previously  crmssed 
tfrer,  now  returned  to  hasten  the  eml)arkation  of  the  rear 
diyision.  Those  who  had  lately  shown  such  eagerness  to 
ikieet.  the  enemy,  now  utterly  refused  to  pass  beyond  the 
national  boundary.  He  entreated  and  remonstiated,  but 
in  vain.  Meanwhile  the  enemy,  having  received  anothei 
reinibfo^iiaent,  advanced  to  attack  the  Americans  in  fhe 
Ibrt.  A  desj^rate  and  bloody  conflict  ensued,  of  which 
the  |]^9itia  were  calm  spectators.  In  the  end,  the  British 
Were  eompletely  victorious.  Of  one  thousand  men,  whc 
crossed  into  Caitada,  but  few  effected  their  esqape. 

12.  Soon  a^er,  general  Van  Rensselaer  retired  from  the 
servioe  and  was  succeeded  by  general  Alexander  Smyth, 
of  Virnnia.  In  a  turgid  address  to  the  **  Men  of  New 
York,'' he  announced  titat,' in  a  few  days,  he  should  plant 
Ike  American  standard  in  Canada,  and  invited  them  to 
share  *n  the  diinger  and  glory  of  the  enterprise.  His  force 
was  increased,  by  those  who  obeyed  his  call,  to  4500  men. 
The- morning  of  the  !^8th  of  November  was  assigned  as 
the  tnne  for  crossing.  So  tardy  were  the  movements  of 
fhe  troQpe,  that  until  afternoon,  the  first  division  was  not 
feady  to  lea¥e  the  Americati  shore.  The  enemy  appeared 
in  force  cm  the  6pposite  bank ;  a  council  of  officers  decided 
(hat  it  was  inexpedient  at  that  timv!!  to  cross;  and  the 
troops  were  ordered  to  urbark.  The>  were  oisappointed 
and  dissatisfied ;  but  their  clamor  was  apoeased  by  the 
assurance  that  another  attempt  would  speeciily  be  made* 

13.  The  next  day,  they  received  orders  to  be  in  readi- 
ness to  embark  on  the  first  of  December.  But  their  firSt 
disappointment  had  sensibly  damped  their  ardor.  At  the 
appointed  hour,  tho  hoats  were  not  ready  to  move ;  and 
when  ready,  but  1500  men  were  found  willing  to  cross. 
A  council  Oi  war  decided  unanimously  against  proceeding, 
and  again  the  troops  were  ordered  to  debark.  The  plan 
of  invlding  Canada  was  abandoned  for  the  season.  -  The 
l>lame  of  these  failures  was  attributed,  by  the  soldiers,  to 
their  commander ;  and  so  highly  were  thej^  exasperated, 
that,  for  several  days,  his  life  was  in  danger  from  their  fury. 

14.  The  army  of  the  north,  which  was  under  the  imme- 
diate commana  of  general  Dearborn,  was  stationed  at 
Greenbush,  near  Albany,  and  at  Plattsburgh,  on  Lake 
Champlain.  Trom  the  latter  post,  a  detachment  marched 
a  short  distance  into  Canada,  surprised  a  small  body  of 
BrHish  and  Indians,  and  destroyed  a  considerable  quantity 
of  public  storea.    Othev  movements  were  anxiously  eXf> 


tsit.] 


ADiUNiSTRATION. 


i#d7 


pected  by  the  people ;  bat  after  the  misfortunes  at  Detroit 
aod  Niagara^  tne  general  deemed  it  iaexpedient  to  engage 
in  any  important  enterprise. 

15*  Thus  ended  the  campaign  of  1812.  Although,  on 
many  occasions,  extraordinary  gallantry  had  been  dis- 
played«  yet  notliing  was  accomplished,  and  the  losses 
sustained  were  numerous  and  heavy.  Those  wlio  ^proved 
of  the  declaration  of  war  feit  disappointed,  mortined,  and 
dejected.  They  attributed  most  of  the  misfortunes  of 
the  country  to  the  conduct  of  the  federalists,  who^  they 
accused  of  endeavoring  to  prevent  enlistments  into  tlie 
arm^,  and  of  maintaining  the  most  pernicious  doctrines  in 
relation  to  the  militia.  The  federalistis,  on  the  other  hand, 
attributed  these  repeated  failures  to  the  imbecility  of  the> 
administration,  ana  to  the  unwise  selection  of  military 
officers.  They  assumed  a  bolder  tone  of  censure,  ana 
evinced  a  more  determined  spirit  of  opposition. 

16.  But  whild,  on  land,  defeat  and  disgrace  attended 
the  arTiiS  of  the  republic,  on  tne  ocean,  where  the  injuries 
which  led  to  the  war  had  been  inflicted,  they  gained  a  rich 
harvest  of  victory  and  glory.  Upon  the  declaration  of 
w^ar,  the  American  officers  and  seamen  glowed  with  ardor 
to  avenge  the  sufferings  of  their  impressed  fellow-citizens, 
and  to  vindicate  the  honor  of  the  republican  flag.  Those 
ships  of  war,  which  were  readv  for  sea,  immediately  sailed 
in  search  of  the  enemy. 

.17.  On  the  19th  of  August,  captain  Hull,  who  com- 
manded the  Cons^  'tution,  of  forty-four  gims,  descried  a 
British  frigate.  His  crew,  giving  three  cheers,  reqr^sted 
to- lie  placed  alongside  of  their  antagonist.  Foi  three 
quarters  of  an  hour,  the  latter  endeavored,  by  skilful 
manoeuyerin^,  to  obtain  the  advantage  of  position.  De- 
feated in  this,  she  advanced  towards  the  Constitution, 
firing  broadsides  at  intervals.  When  she  had  approached 
withm  half  pistol  shot,  a  tremendous  cannonade  burst 
upon  her  from  the  Araerfcan  frigate.  In  thirty  minutes, 
every  mast  and  nearly  eve^y  spar  being  shot  away,  she 
struck  her  flag. 

18.  She  was  found  to  be  the  Guerriere,  of  thirty-eight 
guns,  commanded  by  captain  Dacres.  Of  her  crew,  fifty 
were  killed  and  sixty-four  wounded.  She  had  received 
so  much  injury  that  it  was  thought  to  be  impossible  to^  get 
her  intoport,  and  she  was  burned.  The  injury  sustained 
by  the  Cfonstitution  was  slight;  of  her  c:  fw,  seven  were 
killed  and  seven  wounded.    Althou^  i  'p  carried  a  few 

W  2 


MA0ISON*9 


[imm 


monjQM  than  her  antagonist,  yet  the  immense  disimHty 
of  eflSot  dearly  denionstrated  the  superior  skill  of  the 
An^rioan  seamen.  *  Captain  Hull,  un  h*s  return  to  tho 
Untiod  States,  was  welcomed  with  enthusiasm,  hy  his 
MtsfttI  and  admiring  coantrymen,  who  conferred  upon 
lum  thotto  honors  and  distinctions  most  dear  to  the  patriot 

i9«  4iiit  this  was  the  first  only  of  a.  series  of  naval  Vic* 
txmen.  On  the  ISth  of  Octohier,  captaTr.  Jones,  in  the 
'^I^Sj^  of  eighteen  giins,  captured  the  Frolic,  of  twenty^* 
.-tW^tJifier  a  bloody  conflict  of  three  quarters  of  an  hour, 
in  >mis  action,  the  Americans  obtained  a  victory  over  a 
force  decidedly  superior.  On  thei'r  part,  but  eight  were 
l^led  and  woundeo;  on  that  of  the  enemy,  about  eightv! 
On  4he  S&thr  the  fHgato  United  States,  commanded  bv 
•l^ai^v  Decatur,  encountered  and  captured  the  British 
^I^^Macedonian.  The  former  carried  a  few  guns  the 
motl^lmt  the  disparity  of  loss  was  astonishingly  frreat.  | 
On  the  part  of  the  enemy,  a  hundred  and  four  were  killed" 
and  wounded ;  on  that  of  the  Americans,  but  eleven !  The 
Wasn  was  unfortunately  captured,  soon  after  her  victory,, 
by  a  jlritish  ship  of  the  line;  the  United  States  brought 
her  prise  safely  to  New»York.  J 

20»   A  fourth  naval  battle  was  fought,  and  a  fourthn!., 
victory  gained,  on  the  d9th  of  December.    On  that  day,! 
the  Constitution,  of  forty-four  gims,  then  commanded  -^y  \ 
captain  Baihbridge,  captured  the  British  frigate  Java,  of 
thirty-eiffht.      The  combat  continued  n.^ore  than  three 
hours.    The  Java  was  reduced  to  a  wreck ;  of  her  crew 
one  hundred  and  sixiy-one  were  killed  and  wounded ;  <^ 
that  of  the  Constitution,  thirty-four.  -  - 

31.  These  successive  victories  were  peculiarly  graUfying 
to  the  nation ;  they  were  gained,  in  the  midst  of  disasters 
on  land,  and  by  that  class  of  citizens  whose  rights  ha^^. 
been  violated  :  they  were  gained  over  a  people  claiming 
to  be  lords  of  the  sea,  whom  long  and  continued  success 
had  rendered  haughty  and  insolent,  and  who  had  confidently 
boasted  that  the  wirole  American  navy  Would  soon  be  swept 
from  the  ocean. 

22.  Many  British  merchantmen  were  likewise  captured 
by  the  American  navy;  and  privateers,  issuing  from 
alniost  every  port,  and  many  of  them  bearing  fisj^s  inscribed 
^  Free  Trade  and  Sailor's  Rights,"  were  remarkably  suc- 
oewfiil.  l*he  number  of  prizes  made  du  ring  the  first  sevsn 
ammlitf  of  th«  war*  exceeded  ^y«  hundred 


1613.] 


ADMINISTRATION, 


23.  Im  the  auttfmii  bf  this  yenr,  the  quadrenqiitl  f|erkid 
rcr  the  elocthm  of  president  and  vice-president  agfiin  rcr- 
cuffed.  The  candidates  for  president  were,  the  incuihhent, 
jarnes  Madison  of  Virginia,  and  I)e  Witt  Clinton  of  New- 
Yurk;  for  vice-president,  Klhridge  Gerry,  of  Mafwaekii" 
setts,  and  Jared  Ingersoi),  of  Pennsylvania.  Those  who 
were  opposed  to  the  war,  supp()rtcd  Mr.  Clinton  and  Mr* 
Tngersoll ;  and  they  were  joined  by  many  who  beUeved 
that,  should  the  former  be  elected  president,  and  sh 
he  find  it  impractibie  to  make  an  honorable  .peace,  he 
call  forth  the  res(»urces,  and  direct  the  arms  of  the 
with  more  decision  and  energy.  Great  exertiond^irere 
made  by  the  partizans  of  the  opposing  candidates,  ana  the 
passions  of  the  people,  especially  in  the  middle  and  nor^ 
er:i  states,  were  highly  excited.  Of  the  electoral  vutiei 
given,  Mr.  Madison  received  one  hundred  and  \W0l>^3i^ 
eight,  and  Mr.  Gerry  one  hundred  and  thirtyMme,  ai^^MN^^ 
elected.  Mr.  Clinton  received  eighty-nine,  and  Mr^Inger#^ 
soil  eighty-six.  >  - 


.CHAPTER  XXVIl. 
CAMPAIGN  OF  1813. 


At  tlie  commencement  of  the  session  of  congress,  held 
m  the  autumn  of  1812,  the  president,  in  his  message, Stated 
that,  immediatr^ly  after  the  declaration  of  war,  he  comi^iu- 
nioated  to  the  British  government  the  terms  on  which  its 
progress  mi^ht  be  arrep*>ed;  that  iiese  terms  were,  the 
repeal  of  the  orders  in  council,  cheaischarge  of  American 
seamen,  and  the  abandonment  of  the  practice  off  irapresi- 
ment ;  and  that  the  ministry  had  declined  to  accede  to 
his  offers. 

2.  He  also  stated  that,  at  f  n  early  period  of  the  war,  he 
had  received  official  informat.vn  of  the  repeal  n  the^orders 
in  council;  that  two  propositions  fora^  armist>>  e  had  be^n 
made  to  \maii  both  of  which  he  had  rejected,  ai  thev  oould 
m)t  have  been  accepted  without^conceding  to  Great  ;  'tain 
the  right  of  impressment. 

3*  The  rejection,  of  these  propositions  was  approved  by 
the  nati()nal  representatives,  who,  far  from  abandoning  tH« 
ffrbund  they  had  taken«  adoptea  more  vigorous  measure* 
m  Uitt  pros»ebution  or  the  war.    The  briunty,  ami  tli» 


?t:/?< 


tm 


MADISON'S! 


I18IS. 


,:fc 


'4 


m' 


■t'A' 


;i'f  ^  . 


Wf'^n  of  soldiets,  were  increased.  The  president  was 
a\  t  1  riidd  to  raise  twenty  additional  regiments  of  infantry, 
to  i  fD/j  treasi^ry  not|s,  and  to  borrow  money.  Provision 
iw^^jllso  made  for'^%uIlding  four  ships  of  ^l?s  Imsf  six 

£rigai^  aad  as  man^  vessels  of  war  on  tVs  great.  Ifikoe  pb 

iho  pnbiio  service  niight  require.  r 

,4.  So  great  'vas  the  desire  of  the  citizei^s  of  the  ^est^m^ 

eountry  to  regain  possession  of  the  ierritv  7  of  Mi^irigaat^ 

t^i^  in  order  to  effect  it,  ge?roral  H&rripon  resolved  10 

j|ip|||i^e  a  winter  cajiipaigiia    General  V/ Liichestery  with 

^y^pfeoiiof  the  wester !(is  ana i}',.  proceeded  in  advance  to 

^i^Frenchtown,  a  vilhge  on  the  river  Raisui,  liot  fp,r  f'om 

^'Detroit.     A  British  pst-y  statit^nei  hi  the  village  was 

Attacked,  routevl  and  entirely  disper^e<l 

5*  'r^ '  Americans  encamped  near  the  field  of  battle,  a 
a  pail,  i  iki-r  boinjj  protected  by  close  garden  pickets. 
Althmtgtiiiiec;  a??  Ci^vimy^s  post,  but  little  precaution  was 
lal^p  to  i^:k  .  siii;  s  tmrprise.  Early  in  the  morning  of  the 
m  Jassaarj?,  lacy  were  attacked  by  a  large  force  of 
t^i^h  anJ  Indians,  the  former  commanded  by  colonel 
Pi^bter,  the  latter  by  the  cMefs  Roundliead  and  Splitlog. 
Th.i:'  troops  in  the  open  field  were  throv7n  into  disorder. 
Gent  ral  Winchester  and  other  officers,  mJide  an  ineffectual 
ffttteniiit  to  rally  them.  They  fled,  but  wbiie  attemptingto 
escape  were  mostly  killed  by  the  Indians.  The  general  and 
colonel  Lewis  were  made  prisoners. 
fv  6.  The  troops  behiod  the  pickets  maintained  the  contest 
with  undaunted  bravery.  At  length  colonel  Proctor  assured 
general  Winchester,  that  if-the  remainder  of  the  Ameri- 
cans would  immediately  surrender,  they  should  be  protected 
from  massacre ;  but  otherwise  he  would  set  fire  to  the 
village,  and  would  not  be  responsible  for  the  conduct  of 
tne  savages.  Intinildat&d  by  this  threat,  general  V;  m- 
chester  sent  an  order  to  the  troops  to  surrender,  which 
they  obeyed. 

7.  Colonel  Proctor,  leaving  the  wounded  without  a  guard, 
marched  back  immediately  to  Maiden,     ^^^'e  Indians  ac- 
companied them,  alfew  miles,  but  retur 
morning.    Deeds  of  horror  followed.    ' 
cers  were  drr     ^d  from  the  housec:.  ;  *' 
the  streets.     .  -e  buildings  were  h--.     . 
attempted  to  escape  were  forced  hn 
Gi'iers  were  put  to  death  by  the  *0i : 
shockingly  mangled  in  the  highway.   '%^b' 


mrly  the  next 

j^^pmded  offi- 

i  ant^alped  in 

lie.    Some  who 

tnte  tha  #unes. 

'iswk,  pd  left 

infamy  of  tkis 


butchery  should  not  ^11  upon  the  perp.    itors  alone.    It 


18  ta.] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


ill 


ea  10 
ywith 
use  to 

was 


mnst  rest  equallj^^upon  those  who  ihstigated  thejm  to  hos- 
tility, by  whose  side  they  fought,  who  were  able,  and^werd 
bound /by  a  solemn  engagement  to  restrain  them. 

8.  The  battle  and  massacre  at  Frenchtown  Atftf^ 
Kentucky  and  Ohio  in  mourning.      Other  Vfj^juRplriff* 
indignant  at  the  treachery  and  cruelty  of  their  roesr  Hl^ 
tened  to  the  aid  of  Harrison.    He  marched  to  t^e  rapids 
of  Miami,  where  he  erected  a  fort,  which  he  0^1*^-** 
Meigs,  in  honor  of  the  governor  of  Ohio.    On  tj 
May,  it  was  invested  by  a  large  sumber  of  Ii  '^ 
by  a  party  of  British  troops  from  Maiden,  the 
manded  by  colonel  Proctorl 

9.  Five  days  afterwards,  general  Clay,  at  the  hoiid  of 
1200  Kentuckians,  madb  an  attempt  to  raise  the  siege* 
Dividing  his  force  into  several  parties,  and  making  an  fin* 
petuous  onset,  he  drove  the  besiej^ers  from  their  "^orks* 

%  . ;  His  troops,  supposing  the  vietpry  coniplete  and  disregarmvig 
^  the  orders  of  their  commander,  dispei'S^  int^the  vN»ods« 
The  enemy,  ret'irning  frpm  their  flighlivobtfuned  an  ea^ 
victory.  Of  the  Americans,  two  or  three  hundred  Jp^|fi0c| 
into  the  fort;  about  three  hundred  were  killed  or Upde 
prisoners;  the  remainder  fled  to  the  nearest  seUleOilwtS* 
The  enemy  sustained  considerable  loss.  ' 

10.  The  fort  continued  to  be  defended  with  braireTjr  aiii 
skill.  The  Indians,  unaccustdmed  to  sieges,  b^an^ 
weary  and  discontented.  On  the  Bth  of  May,  liotwith- 
standing  the  entreaties  of  their  chief,  Tecumseh,  they 
deserted  their  allies.  On  the  9th,  the  enemy,  despairing 
of  success,  made  a  precipitate  retreat.  General  Harrison^ 
kavi  ug  general  Clay  in  commard,  returned  to  Ohio  fof 
reinforcements;  but  in  this  quarter  active  operations  were 
not  resumed  until  a  sr||uadrou  had  been  built  and  prepa^ 
for  action  on  Lake  Erie.  '  r     %      > 

11.  At  Sackett^s  Harbor,  on  the  northern  frontier's 
,v  body  of  troops  had  been  assembled  under  the  command  of 

i?  iieiaJ  De^irborn,  and  great  exertions  were  made,  by 
,,  cpmrnadore  Chauncey,  to  build  and  equip  a  squadron,  on 
Lake  Oa?  irio,  sufficiently  powerful  Ife  contend  with  that 
of  tl\ft  enemy.  B  '  the  25th  of  April,  the  naval  prepara- 
tions were  so  far  completed  tliat  the  general,  and  1700 
trorps,  were  conveyed  acros^'the  lake  to  the  attack  of 
York,  the  capital  of  UpjiCr  Canada.  ■' 

12.  On  the  '2vth,  an  auvaneed  party,  led  by  hrigadier- 
general  Pike,  who  was  born  in  a  camp  and  bred  a  soldier 
itom  his  birth,  landeil,  although  opposed,  at  the  waiei^ 


'*i  ' 


MADISON'S 


[1819 


jige  Jby  a  superior  force.  After  s  short  Imt  terere  con^ 
liictt  tM  fusemy  were  driven  to  their  fortifieations*  The 
.  IMjLtbe  troops  having  landed,  the  whole  narty  pressed 
fflSMpk'^^'^^  ^^®  ^^  battery  hy  assamtf  and  were 
liioii^nff  Ji»wards  the  main  works,  when  thb  '^ncmy's  maffa- 
iine  oBtrup,  with  a  tremendous  explosion,  hurting  u]x>n  the 
'  lig  troops  immense  aiiantities  of  stone  and  timber, 
mbers  were  killed,  the  gallant  Pike  leoeived  a 
^^nd ;  the  troops  halted  for  a  moment,  but  re- 

jpom  the  shock,  again  pressed  forward  and  soon 

^l^ndl^ffisession  of  the  town.  Of  the  British  troops,  one 
hundred  were  killed,  nearly  three  hundred  were  wounded, 
and  the  same  number  made  prisoners.  Of  the  Americans, 
three  bundled  and  twenty  were  Killed  and  wounded,  and 
nearly  all  of  them  by  the  explosion  of  the  magazine.  The 
fbkf  \|^hich  waved  over  the  fort  was  carried  to  the  dying 
Pike ;  at  his  desire,  it  was  pliced  under  his  head,  when, 
with  the  smile  of  triumph  on  his  lips,  he  expired. 

14.  l*he  object  of  the  expedition  attained,  the  squadron 
and  troops  returned  to  Sackett's  Harbor,  Whence,  the 
wounded  and  prisoners  beinff  landed  and  other  troops  taken 
on  board,  it  sailed  to  Fort  George,  at  the  head  of  the  lake* 
After  a  warm  engagement,  the  enemy  abandoned,  and  the 
Americans  enterf>d  the  fort.  The  fugitives  retired  to  the 
heights,  at  the  hea4  pf  Burlinston  bay.  On  their  retreat, 
they  were  joined  l^  a  detachment  from  £ort  Erie  ana 
Ohtppeway.  Two  brisades,  under  generals  Chandler  and 
Winaer,  were  despatched  In  pursuit.  On  t!ie  evening  of 
the  5th  of  June,  they  encamped  at  Stoney  Creek^  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  enemy,  who,  considerioff  their  situation 
desperate,  turned  upon  their  pursuers  and  attacked  them 
in  the  ntaht. 

15.  The  Americans  received  them  with  coolness ;  but 
such  was  the  darkness,  that  general  Chandler,  intending 
to  place  himself  at  the  head  of  his  artillery,  threw  him- 
self into  the  midst  of  a  British  party.  A  few  minutes 
afterwards,  the  same  mistake  was  committed  by  genen^""^ 
Winder.  Satisfied^th  the  capture  of  these  officers,  ami 
a  few  other  prisoners,  the  enemy  made  a  pEecipitate  re*" 
treat.  The,  American  troops  returned  to  FWt  George*r 
This  misfortune  was  soon  followed  by  another.  Lieuten- 
ant-colnnel  Boerfitler,  having  been  sent  with  >00  men,  to 
disperse  a  body  of  the  enemy  collected  at  the  Beaver  Danis^ 
was  surrounded,  and  the  whole  detachment  made  prisoners. 

16*  While  the  |p^ea||r  psrt  of  the  American  army  was 


1813.J 


ADMINISTRATION/ 


MM 


thos  employe4  k\  C^inada,  the  Biitish  made  an  attack  upon 
the  important  po&t  of  Sackett*8  {(arbor.    On  the  37th  oC 
May,  their  squadion  appared  before  the  tovim.  '^AlrnD 
ffuns  instantly  assemblea  the  citizen»of  the  neighbc 
General  Brown,  of  the  New-York  militia,  ci)mni|| 
chief*  his  whole  force  amoiintinff  to  about  oi^e 
men.    By  his  orders,  a  slight  hreastwork  « 
thrown  nn,  at  the  only  place  where  the  enemy 
Behird  this,  he  placed,  the  militia,  the  re| 
colonel  Baclnis  forming  a  second  line.^  ' 

17.  On  the  morning  of  the  29th,  one  thpiisai 
troops  land^  from  the  Sfjuadron.  They  adVanceid  toward 
the  breastwork.  The  militia,  seized  wttti  itisudden  panic, 
iled  in  confusion.  Colonel  Mills,  in  a  vain  attjen^  to 
rally  them,  was  mortally  wounded^  The  regulars^  ahi^'a 
spirited  resistance,  were  compelled  to  retire  toward  tiiipi 
town,  but  in  their  retreat  they  took  possession  of  the  Hbuses 
on  the  road.  From  these  coverts  they  poured  so  destruc- 
tive a  fire  upon  the  British  column,  that  it  halted  aiid  fell 
back.  General  Brown,  by  a  stratagem,  converted  this 
slight  check  into  a  precipitate  flight.  •  Collecting  the  panic 
struck  militia,  he  directed  their  course  alone  a  road,  whicht 
w:hile  it  led  from  the  village,  appeared  to  tie  British  coni- 
mander  to  lead  to  the  plaoo  of  landing.  Perceiving  them 
marching  with  great  speed,  he  supposed  that  '  ' '  dbject 
was  to  cut  off  his  retreat,  and  re-cinbarked  sc  .tastily  as 
to  leave  behind  .mdst  of  his  wounded.  General  Brown, 
in  recompense  for  his  servicesff  jivas  appointed  a  brigadier . 
in  the  regular  Jirmy. 

.  18.  Meanwhile,  upon  the  &ea  coast,  a  distressing  and 
predatory  war  was  carriedlopb  by  large  detachments  from 
the  powerful  navy  of  Greil  Britain.  One  si|Uadr^n,  sta- 
tioned in  Delaware  bay,  captured  and  burned  evoiynieri* 
chant  vessel  which  came  within  its  reach.  '^'  inhabitants 
of  Lewiston,  in  the  state  of  Delawwe,  huv^ng  refused  to  ''^ 
sell  provisions  to  th^~  enemy,  the  village  wa^  bomhardei^. 
and  several  attempts  were  made  to  land,  but  they  were 
defeated  by  the  militia. 

19.  Early  in  the  spring,  another  and  ndore  powerf^f 
^'  tadron  arrived  in  Chesapeake  bay.  |t  waS  commanded 
,j  admiral  Cockburn,  who,  departing  froiri  the  usual  modes 
of  honorable  warfare,  directed  his  efforts  principally  a^inst 
unoffendins  citizens  and"  peaceful  villages.  The  farm- 
liduses  and  gentlemen^s  seai^  near  the  shore  were  iflun- 
ieredy  and  the  cattle  driven  away  or  wantonly  slaughter^. 


^tn% 


MADISON'S 


tlBUk 


yjWfc 


^renchtown,  Hayre  de  Grace,  Frederir>ktown,  and  George- 
^wn  were  sacked  and  burned.  Norfolk  was  saved  fro^n 
•imilar  fate,  by  the  determined  bravery  of  a  small  force 
on  Craney  Island,  in  the  harbor.  A  furious 
1|as  mr^ '  ^c  Hampton,  Mrhich,  nuti^ithstanding 
Wt  "^-^  la.' '  af  it£(  small  garrison,  was  captureo, 
L^nforuktitte  inhabitants  suffered  all  which  r^briita] 
It  ruined  fsioldiery  could  inflict. 
le  (Hean,  in  the  mean  time,  had  been  the  theatre 
,.  [nary  conflicts,  in  which  the  victors  gained  un- 
tmishcll  laurels.  Captr  * « .  "  ono^,  in  the  sloop  of  war 
Hornet,  disooverinj^,  in  the  neutral  port  of  San  Salvador, 
M  British  sloop  of^war  of  superior  force,  challenged  her 
':^i  nnander  to  meet  him  at  sea.  The  challenge  hein^ 
ae«;;ined,  captain  Lawrence  blockaded  the  port  until  j^rced 
by  a  ship  of  the  line  to  retire.  '*^ 

21.  Soon  after,  on  the  23d  of  February,  the  Hornet  met 
the  British  brig  Peacock,  of  about  equal  force.    A  fierce 

.  combat  ensued.  In  less  than  fifteen  minutes,  the  Peacock 
struck  her  colors,  displaying,  at  the  same  time,  a  signnl  of 
(distress.  The  victors  h'ajtened  to  the  relief  of  the  van- 
.  quished,  and  the  same  strength  which  had  bf  4  exerted  to 
Conquer  was  now  exerted  to  "save.  Xheir  efforts  were 
but,  partially  successful.  She  sunk  before  all  hor  crew 
could  be  removed,  carrying  down  nine  British  seimien  and 
three  brave  ami  generous  A  .ericans.  In  the  battre,  the 
lost  of  the  Hornet  wa-j^t  one  killed  and  two  wounded; 
that  of  the  Peacock  waiw^ever  ascertained. 

22.  On  Yi'i-^  return  to't^'^  IJaitrd  States,  captain  Law- 
rence was  promoted  to  th  clttimand  of  the  frigate  Ghesa- 
peake^thim  in  the  harbor  of  Boston.  For  several  weeks, 
the  Bifitinti  frJ^L;  e  Shannon,. ©f  eqial  force  but  having  a 
8elected>.rew,  aad  been  cruising  betore  the  port ;  and  cap- 
tain Brookf  her  commander,  had  announced  his  wish  to 
meet,  in  single  comba  ,  m.  American  frig&te.  Inflamed 
by  this  challenge,  cr .  in  Lawrence,  although  his  crew 
wa)^  just  enlinted,  anu  ai&  >fficers  were  strangers  to  him 
and  to  each  other,  set  sail,  un  the  first  of  Junci  j»  pursuit 
of  the  Shannon. 

23.  Towards  evening  of  the  same  day,  they  mei,  and 
instantly  encaged,  with  unexampled  fury.  li|i:ajve]gr  few 
minutes,  and  in  quick  succession,  the  sailing  timl^i'  of  the 
C^sapeake  was  killed,  captain  Lawrence  and  lltrea,  Ueu- 
teoants  were  severely  woufnded,  her  rigging  walsctlfiil  to 
pieces  that  she  hH^ou  board  the  Shannon^  her  dui  of 


tin.} 


APMINISTRATION. 


A» 


aims  blew  up,  cfipta.  liawrence  receired  a  second  and 
mortal  wound  and  was  carried  below ;  at  this  instant,  tli^ 
position  of  the  sliips  being  favorable,  cai)tain  Brook,  stt  thi 
nead  of  his  raarinen,  gaOantl'y  boarded  the  <^hesagjiakah 
wheu,  every  officer  who  could  take  conunand  heinj^Anfi 
or  wounded,  resistance  ceased,  and  the  American  &g  vite 
struck  by  the  enemv. 

24.  That  fortune  favored  the  Shannon  cannot  be  doubted. 
That  the  event  would  have  been  the  same  had  foi^neii 
favored  neither,  is  rendered  probable  by  the  a8tODi8h|n§ 
effect  of  her  fire.  This  unexpected  defeat  impelled i/th« 
Americans  to  seek  for  circumstances  consoling  to  their 
pride,  and.|n  the  journals  of  the  day,  many  rnsh  we^e 
stated  to  have  preceded  and  attended  the  aetion.  Bt|t 
nothing  could  allay  their  grief  at  the  fall  of  the  youthf&l 
and  intrepid  Lr  v^rence.  His  previous  victory  and  mag- 
nanimous conduct  had  rendered  him  the  favorite  of  the 
nation,  and  he  was  lamented  with  Sorrow,  deep,  sincere, 
and  lasting.  When  carried  below,  he  was  asked  if  the  - 
colors  should  be  struck.  "No,"  he  replied,  "they  shall 
wave  while  I  live."  When  the  fate  of  the  ship  was  de-> 
cided,  his  proud  spirit  was  broken.  He  became  deHriout 
from  excess  of  mental  and  bodily  suffering.  Whenever 
able  to  speak,  he  would  exclaim,  "Don't  give  up  the  ship  I" 
an  expression  consecrated  by  >is  countrymen ;  and  he 
uttered  but  few  other  words  during  the  four  days  that  he 
survived  his  defeat.  . 

25.  This  victory  was  not  achieved  without  lossf  Of 
the  crew  of  the  Shannon,  twenty- four  were  killed  ^nd 
fifty-six  wounded.  Of  that  of  the  Chesapeake,  ^rty- 
eight  were  killed  and  nea.  ^y  one  hundred  woui|JMi^  Oreat 
was  the  exultation  of  the  enemy.  Victories  i^er  the 
frigates  of  other  nations  were occurrciKes  t06  Common  to 
excite  emotion ;  but  the  capture  of  an  Amerioail  !^gate 
was  considered  a  glorious  epoch  in  the  naval  history  of 
Great  Brit  lin.  The  honors  and  rewards  bestowed  upon 
captain  Br(K)k  were  such  as  had  never  before  been  received 
but  hy  the  conqueror  of  a  squadron.  These  demonstrations 
of  triumph  were  inadvertent  confessions  of  American  su<* 
periority ;  and  were,  to  the  vanquished  themselves,  sourcet 
of  triumph  and  consolation. 

S6.  The  next  encounter  at  sea  was  between  the  Ame« 
iicaii  brig  Argus  and  the  Bmish  brig  Pelican.  Tne^^j^er 
was  of  superior  force,  and  was  victorious.  Soe^^ler, 
tht  American  brig. Enterprise,  commanded  by  lieatenaiil 


MADISON'S 


[191 


.Bunrow8,ieaptored  the  British  brig  Boxer,  eov)  ^  ariiled  hy 
captain  Jllyth.  These  vessels  were  of  equal  tbrce,  hut 
the  greater  efTeot  of  the-  dre  of  the  Enterprise  furnished 
to  the  Amerijpana  anotl'ier  prool  of  the  superior  skill  of 
their  iHamen.  Both  commanders  were  killed  in  the  actioiiy 
and  were  buried,  each  by  the  otiier^s  side,  in  Portland. 

27f  vThe  evc?nts  of  the  war  a^ain  call  (uir  attention  to 
tHe  ilkirthwestern  frontier.  While  each  natitin  was  busily 
employed  ir*  equipping  a  squadron  on  Lake  Erie,  general 
Clay  remained  inactive  at  Fort  Meigs.  About  the  last  of 
July,  a  large  number  of  British  and  Indians  appeared  before 
the  fort,  hoping  to  entice  the  garrison  to  a  general  action 
in  the  field.  A  fler  waiting  a  few  days  without  succeeding, 
they  decamped*  and  proceeded  to  Fort  Stephenson,  on  the 
river  Sandusky.  This  fort  was  little  more  than  a  picket- 
ing surrounded  bv  a  ditch ;  and  the  ffarrison  consisted  of 
but  160  men,  who  were  commandea  by  major  Oroghan, 
a  youth  of  twenty-one.  On  the  first  of  August,  it  was 
invented  by  500  regulars  and  800  Indians. 

28.  After  a  cannonade,  which  continued  two  days,  the 
enemy,  in  the  evening,  supposing  a  breach  had  been  made, 
advanced  to  assault  the  works.  Anticipating  this,  major 
Crpghan  had  planted  a  six  pounder,  the  only  piece  of  can- 
non in  the  fort,  in  a  position  to  enfilade  the  ditch.  It  was 
loaded  with  grape-shot  and  slugs,  and  was  discharged  the 
instant  the  asailants  arrived  before  it.  The  British  com- 
mander and  many  of  his  men  were  killed,  and  many  others 
severely  wounded.  The  remainder  in  haste  and  disorder, 
retreated  to  their  former  position,  and  at  dawn  of  day 
retired  4o  Maiden.  The  youthful  Croghan,  for  his  valor 
and  good  conduct,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel.  He  and  his  brave  companions  received  the  thanks 
of  congress;  and  to  evince  their  resect  for  his  virtues,  the 
ladies  of  ChUlicothe  presented  to  him  an  elegant  sword.  . 

29.  In  the*'  mean  time,  by  the  exertions  of  commodore 
Perry,  an  American  squadron  had  been  prepared  for  service 
on  Lake  Erie.  It  consisted  of  nine  small  vessels,  cafi/- 
ing  in  all  fifty-four  guns.  A  British  squadron  had  also 
been  built  and  equipped,  under  tne  superintendence  of 
commodore  Barclay.  It  consisted  of  six  vessels  mounting 
sixty-thr^e  guns. 

30.  Commodore  Perry,  immediately  sailing,  offered  battle 
to  hip  adversary.  On  the  tenth  of  SeptembBr,  the  British 
commander,  having  the  wind  in  his  favOr,  left  the  hosier 
of  Maiden,  to  accept  the  offer.    In  a  few  hours,  t)ie  Wki 


>r 


1818.] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


m 


thifled,  ffiring  the  Americans  the  advantage.  Perr^Tf 
'  forming  tne  line  of  battle,  hoisted  his  flag,  on  which  weei 
inscribed  the  words  of  the  dying  Lawrencor  **  Don*t  give 
up  the  ship.  ^  Loud  huzzas  from  all  the  vessels  proi^imed 
the  animation  with  which  this  motto  inspired  their  p^tri* 
otic  crews. 

31.  Alnrnt  noon,  the  firing  commenced ;  but  thf^ind 
being  lif^ht,  the  Lawrence,  the  commodore's  flag-sli^p,  was 
the  only  American  vessel  that  could,  at  firsts  engage  in 
close  action.  For  two  hours,  she  contended  alone  wKh 
two  vessels,  each  nearly  her  equal  in  force.  All  but  seven 
of  her  crew  were  either  killed  or  wounded,  and  she/bjr 
the  damage  she  had  received,  was  rendered  wholly  un- 
manageable.   The  wi  nd  springing  up,  captain  filliot  was  at 

'  length  enabled  to  bring  the  Niagara  into  action.  To  this 
ship,  commodore  Perry,  sailing  in  an  open  boat  through 
the  midst  of  the  fire,  transferred  his  flag.  Again  the  com- 
bat raged  with  undiminished  fury.  In  a  short  time,  one 
of  the  British  vessels  surrendered,  and  soon  afler  another; 
and  the  rest  of  the  American  squadron^now  joining  in  the 

'  action,  the  victory  was  rendered  decisive  and  complete. 
At  four  o'clock,  the  brave  and  fortunate  commander  des- 
patched to  general  Harrison,  at  Fort  Meigs,  this  laconic 
epistle :  **  We  have  met  the  enemy,  and  they  are  ours.'* 

32.  Great  was  the  joy  which  this  brilliant  victors  ''^» 
casioned  throughout  the  union.    That  it  was  a(*hi« 
over  a  superior  force ;  that  it  was  the  first  evr    /  ^^  ■* 
over  a  squadron;  that  it  was  entirely  decisivo      i\?>. 
opened  the  way  to  the  recovery  of  all  that  had     Pen  jo^'. 
by  the  defeat  of  general  Hull,— were  circumstant 

threw  every  other  victorv  into  the  shade,  and  cast  the 
brightest  lustre  upon  the  characters  of  the  heroes  who  had' 
-  gained  it.  At  every  place  that. he  visited^  the  gallant 
Ferry  received  the  most  flattering  proofs  of  a  nation's 
gratitude  and  love; 

^,  As  soon  as  general  Harrison,  who  had  been  joined 
by  governor  Shelby  with  u  large  body  of  Kentucky  militia, 
received  intelligence  of  this  victory,  he  hastened  to  the 
lake,  and  was  conveyed  by  the  vessels  to  Maiden.  The 
British  commander,  anticipating  this  movement,  had  aban- 
doned that  place,  which,  on  the  28th  of  September,  was 
oiii^pied,  without  opposition,  by  the  American  army. 
pS^.  The  enemy,  passing  Detrint  in  their  retreat,  nsceiided 
t^ikiver  Thames,  to  the  Moravian  villages.  They  were 
pursued  by  general  Harrison, 'and,  on  the  0th  of  October, 


iM 


MADISON^ 


P^. 


bro^ht  to  ftction.  His  force  being  greatly  superior,  a 
complete  victory  was  easily  and  speedily  gained.  Six 
hunaredy  nearly  the  wh  jle  of  the  partyf  were  cnade  priso- 
ners; Teoumseh,  the  celebrated  Indian  chief  was  killed; 
and  all  the  posts  that  had  been  surrendered  by  general  Hull 
were  recovered  from  the  enemy. 

35.  Xeavinff  general  Cass  in  command  at  Detroit,  general 
HarHson,  with  part  of  the  regular  force,  again  embarked, 
on  board  the  vessels,  and,  on  |he  24th,  arrived  at  Buffalo, 
in  New- York,  intending  to  join  the  American  army  on  the 
Niagara  frontier.  But  a  sufficient  number  of  general  offi- 
cers having  been  assigned  to  that  army,  he  received  per- 
mission to  return  to  his  family. 

36.  Previous  to  the  events  just  related,  general  Dear- 
born, in  conse<^uence  of  severe  indisposition,  was  with- 
drawn from  active  service,  and  general  Wilkinson  appointed 
to  command  the  army  of  the  centre,  which  comprised 
about  7*1)00  men.  Having  received  orders,  from  the  secre- 
tary of  war,  to  descend  the  St.  Lawrence  and  attack  Mon- 
treal, he  directed  the  scattered  detachments  to  assemblf^  at 
Grenadier-Island,  on  lake  Ontario.  Such  were  the  diffi- 
culties attending  the  concentration  of  the  trmips,  and  such 

Serhaps  the  want  of  vigor  in    the  commander,  that  ihd 
otilla,  upon  which  they  embarked,  did  not  get  under  way 
until  the  5th  of  November. 

37.  Their  progress  was  impeded  by  parties  which  the 
enemy,  at  every  cimvenient  position,  had  stationed  on  the 
Canada  shore.  To  disperse  these,  a  body  of  troops,  un- 
der the  command  <)f  general  Brown,  was  landed,  and 
directed  to  march  in  advance  of  the  boats.  At  Chiystler's 
fields,  on  the  llth  of  November,  a  body  of  the  enomy,  of 
equal  force,  was  encountered.  In  the  battle  which  ensued, 
both  fought  with  resolute  bravery,  and  both  claimed  the 
victory.  The  loss  of  the  Americans  was  greatest,  but 
they  drove  ;he  enemy  from,  their  position,  and  enabled  the 
flotilla  to  pass  unmolested. 

38.  The  next  day  it  arrived  at  St.  Regis.    At  this  place, 

general  Hampton,  who  commanded  the  troops  at  Platts- 
iirp,  had  been  ordered  to  meot  the  main  army,  and  no 
doubt  had  been  entertained  of  his  disposition  and  ability 
to  comply  with  the  order.  But  here  general  Wilkinson, 
tc  his  surprise  and  mortification,  wasxini^   a^ed  that  the 


•M;tj, 


'^1 I__A 

1  jiK  prujiecb 


of  attacking  ?  ontreal  was  ahandone*!  d  th'i  array  len- 
der Wilkinson,  marching  to  French  Mill:;  there  encp^ped 
for  the  winter.  ,n 


mi) 


ADMINISTRATION. 


909 


'  99.  This  abortive  issue  of  the  campaign  occasioned 
tnunnurs  throughout  the  nation.  The  causes  which  led 
to  it  have  never  been  fully  developed.  The  sevei est  cen- 
sure fell  upon  general  Armstrong,  who  was  secretary,  of 
wari  and  upon  genetal  Hampton.  The  latter  soon  alter 
resigned  his  commission  in  the  army,  and  general  Izitd 
was  selected  to  command  the  post  at  Plattshurg.    ,^ 

40.  In  the  progress  of  our  narrative,  some  event!  have 
been  passed  over,  which  will  now  be  related.  In  the 
early  part  of  this  year,  the  emperor  of  Russia  offered  bin 
mecuation  to  the  two  powers  at  war.  On  the  part  of  the 
United  States,  the  offer  was  promptly  accepted,  and  Messnl& 
Adams,  Gallatin,  and  Bayard,  were  appointed  commis- 
fiioners  to  negotiate,  at  St.  Petersburg,  a  peace  under  tiie 

'proffered  mediation.  , 

41.  On  the  24th  of  May,  congress  was  convened  by 
proclamation  of  the  president.  Laws  were  enacted  impo- 
sing a  direct  tax  of  three  millibns  of  dollars ;  authorixmg 
the -ooUection  of  various  internal  duties;  providing  for  a 
loan  of  seven  and  a  half  million  of  dollars ;  and  prohibiting 
the  merchant  vessels  of  the  United  States  from  sailing 
under  British  licenses.  Near  the  cloi?e  of  the  session,  a 
committee,  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  subject,  made  a 
long  report  i^pon  the  spirit  and  manner  in  which  the  war 
had  been  conducted  by  the  enemy.  Many  proofs  were  pre- 
sented of  shameful  departures  from  the  rules  of  warfare 
"observed  hy  civilized  nations.  w      :^    v 

^  42.  In  September,  commodore  Cnauncey  made  two  crui- 
ses upon  lake  Ontario,  and  repeatedly  offered  battle  to  the 
enemy's  squadron,  which  was  superior  in  foi*ce ;  but  Sir 
James  Yeo,  the  British  commander,  intimidated  ?jy  the 
result  of  the  battle  on  lake  Erie,  retired  before  him.  On 
one  occasion,  however,  in  a  running  fight,  liis  ships  sus- 
tained considerable  injury. 

43.  In  the  same  month,  captain  Rogers,  who  commanded 
the  frigate  President,  returned  from  a  long  cruise,  having 
captured  eleven  merchantmen ;  but  he  met  no  armed  ves- 
vels,  the  capture  of  wliioh  could  enhance  his  reputation. 
Captain  Porter,  in  the  Essex  rode  triumphant  in  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  annoying  the  trade  of  the  enemy  and  protecting 
that  of  the  republic. 
,  44.  The  Indians  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  nnion 
had  imbibed  the  same  hostile  spirit  as  those  at  the  North- 
western. They  had  been  visited  by  Tecumseh,  and,  by 
ills  eloquence,  persuaded,  that  the  gceat  Spirit  required 


4170 


MADISON^ 


tmi; 


them  to  unite  and  attempt  the  extirpation  of  tibe  wkitesi 
m.}d  had  proniiied  them  victory  as  the  reward  of  thei/  exh 
ertions.  'n  the  fail  of  1812,  a  cruel  war  was  carried  on, 
by  the  Creeks  and  Seminoles,  against  the  frontier  inhabit- 
ants fif  Georgia.  General  Jacl^on  at  the  head  of  3500 
vjlunteers  fmm  Tennessi^c?,  marched  into  the  country  of 
tne  Indians.  They,  overawed  b^  his  presence,  desisted 
fi>r  a timfi  from  hostility;  but,  after  his  return^  their  «ni- 
mosity  barst  forth  with  increased  and  fatal  violence*  v 
^  45.  Dreading  their  cruelty,  about  three  hundred  men, 
women,  and  children  sought  safety  in  Fort  Mimros,  in  the 
Tensaw  settlement.  Although  frequent  warnings  of  an 
intenjied  attack  had  been  given  them,  yet,  at  noonday,  on 
the  30th  <»f  August,  they  were  surprised  by  a  party  pf  six 
hundred  Indians,  who  with  axes  cut  their  way  into  the 
fort,  and  drove  the  people  into  the  houses  which  it  enclosed. 
To  these  they  set  fire.  Many  persons  vrere  burned,  and 
many  killed  by  the  tomah*  vk.  Only  seventeen  escaped 
to  carry  the  horrid  tidings  to  the  neighboring  stations,     v 

46.  The  whites  resolved  on  vengeance.  Again  general 
Jackson,  at  the  head  of  3500  militia  of  Tennessee,  marched 
into  the  southern  wilderness.  A  detachment  under  general 
Coffee,  encountering,  at  Tallushatchie,  a  body  of  Indians, 
n.  sanguinary  conflict  ensued.  The  latter  fought  with 
<iesp<^rati<#n,  neither  giving  nor  receiving  quarter,  until 
nearly  every  warrior  had  perished.  . 

47.  At  Talladejra^  another  battle  was  fought,  in  which 
three  hundred  Indians  perished.  The  rest  of  the  party, 
exceeding  seven  Imndred,  ilod.  General  Jackson's  pro- 
visions Iwinsr  exhausted,  he  wns  unable  to  pursue  them. 
While  on  his  return  to  the  settlonients,  to  obtain  a  supply, 
his  troops  became  refractory  and  even  mutinous.  Nearlj 
all  rf'turned  to  their  homes ;  but  to  the  small  numljer  that 
remained  were  soon  adde^l  a  reinforcement  of  one  thousand 
TOotmted  voluviteers. 

48.  At  the  head  of  this  force,  he  marched  to  Emuckfaw, 
within  a  bend  of  the  Tallapoosa,  wliere  a  body  of  the 
«nemy  ^ere  posted.  To  several  skirmishes  succeeded  a 
general  hnttle,  in  which  the  whites  were  victorious,  but 
sustained  ctjnsiderable  loss.  For  the  relief  of  the  wounded, 
Jackson  relurnnd  to  Fort  Stroiher,  where  the  volunteers 
were  disohargrpd.     Gener?*!  White  from  East  Tennessee, 

•gainst  the  Indians,  and  w«re'  victurioue  in  •vorjr  conilwl 


1818.1 


ADMINISTRATION. 


m 


«ni- 


So  enraged  were  the  savages,  that  but  few  would  accept 
of  quarter  or  seek  safety  in  retreat* 

49.  Yet  still  was  the  spirit  of  the  Creeks  unsubduedy 
and  their  faith  in  victory  unshaken.  With  no  little  sa- 
gacity and  skill,  the>  select'3d  and  fortified  another  position 
on  the  Tallapoosa,  called  by  themselves  Tohopeka,  and 
by  the  whites,  Horse-shoe  Bend.  Here  nearly  a  thousand 
warriors,  animated  with  a  fierce  and  determined  resolution, 
were  collected.  Three  thousand  meuj  commanded  by 
general  Jackson,  marched  to  attack  this  post.    To  prevent 

.  escape,  a  detachment,  under  general  (yoflfee,  encircled  the 
Bend.  The  main  body,  keeping  within  it,  advanced  to  the 
fortress.    For  a  few  minutes,  the  oppcising  forces  weic 

•engaged,  muzzle  to  muzzle,  at  the  port  holes.  Sooh  the 
troops,  leaping  over  the  walls,  mingled  with  the  savages. 
The  combat  was  furious  and  sanguinary.  The  Indians, 
fleeing  at  length  to  ihe  river,  beheld  the  troops  on  the 
opposite  bank.  Returning,  they  fought  with  increased 
fury  and  desperation,  and  continued  to  resist  until  night, 
six  hundred  warriors  were  killed ;  four  only  yielded  them- 

:  selves  prisoners ;  the  remaining  three  hundred  escaped. 
Of  the  whites,  fifty-five  were  killed,  and  one  hundred  and 
forty-six  wounded. 

50.  It  was  expected  that  another  stand  would  be  mr^le, 
by  the  Indians,  at  a  place  called  the  Hicskory-ground. 
General  Jackson  marched  thither  in  April.  The  principal 
chiefs  came  out  to  meet  him;  i  nd  among  them  was  Wether- 
ford,  a  half  blood,  distinguished  equally  for  his  talents  and 
cruelty.    "  I  am  in  your  pover,"  said  he,  **  do  with  mo 

\  what  ycu  please.  I  commanded  at  Fort  l^Iimms.  I  have 
done  the  white  people  all  the  harm  I  could.  I  have  fought 
them,  and  fought  them  bravely.  There  was  a  time  when 
I  had  a  choice ;  I  have  none  now,  even  hope  is  ended. 
Once  I  could  animate  my  warriors ;  Lut  1  cannot  animate 
the  dead.  They  can  no  longer  1  ear  my  \oice ;  thc'r  bones 
are  at  Tallushatchie,  Talladega,  Emuckfaw,and  Tohopeka. 
While  there  was  a  chance  of  success,  1  never  supplicated 

,  peace ;  but  my  people  are  gone,  and  I  row  ask  it  for  my 
nation  and  myself."  P.f  ace  was  concluded,  anu  the  brave 
general  Jackson  and  his  troops  enjoyed  an  honoraUe  but 
short  repose.  #. 


■;M  -Xii^.. 


CHAPTER  XX  /f IL 
CAMPAIGN  OF  1814. 

CONCLUSION  OF  THE  WAR. 


In  the  winter  of  1813-14,  the  fifteenth  congress  held  a 
second  session.  To  increase  the  niinnber,  and  .to  add  to 
the  efficiency  of  the  army,  several  laws  were  passedi  by 
otie  of  which  the  enormous  bounty  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-four  dollars  was  offered  to  recruits.  The  president 
was  authorized  to  borrow  twenty-five  millions  of  dollars, 
and  to  iss  le  treasury  notes  to  the  amount  of  five  millions. 

2.  Before  the  terminatio!V)f  the  session,  a  communication 
was  received  from  the  British  government,  declining  to 
treat  under  the  mediation  of  Russia,  and  proposing  a  direct 
negotiiition  at  London  or  Gottenburgh.  The  proposition 
was  accepted  by  the  American  government,  who  chose 
Gottenourgh  as  the  place  of  meeting,  for  which  Ghent  was 
afterwards  substituted ;  and  Henry  Clay  and  Jonathan 
Hussell,  were  joined  with  the  commissione/s  already  in 
Kurope.  Mr.  Clay,  in  consequence,  relinquished  the  sta- 
tion of  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Langdon  Clieves,  of  South-Carolina. 

3.  Early  in  the  springr,  the  American  army  marched  from 
French-Mills ;  a  part  of  the  tr(»ops,  under  the  command  of 
general  Wilkinson,  proceeding  to  Plattsburgh,  and  the 
remainder,  under  general  Brown,  returning  to  Sackett's 
Harlw)r.  Near  the  last  of  March,  gen^^ral  Wilkinson 
penetrated  into  Canada,  and  attacked  a  body  of  the  enemy, 
occupyinjf  a  large  stone  mill,  on  the  river  La  Cole.  H^ 
was  repulsed  with  considerable  loss.  This  defeat  de- 
tracted from  liis  already  diminished  reputation.  He  was 
remov<Ml  from  cimimand,  and  general  Izard  appointed  to 
succeed  him. 

4.  Foi  three  months,  the  armies  of  both  nations  con<- 
tinned  inactive.  Meanwhile  infoririation  was  received  of 
ttie  stufwn*'ous  events  which  had  recently  occurred  in 
E*dr<»pe.  The  emjieror  of  France,  having  been  arrested 
in  his  victorious  car;»er  and  sustained  defeat  after  defeat, 
was  (M)in||)elled  to  abdicate' IJs  throne,  and  reti:*e  to  the 
isliind  or  Klha.  Louis  the  XVI  [I  was  proclaimed  king ; 
and  Great  Uriiain,  at  peace  with  all  the  world  but  the 
United  States,  was  enabled  to  direct  figainsi  theiaaloue 


V. 


W14] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


m% 


the  immense  force  which  had  been  emplorsd  to  crush 
her  rival.  She  delayed  not  to  nte  the  adyantages  af- 
forded by  her  good  fortune.  From  the  ports  of  conquered 
France,  ships  of  war  and  transports  bearing  Teteran  and 
victorious  troops,  sailed  to  the  American  continent,  some 
destined  to  the  Niagara  frontier,  and  soniiB  to  the  AtlanMc 
coast. 

6.  These  events  could  not  be  viewed  with  indifference 
by  the  American  people.  The  friends  of  the  administration 
anticipated  a  severer  conflict,  and  prepared  for  greater 
sacrifices  and  greater  sufferings.  Its  opposers  were  en- 
couraged to  malce  more  vigorous  efforts  to  wrest  the  reins 
of  authority  from  men  wi.o,  they  asserted,  had  shown 
themselves  incompetent  to  hold  them.  These  efforts^ 
although  condemned  by  a  great  majority  of  the  people,  di- 
minished in  no  slight  degree,  the  strength  of  the  fepublic. 

^  6.  In  the  beginning  of  July',  general  Brown,  who  had 
oeen  assiduously  employed  m  disciplining  his  troops, 
crossed  the  Niagara  with  about  3000  men,  and  took  pos- 
session, without  opposition,  of  Fort  Erie.  In  a  strons 
position,  at  Chippewa,  a  few  miles  distant,  was  intrenched 
an  equal  number  of  British  troops  commanded  by  general 
Riall.  On  the  4th,  general  BrOwn  approatihed  their  works. 
The  next  day,  the  two  armies  met  in  the  open  field.  The 
conHict  was  obstinate  and  bloody.  The  Americans  were 
victorious ;  and  the  enemy,  having  sustained  the  loss  of 
five  hundred  men,  sought  safety  behind  their  intrenchments. 

7.  This  decisive  victory,  achieved  after  so  many  reverses, 
was  hailed  as  an  omen  of  future  suscess.  Soon  afterwards, 
general  Riall,  abandoning  his  works,  retired  to  the  heights 
of  Burlington.  Here  lieutenant-general  Drummond,  with 
a  large  reinforcement,  joined  him,  and  assuming  the  com- 
mand, led  back  the  army  towards  the  American  camp. 
On  the  25th,  was  fought  the  battle  of  Brid^ewct  f,  which 
Degan  before  sunset  and  continued  until  midnight. 

8.  This  battle  was  fought  near  the  cataract  of  Niagara, 
whose  roar  was  silenced  by  the  thunder  of  cannon  and  the 
din  of  arms,  but  was  distinctly  heard  during  the  pauses  of 
the  fight.  At  intervals  the  moon  shone  brightly,  but  often 
her  light  was  obscured.  Against  a  superior  force,  the 
Americans,  for  several  hours, contended  with  various  sue* 
cess.  Durmg  the  lirst  part  of  the  engajromput,  tl^ey  were 
sorely  annoyed*  into  whatever  part  nt  the  fi,>hl  thev  miirht 
drive  the  enemy  or  be  driven,  by  the  Britiadi  artillery, 
stationed  un  a  commanding  eminence.    *'  Can  you  storm 


474 


MADISON'S 


[18a 


■■w 


»■-  / 


that  battery  t**  said  general  Ripley  to  colonel  Miller.  ««P11 
try,  sir/^  was  the  laconic  answer.  At  the  word  of  eom« 
tnand  his  men,  with  Hteady  courage,  ascended  the  hill, 
mdvanced  to  the  muzzles  of  the  cannon,  killed  with  the 
bayonet  several  artillery-men,  on  the  point  of  firing  their 
v|»ieces,  and  drove  the  remainder  before  them. 

9.  Both  parties  were  instantly  reinforced,  and  the  enemy 
made  .a  darmg  effort  to  regain  their  cannon.  They  were 
repulsed,  but  quickly  repeated  the  attempt.  Nearly  all 
the  opposing  forces  gathered  around  this  position,  and  to 
possess  it  was  the  sole  object  of  both  armies.  Again  the 
enemy  were  repulsed ;  but  again  they  renewed  the  effort. 
Alter  a  violent  conflict,  they  were  a  third  time  driven 
£rom  the  hill.  The  firing  then  ceased ;  the  British  troops 
were  withdrawn ;  and  the  Americans  were  left  in  quiet 

.  possession  of  the  field. 

10.  Gefierals  Brown  and  Scott  hsiving  both  beori  severely 
Wounded,  the  command  devolved  np^m  general  Ripley. 
He  remained  a  few  himrs  upon  the  hill,  collected  the 
wounded,  and  then  returned  unmolested  to  the  camp. 
The  number  of  the  killed  and  wounded  proves  the  bravery 
of  the  combatants,  and  the  severitv  of  the  conflict.  On 
the  American  side  it  was  743 ;  on  the  British,  one  hundred 
less ;  and  of  the.  latter  117  more  were  missing  than  of  the 
former.  The  British,  thereforii,  besides  losing  their  posi- 
tion, sustained  the  greater  loss  of  men. 

11.  General  Ripley  found  his  force  so  much  weakened, 
that  he  deemed  it  prudent  again  to  occupy  Fort  Erie.  On 
the  4th  of  August,  it  was  invested  by  general  Drummond 
with  5000  troops.  In  defending  it,  no  less  bravery  and 
skill  were  requisite,  and  no  less  were  displayed,  than  in 
contending  in  the  field.  In  the  night  between  the  14th 
and  15th,  the  besiegers  made  an  assault  upon  the  fort, 
which  was  repelled  with  conspicuous  gallantry  by  the 
garrison,  the  former  losing  more  than  nine  hundred  men, 
the  lat*er  but  eightv-four. 

12.  The  siej^e  was  still  continued.  On  the  2d  of  Sep- 
tember, general  Brown,  having  recovered  from  his  wounds, 
threw  himself  into  the  fort  and  took  command  of  the  gar- 
rison For  their  fate,  great  anxiety  was  felt  by  the  nationf 
which  was,  however,  in  some  degree,  removed  by  the 
march  from  Plntlsbur^h  of  live  thousand  meji  to  their 
relief.  On  the  17th.  a  sortie  v*'as  rr.acie  by  *hr  besieged, 
general  Porter  of  the  New- York  militia,  and  general  Miller 
of  the  regular  anny,  commanding  divisions.    The  bravery 


11 


1814.] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


m3 


•6  III 

(iom« 
hill, 
the 

their 


■^^ 


of  the  troops  oqualled  that  which  they  had  displayed  in  t\ke 
repent  contests.  After  an  h<>ur  of  close  figliting,  th§y 
returned  to  the  fort,  having  killed,  wounded,  and  tak^ 
one  thousand  of  the  enemy.  Their  loss  was  6eYer% 
amounting  to  more  than  five  hundred. 

13.  On  the  21st  of  September,  the  forty-ninth  day  of 
the  siege,  general  D;umm'.)nd  withdrew  his  forces,  relievii^E 
the  garrison  from  their  tuil,  which  had  been  incessant,.jN^ 
from  their  danger,  which  had  been  encountered  without 
fear.  Seldom  nave  troops  deserved  higher  praise  or  their 
country.  On  the  Dth  of  October,  general  Izard  arrived 
with  the  reinforcement  from  Plattsburgh,  and  being  senior 
officer,  took  the  command.  On  the  18th,  he  marched, 
with  his  whole- force,  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  whom  he 
found  at  Chippewa,  strongly  posted  in  a  fortified  camp* 
After  making  several  unsuccessful  attempts  to  entice  them 
into  the  field,  he  evacuated  Canada,  and  placed  his  troops 
in  winter  quarters  at  Buffalo,  Blackrock,  and  Batavia. 

14.  The  march  of  the  troops  from  Plattsburgh  having 
left  that  post  almost  defenceless,  the  enemy  determined  to 
attack  |t  by  land,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  attempt  the 
destruction  of  the  American  flotilla  on  Lake  Champlain. 
On  the  3d  of  September,  Sir  George  Prevost,  the  governor- 
general  of  Canada,  with  an  army  of  14,000  men,  most  of 
whom  had  served  in  the  wars  of  Europe,  entered  the  ter- 
ritories of  the  United  States.  As  soon  as  his  object  wasi 
ascertained,  brigadier-general  Macomb,  the  commander  at 
Plattsburgh,  called  to  his  aid  the  militia  of  New- York  and 
Vermont,  who,  with  alacrity  and  without  distinction  of 
party,  obeyed  the  call. 

15.  On  the  6th,  the  enemy  arrived  at  Plattsburgh,  which 
is  situated  near  Lake  Champlain,  on  the  northerly  bank  of 
the  small  river  Sarans  c.  On  their  approach,  the  American 
troops,  who  were  posted  on  tlie  opposite  bank,  tore  up  the 
planks  of  the  bridges,  with  which  they  formed  slight 
breastworks,  and  prepared  to  dispute  the  passajgre  of  the 
stream.  Several  attempts  to  cross  it  were  made  by  the 
enemy,  but  thoy  were  uniformly  defeated.  From  this  time, 
until  the  llth,  the  British  army  were  employed  in  erecting 
batteries,  while  the  American  forces  were  every  hour  aug- 
mented by  the  arrival  of  volunteers  and  militia. 

16.  Early  in  the  morning  of  that  day,  the  British  squad* 
ron,  commanded  by  commodore  Downie,  appeared  off  the 
harbor  of  Plattsburgh,  where  that  of  the  United  States, 
e<»Qmanded  by  commodore  McDooough,  lay  at  anchor 


m 


f7« 


MADISON'S 


[1614 


prAnared  *for  battle.  The  former  carried  ninety^fiTe  gunt. 
and  was  manned  with  upwards  of  1000  men,  the  lattei 
carried  eighty-six  guns,  and  was  manned  with  820  men. 

17.  At  nine  oVslock  the  battle  comiirienced.  Seldom 
has  the  ocean  witnessed  a  more  furious  encounter  thaa 
now  took  place  on  the  b(>9om  of  this  transparent  and 
piMieeful  lake.  At  the  same  moment,  the  enemy  on  land 
D^ian  a  heavy  cannonade  upon  the  American  lines,  and 
attei&pted,  at  diiferent  places,  to  cross  the  Saranac.  At 
a  ford  above  the  village  tne  strife  was  hot  and  deadly.  As 
often  as  the  enemy  advanced  into  the  water^  they  received 
a  destructive  fire  from  the  militia,  and  their  d^ad  bodies 
floated  down  the  stream  literally  crimsoned  with  blood. 

18.  At  half  past  eleven,  the  shout  of  victory,  heard 
along  the  American  lines,  announced  the  result  of  the 
battle  on  the  Ifike.  A  second  British  squadron  had  yielded 
to  the  prowess  of  American  seamen.  The  cry  animated 
to  braver  deeds  their  brethren  on  the  land.  Fainter  became 
the  efforts  of  the  enemy.  In  the  afternoon,  they  withdrew 
to  their  intrenchments.  In  the  night,  tliey  began  a  pre- 
cipitate retreat,  and  had  iled  #ight  miles  before  their  de- 
parture was  known  in  the  American  camp. 

19;  Upon  the  lake,  the  American  loss  was  110;  the 
British  194,  besides  prisoners.  On  land,  the  American 
loss  was  119;  that  of  the  British  was  estimated  at  2500. 
In  the  latter  number,  however,  were  included  more  than 
five  hundred  British  soldiers,  who,  preferring  America  to 
their  native  country,  deserted  from  the  retreating  army. 
With  these  splendid  victories  closed  the  campaign  on  the 
northern  frontier. 

20.  On  the  ocean,  the  republican  flag  maintained  its 
high  reputation.  Victory  was  not  always  won ;  but  defeat 
never  occurred  attended  with  dishonor.  The  Essex,  com- 
manded by  captain  Porter,  after  a  bloody  combat  protracted 
longer  than  was  necessary  to  vindicate  his  fame,  struck 
to  a  British  frigate  and  sloop  of  war,  whose  united  force 
was  much  superior.  The  American  sloop  Peacock  cap- 
tured the  Epervier  of  equal  force.  The  sloop  Wasp, 
commanded  by  captain  Blakely,  captured  the  Iteindeer, 
and  afterwards,  in  the  same  cruise,  sunk  the  Avon,  each 
of  superior  force.  She  made  several  other  prizes ;  but 
neyer  returned  into  port.  Darkness  rests  upon  her  fate. 
She  probably  foundered  at  sea.  The  republic,  wiih  deep 
and  sincere  grief,  mourned  the  los8  of  her  gallant  crew, 

dl.  The  people  of  the  middle  and  southern  statofi.  an-. 


I 


ttu.1 


ADBONISTRATIOIf. 


877 


en« 

IdoiQ 

than 

and 
land 

and 


tiehMttng  a  mat  augmentation  of  the  enemy'a  foro^,  and 
oncertaiA  where  the  blow  would  fall»  made  exertiomi  to 
^aca  evary  exposed  position  in  a  posture  of  defence. 
The  citizens  of  New- York  displayed  extraordinary  activity 
and  zeal.  Ph*Hdelphia  and  Baltimore  were  supposed  to 
be  in  less  danger  >  but  additions  were  made  to  their  fortifi'* 
cations.  For  i\\e  protection  of  Washingtun,  a  mSii^ 
district,  embraciuL'  Maryland,  Columbia,  and  a  pari^iSr 
Virginia,  was  established,  and  the  command  of.it  giipBn  to 
general  Winder,  of  Baltimore.  One  thousand  rtf^ar 
troops  were  placed  at  his  disposal,  and  he  was  authorized 
to  call  to  1^8  aid  15^000  militia. 

32.  In  tike  beginnmg  of  August,  the  expected  reinforce- 
ments, consisting  of  many  vessels  of  war,  and  a  large 
nuniber  of  troops,  arrived  in  the  Chesapeake  from  Europe. 
Of  'his  force  several  frijiatei.  and  bomb  vessels  were  ordered 
to  ascend  the  Potomac ;  another  division,  under  Sir  Peter 
Parker,  was  directed  to  threaten  Baltimore ;  the  main  body 
ascended  the  Patuxent  as  far  as  Benedict,  where,  on  the 
19th  of  Aufust,  five  thousand  men,  commanded  by  general 
Ross,  were  landed. 

33.  In  the  mean  time,  general  Winder  had  called  on  the 
militia  to  repair  to  his^standai^  "^^^  ^^^^  exceedingly 
.remiss  in  obeyinff  th#calL    On  the  33d,  not  more  than 

two  thousand  had  assembled.  At  the  hea^^of  thesie,  and 
of  One  thousand  regulars^  ^3  took  a  ]>ositioii  not  far  £rom 
the  enemy,  intending  to  p*  vent  their  progress  into  the 
country* 

34.  A  particu!  ir  account  of  the  subsequent  events  will 
not  be  attempted.  General  Ross,  marching  through  a 
scattered  population,  advanced  towards  Washington.  The 
Americans  jetired  before  Mm.  A  stand  was  made  near 
131  adensburgh.  The  militia  ^ed  on  the  approach  endanger ; 
but  a  body  of  seamen  and  .narines,  commanded  by  com- 
modore Barney,  not  only^  maintained  their  ground,  but 
compelled  the  enemy  to  give  way.  They  rallied,  however, 
immediately ;  outflanked  the  heroic  band,  put  it'to  ffight, 
and  hastened  forward. 

35.  The  retreating  fbrces  were  ordered  to  assemble  on 
the  heights  near  the  capitol;  and  their  they  were  Joined 
bj  a  body  of  Virginia  militia.  But  general  Winder,  eon- 
sidering  his  force  toe  «k  to  oppose  effectual  resistance, 
retreated  to  the  height  G'eorgetown.  Washington,  thus 
Jeft  deffenceless,  w^s  de  i  '  sd  by  most  of  the  citizens. 

&U  On  thd  3lth|at  ^Ji,t  o'clock  in  the  evening,  the 

r  » 


T*^-" 


??^* 


Wm  MADISON'S  014^ 

enemy  entered  the  city,  and  at  nine,  the  capitol,  president's 
hoii0B,  anr^  many  other  buildings,  were  set  on  fire.  Valu- 
jiblo  libraries,  w  *  o  of  taste,  und  elegant  specimens  of 
•he  fine  arts,  were  consigned  to  destruction^.  On  the 
ovening  of  the  next  day,  the  ^nemv  lel't  the  ^/,  and  re- 
turned unmolested  to  Benedict ;  where,  on  the  30th,  they 
<M^rl:ed  on  board  the  transports.  Thtiir  loss,  during  the 
'iiHIirsion,  including  deserters,  and  such  as  died  from  fatigue 
on^^iyriarch,  exceeded  eight  hundred.  » 

S^The  capture  of  Washington  reflected  disgraqe  upon 
those  by  whom  it  ought  to  have  been  defended.  pThe  (les- 
tructi#n  of  the  national  edifices  attached  a  still  darker 
stigma  to  the  character  of  the  enemy.  The  whdle  civilized 
world  exclaimed  against  the  act  as  a  violation  of  the  rules 
of  modern  warfare.  The  capitals  of  most  of  the  European 
kingdoms  had  lately  been  in  the  power  of  an  enemy;  bufc' 
in  no  instance  had  the  conqueror  been  guilty  of  similar 
conduct.  An  indignant  spirit  pervaded  the  republic.  The 
friends  of  the  government  were  not  only  increased  in 
number,  but  felt  an  additional  motive  to  exert  all  their 
faculties  to  overcome  the  enemy  of  their  country. 

28.  The  srundron  which,  at  the  Same  time,  ascended 
the  Potomrc:,  mot  with  even  less  resistance  than  that 
which  ascf-  ^;:!'  ,he  Patuxent.  As  soon  as  it  arrived  at 
Alexandria,  the  citizens  proposed  a  capitulation;  and  the 
terms  were  sptiedily  adjusted  with  the  British  commander. 
To  purchase  safety,  ihcy  delivered  up  all  their  shipping; 
all  the  merchandize  in  the  city,  and  all  the  naval  km  ord- 
nance stores  public  and  private^^  With  a  fleet  of  prizes, 
loaded  with  a  rich  booty,  the  enemy  returned  immediately 
to  the  ocean. 

29.  The  success  of  the  attack  on  Washington  encouraged 
general  Ross  to  undertake  an  expedition  against  Baltimore. 
On  the  12th  of  September,  h?  landed  5000  men  on  North 
Point,  about  fourteen  miles  from  the  city,  to  which  h 
directed  his  march.  Preparations  for  defence  had  already 
been  made.  The  whole  of  the  militia  had  been  called 
into  the  field ;  the  aged  and  the  rich  had  voluntarily 
entered  the  ranks ;  and  assietance  had  been  obtained  from 
Pennsylvania  and  Virginia. 

30. '  General  Smith,  who  commanded  the  American 
Ibrces,  detached  general  Striker,  with  three  thousimd  men, 
to  retftird  the  progress  of  the  enemy.  The  advanced  parties 
inel  ibeiit  eight  miles  from  the  city.  In  the  skirmish 
whioli  <B^ued  generi^  lldss  was  killed.    The.invaderst 


liH.l 


ADMINISTRATION. 


nn 


howerer,  under  the  command  of  colonel  Brooke,  eont^naed 
to  advance,  and  soon  met  and  attackt  1  the  dctaohmeiit 
tinder  Striker..  One  of  the  militia  regiments  pve  way. 
This*  communicated  a  panic  to  the  others,  and  the  general 
fell  hack  to  the  heights,  where,  behind  breastworks  hastily 
erected,  the  main  body  of  the  Ameru  ans  awaited  an  attack 
31.  After  landing  the  troops  at  North  Point,  the  BrithA 
fleet  had  sailed  up  the  IN^tapsco  and  bombarded  Foiri 
McHenry  and  Fort  Vo\ '  igi  whi.  h  stand  at  the  eiMtanoe 
into  the  harbor.    The  forii         is  commanded  by  major 


Newcomb,  of  the  navy. 

e  Ajeet  was  repulsed,  and 

ling  that  the  naval  force 

,  retreated,  on  the  14th, 


Armistead,  the  latter  by  1 

Both  were  gallantly  defi 

the  commander  of  the  trov  p 

could  afford  no  farther  assist.. 

to  North  Point,  and  the  next  day  re-embarked.     Sckhi 

after,  the  fleet  left  Chesapeake  bay,  and  part  proceeded 

southward  to  convey  the  troops  to  the  theatre  of  future 

operatio.is  and  of  unprecedented  slaughter.  ' 

32.  Trt  ikhe  New- England  states,  a  majority  of  the  people 
were,  from  the  first,  opposed  to  the  war ;  and  as  it  restrained 
them  from  their  most  profitable  pursuits ;  commerce  and 
the  fishieries,  their  dissatisfaction  continued  to  increase. 
They  complained  that  their  peculiar  interests  were  disre* 
garded,  and  that  the  government,  employing  elsewhere  the 
resources  drawn  from  New-England,  cfid  not  afford  them 
that'  protection  to  which,  as  a  port  of  the  nation,  they  were 
^entitled.  The  most  zealous  therefore  recommendea  that, 
not  Only  the  militia  but  tlie  revenue  should  be  retained  at 
home  and  employed  for  their  own  defence  and  protection/ 

33.  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  proposed  that 
a  convention  of  delegates,  from  the  New-Elngland  states, 
should  assemble  at  Hartford  to  devise-  means  to  obtain 
redress  of  their  grievances.  To  this  proposition  Con* 
necticnt  and  Rhode  Island  acceded.  In  I)eceml)er  the 
convention  met,  consisting  of  delegates  from  th()se  states, 
appointed  by  their  legislatures ;  of  two  from  New-Hamp- 
fiffire,  and  one  from  Vermont,  appointed  at  county  meetings. 
Their  sittings  were  secret.  Upon  their  adjournment,  they 
published  an  address  to  the  people,  in  which,  in  bold  and 
forcible  language,  they  enumerated  the  measures- of  the 
national  government,  supposed  to  be  particularly  detri- 
mental to  the  interests  of  New-England,  and  of  thecom- 
jnercfa!  class;  of  the  nation,  and  proposed  such  amendmenta 

It,  in  future,  the  adoption 


to  the  constitution  as  would  pr 
of  similar  moasures. 


"Ic 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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10 


1.1 


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118 


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2.5 
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III 

1.6 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  145S0 

(716)  872-4503 


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M«  In  th#  folli^infonrmtioa  was  received  ihtt  ik^  Am«- 
lim«nd  ^fitteh  commissioners  had  met  and  liei4  con- 
fl^enoesat  Ghent.  Great  Britaisy  rendered  arnwmit  by 
ll#f  rfcenrt  trtomphs  in  Eiiropet  by  the  caf>ttire  of  wash* 
ton»  &nd  by  the  boldness  of  the  opposition^  demanded 
"""  whfsh  extingai':,hed.the  hope  of  a  speedy  reconeili- 
^Pmi^tcss  shrunk  not  from  the  onty  which  the 
MlMised.  Although  the  expefvdilares  of  the  nation 
IpreCll^ll^eedflid  t|ie  income ;  allti^tKih  its  dances  were 
~"  ^*^^*T»  and  its  credit  was  iinliiifedy  yet  the  natiimal 
S  w^iUndaanted  fihnAess,  entered  upon  the  Iptk 
itigflv^  means  to  prosecute  the  war  wilh  inoreiiled 
i^iS**rt   f^^  were  augmented,  and  new  loans  wer^ 

jmthiMtied.    The  dutiesofsecretaiy  at  war»iroiii  which 

Snt  gsl^fH  Armstrong  was  removedy  were  assigned  to  Mr* 
onroet  the  •ec'^tary  of  state,  and  Mr.  Dallas  of  Penn^ 
iiyitania,  was  appointed,  secretary  of  th^  Ueasuijr* 
.'36i^  Tiie  repose  of  general  Jacks^  apd  of  tlui  troops 
#lidm  he  commanded,  was  interiuptid  by  thf  ;i^rrital  at 
l^^Rsaisola,  in  Aunist,  of  tharee  British  ihlps  of  mmti  bring- 
ing three  hundred  soldieri,  fuid  K^ns  and  ammui^tioa  to 
lie  distributed  among  the  1]|^M  of  Florida.  The  troops 
were  permitted,  l^  the  Smiards*  to  tA^  poftseMiioii^ 
the  fiirl,  and  the  <^mman<ier  issued  a  proeliuiiataoiit  lodi» 
mating  ail  intention  of  carrying  on  wir  against  the  a4iioeiit 
parts  of  the  republic. 

S6.  General  Jackson,  with  eharacteristie  pTemptneM. 
took  hifttant  and  efficient  measures  for  calHng  to  nis  aid 
the  patriotic  militia,  who  had  before  been  victorious  under 
his  oanners.  And  haying  remonstrated  in  rain  with  the 
goremor  of  Pensacola,  foi^  affording  shelter  and  pj^eetion 
to  the  enemies  of  the  United  States,  he,  near  the  #hd  ci 
October,  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  regulars  and  two  thousand 
mounted  vilvLVJleevB,  marched  against  that  place.  A  flag, 
sent  to  'Hemand  redress,  was  fired  on  from  the  batteries. 
He  immediately  marched  into  the  city,  stormed  the  fort, 
drained  entire  possession,  and  compelled  the  Britii^  to. 
eracuate  Florida.  - 

87.  Returning  to  his  head-quarters  at  Mobile,  he  there 
recelted  inillligence  that  a  powerful  expe^tion  WHS  an 
the  way  to  ittack  New-Orleaas.  Without  delay,  he 
Biarehedf  with  his  troops,  to  that  city.  He  found  it  in  a 
itate  of  confusion  aii^  alarm.  The  militia,  composed  of 
BMHil  of  ui >^  nations,  .'w^a  imperfectly  OfKan^ed.  Mauyt 
IMhig  00  tttaohmeiirio  the  republic!  hadrefustdlfiinM 


ill. 


1914*1 


AD^flNlStRAllON, 


til 


tile  i^ks.  No  fbrtiilcfttbns  existed  drt  tK^  Tirioas  route* 
by  whieh  the  place  oould  be  approached;  and  feara.  weNT 
ent^ahied  thai  the  reinrbrcements  of  militia,  which  were 
expected  from  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  eould  not  arrive 
in  time  to  take  p^rt  in  the'^contest.  « 

38.  Undismayed  by  the  difiiculties  which  surronnded 
hinri,  general  Jackson  adopted  the  most  decided  ande(licien|^ 
means  fi)r  the  safaty  of  this  rich  and  important  cijty.  -rm' 
yisited  in  person  every  eiiposed  point,  and  desighstted  the  ' 
positiom\  to  be  fortified^  He  mingled  with  th^  ^Hhens 
and  infu^  into  the  greater  ])art  his  own  spirit  anii  energy«> 
By  his  presence  and  exhortations,  they  were  aiumiit^d  to 
exertions  of  which  before  they  were  not  supposed  to  be 
Capable.  All  who  could  wield  %  spade,  or  carry  a  muSket, 
were  put  to  work  upon  the  fortifications,  or  trained  in  the 
art  of  defending  theftt. 

.  39.  The  Misui:$8tj)pi,npoh  the  east  bank  of  which  Nelir- 
Orleans  stands,  flows  to  the  ocean  in  several  channels* 
One,  lefii^tng  the  niain  stream  above  the  city,  runs  east  Of 
It  and  fonflfisf^in  its  coursei,  Luke  PonchartVain  and  Lake 
Borgne»  Karly  in  December,  the'  enemy  entered  this 
ehahnel.  ^Their  whole  force«moimted  to  about  8000  men, 
e  pait  idf  whom  had  just  left  the  shores  of  the  Chesapeake, 
an^the  lemainder  had  arrived  directfy  from  England.  A 
small  squadron  of  gunboats  under  lieutenant  Jones,  was 
despatched  to  oppose  their  passage  into  the  lake.  These 
were  tnet  by  a  supek'ior  force,  and  after  a  spirited  eon flict, 
in  \vhlctt  the  kiiied  and  wounded  of  tiie  enemy  exef3eded<^. 
the  whole  nuttiber  of  the  Americans,  they  were  compelled 
to  siirl^nder; 

40*<Tlii8  disaster  required  the  adoption,  in  the  city,  of 
mote  rigorous  measures.  Disaffection .  growing  bolder, 
martial  law  was  proclaimed ;  the  authority  of  the  civil 
ina#iitrHte  was  suspended;  and  arbitrary  power  was  as- 
sun^  and  exercised  by  the  comni.tnder-in»chief.  May 
no  emeiigency  hereafV.er(»ccur,  in  which  a  military  offioef? 
shall 'OovifSlder  himself  authorizad  to  cite,  as  a  precedent, 
thia  violation  of  the  constitution. 

4ir  Oh  the  2 1  St  of  December,  four  tho^nd  mil itis 
arrived  from  Tennessee.  On  the  22d,  the  ^^my*havinff 
prevkmely  landed,  took  a  position  near  the  iriain  channel 
of  the  river,  about  eight  miles  below^the  dty.  lit  the 
eteAingofthe  23d,  general  Jacks|#hiade  a  sudden  and 
furlotis  iill««k  open  their  camp.  ;|J|^y  were  thrown  IntOf 
dilMllff  bitt  toej^soon  ralUed  4^||^^>ught 


with  brSTvTSI 


n 


>;:i 


'-■v 
■^"l 


sm 


ltABISON*S 


[Idlil 


9^  to  thai  of  ^HB  asBailaats.    Satisfied  with  Ilia  adfin^ 
faga  firat  gained,  he  withdrew  hia  troepa,  foitiOad  a  atnmg  " 
piitioa  four  milea  below  New-Qf|ean8«  and  Ottppoited  it 
hy  batteries  erected  on  the  westMnk  of  the  river. 

49.  On  the  28th  of  Decembert  and  first  of  January, 
Tifiifous  bat  unsiieoessful  attaclca  w^ri^Hlade  opon  these 
il^ifioalions  by  the  enemy.  In  the  W^n  time,  botii 
aiinieshad  received  reinforcements;  «ild|lik)erBl  Paoken- 
hanit  tiie  British  commander,  rOioh^id  to  exeit  all  hia 
iliehgth  i|  a  combined  attack  upon  the  American  posit^iia 
on  belli  siieifAf  the  river.  With  almost  incrediwe  Mdns- 
^j  h»  caused  a  canal,  ieadihg  from  »  creek  en^ptyinf  into 
Lake  fiofffne^  the  main  channel  of  the  Miasissipet,  to 
he  ihigi  that  he  might  remove  a  part  of  his  boats  and  ar« 
tillery  |j6  the  Jatfior.  All  things  beine  prepared,  the  8th 
of  Janiiary  waf  asi^igned  for  the  assault.  ^ 

43.  In  tiie  night,  a  regiment  was  transported  across  the 
rii^«  to  storm  the  works  on  the  western  baalc,  and  torn 
1^  guns  On  the^  American  troops  on  the  eastehi*  Early 
lithe  morning,  the  main  body  of  the  enemy,  conmsting  of 
aeyen  or  eight  thousand-  men,  marched  from  their  camp  to 
t;)^  assault.  While  approaching,  fearless  and  undaunted, 
[^howers  of  grape-shot  thinned  their  ranks.  When  they 
came  within  musket-shot  a  vivid  stream  of  fire  hcdrst  horn. 
Uie  American  lines.  General  JacV  -^n  havine  ^aoed  his 
troops  in  two  ranks,  those  in  the  7  loaded  for  those  in 
pront,  enabling  them  to  fire  with  scarcely  a  moment's 
intermission.  The  militia  of  the  west,  traiied  firom 
infancy  to  the  use  of  the  rifle,  seldom  took  unstMdy  or 
uncertain  sim.  The  plain  was  soon  covered  with  dead 
aqd  wounded.  Some  British  regiments  Stored  and  fell 
back;  but  others  advanced  and  presented  new  victims. 
While  bravely  leading  to  the  walls  the  regiment  which 
hore  the  ladders,  geneial  Packenham  was  killed.  In 
attempting  to  restore  order  and  to  rally  the  fugitives, 
general  Gibbs,  the  second  in  command,  was  wounded 
HairtaUy,  and  general  Keene  severelv.  Without  offieera  ,4 
1^  direct  them,  the  troops  first  halted,  then  fell  back,  and 
soon  fied  iniiisorder  to  their  camp.  In  little  nv^e  than 
an  hour,  tw^  thousand  of  the  enemy  were  laid  {ffostrate 
upon  the  fieti;  while  of  the  Amerkans  but  seven  wera 
lolled  and  six  wounded — a  disproportion  of  loss  without  a 
jMirallel  in  the  annals  (^  warfare. 

'  V  44s  TM^  events  of  ^«  day,  on  the'  weat  side  of  tktt 
ityir'lwiaat  a  stritinf  instaooe  of  tiie  uncertainty  of 


)X^ 


it 


l^il^J 


▲DMiNISflt/^ON; 


..•yfe 


^mwtVike^^nmtionM*  There  the  Ameri0aiiii'jireietlineet|e 
^  9fiiidi>erW  the  AssaUaRts,  And  were  protected  by  intirencS- 
nients ;  but  they  ingloriously  fled.  They  were  closely 
pursuedi  until  the  British  party,  receiviiu;  intelligejice  of 
Ibe  defeat  of, the  .main  armyy  withdrew  from  pursuit  and 
morossed  the  mex^  Thev  then  returned  and  rMumed 
possessien  of  tlieir  intrenchments.  %L' 

.  46*  General  l4uaberty  i^iaa  whom  the  command  of  i^ 
Bfiiish  army  had  derolredy  haying  lost  aH  hopeiKf^ocesm 
prepared  to  return  to^  his  8hippin|[«    In  his  retreat  be  was 
not  molested :  sv'nlralJaoksiH^  wisely  res^hing  to.  ha^ 
aotbinff  that  heliad  gained,  inMtempllng  to  i^in  Mflliwi^* 
^    40.  In  the  midst  of  the  r^^oicings  for  this  sknat  y|ot«kijrt 
"a  special  muassenffer  arrived  from  Europe,  with  a  treaity  of 
Mac^wfajbh,  in  December,  had  been  concluded  at  Ohent* 
The  British  government  had  receded  from  all  their  de- 
mands; and  as  the  orders  in  council  had  been  repaale^ 
|tiid  all  motive  fcHrtha  impressment  of  seaman  ha^iceas^ 
nfirith  the  war  in^  Europe,  no  stipulation,  in  relation  to  th^ 
:iiul:jftet8|  was  inserted  in  thfi(  treaty,  which  ^oyided  merely 
hf  the  res^ration  of  f|Siic#iiBd  the  revision  of  boundaries* 
The  trea^  wasJmmediateljr  ratified  by  the  president  a^ 

4f*  *I%e  wa?)  Ij^ev^r^  did  not  cease  on  the  ocean,  until 
tWA^vdditienal  victorlea  had  imparted  a  Mghter  lustre  to 
th)|  fepuUican  flag.  In  February,  the  Clohstitution,  then 
(erufiilng  under  the  command  of  captaii^  Stewart,  captured 
ytheiC|»ne  and  Levant,  whose  forces  united  were  superior 
00  hg^f  Itnd  in  March,  the  sloop  Hornet  captured  the 
itii  FfinguiHy  stronger  in  guns  and  men  than  the  victor. 


■•''V 


m 


:^    ^ffi^^^^y 


■^i' 


APPfiBTpIX. 


--■* 


English  colonies  of  NOTtlrAni^icti  ^^vera  settled  andflf 

ttd  most  fiiTorablo  auspices.  TKo|ilrift  o^  miiftlisd  juvl  bimit^ 
ftonijhkAlclom,  itnd  begun  to  delignt' in  tlVB  free  uml  vigorosM 
tecMlM  lof  its  powffs.  Religion  and  gov«ninieiit  had  bttofimm 
^^^^   '^-^^-  ^aJ-ilijKsussioni  -Th^  pB0pl«1»d^lwldly«i^ 

lr|^  of  their  nBU  lb  coo^t^thdit  acyoiMi^: 

I  to  prssiUflbe^  them  afstic^  oiMtiu^^^Ckep 

«hij|h|»rTank»|idK&tder  attlt^e ;  ^»d,  consi^os  of 

if»mdbegtt]tt^/eel  less  depcndenpe  upon  lOthenKir 

%  T%nii^iitoouhtTy,  where  the  advant^emeti^of  kno'MPledgo. 
hmSi  h<6en  i^E^ittest,  cMine  those  who  peopled  this  westero  w9de0i^ 
nesii    t%iiiy  be|6^^  a  class,  sotighmy^ohav^^ 

|itill6i|^aMlme  knowledge  iiii)Mqrt% 

£n^  jN9i  a^ilt  «0^^^^  be  above  the  powerof  the  o^vsjUOft' 

iThs  jie]j^e<m^  they  had  endured  rendered  the  principles  of 
ovtt  and  religious  liberty  more  dear  to  their  hearts ;  and  led 
Id  HiqiiiTies  and  reflections,  which  ^xed  a  conviction  of  their 
tni^  t0te  firmly  in  their  understandings. 

3i  Ni^  oecusion  could  be  more  fortunate,  no  men  could  biv« 
better  fitted}  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  sfiperstructure  entirelr^ 
tMW.  Th0ir  knowledge  enabled  them  to  discern  tlie  good  and 
the  evil  of  the  political  institutions,  which  had  existed  in  the 
f  Torld ;  and  their  fee  lings,  chastened  By  their  su^orings^  or  ele- 
vated by  their  fovoirable  view  of  human  nature,  lea  them  ro 
li^ect  those  provisions,  which  sacrificed  the  happiness  of  m&ny 
t^  the  splendor  of  a  few ;  and  to  adopt  such  only  as  gave  eqiiaK 
i^Shts  and  privileges  to  all. 

.it,'  In  every  nation  of  Europe,  ecclesiastical  establishraentf 
•xlsted,  almost  co-ordinate  with  the  civil  ar  thority.  The  ofii- 
o^^tbese  establishments  were  numerous,  md  their  privileges 
•iiy&ive.'  For  their  support, in'early  times^  a  tenth  part  of 
m&  Income  of  the  lait^  was  appropriatedf  Posseflsing  wealth, 
and  rank,  and  learmng,  their  influence  was  great,  and  was 
C6nstai^l|r  everted  to  acquire  and  preserve  dohiinioivover  th# 
minds  4UmI  consciences  of  men.  Their  success  was  equal  to. 
^  m€»Kw|^h  they  employed*  Thev  continued  to  odd  to 
lUluni  mBui  am  pQworf  untili»  corriipteu  by  luxury  and  idle* 
liess.  i^nr  forgot  their 'ilutie8W#>d  and  to  man;  and  en^ 
como^tid  teeietv  with  a  uselesa  atd  oppressive'  weight. 

6.  No  pa#bf  these  establishments  have  been  tratisferred 
fo  America.  "Thelrst  $0|tli^  of  most  of  the  colonies  were 
loOuKMid  of  their  attahmiiBfa^in  sfMrituai  knowledge,  to  sub- 
iiiHiodictaUon  in  malteiiof  faitht  imd  too  imiependent  in 
^-^-^-  lo  acknowledge  a  superior  on  earth.  Heif  mftn  to* 
lilt  natural  a^ddi^ihed  station:  ^nd  the  minietatiMW 
"^  matnbiiiunff  an  apoiimiciu  sunpiiclty  ~  -**=^«-^^ 


Iukvo  TiiiMflBi  wMttdii  to  fflHfiiinj  wuX 


il 


APPENDIX. 


BM 


4hi  nfdit^Btf  obteining,  anf  mater  influenoe  thaii  that  wludi; 
■limor  votew  and  pi^F  oonfer. 

II,  Tha  docitrine  of  hmdttarjr  rifht  prevailed  also  thTuodioolt 
fiurope^  By  the  fandaiiieiital  regulations  of  nearly  eyeTyking- 
dpOH  the  monafoh  and  nobles  transmitted  ta  their  etUe^  i»in% 
eiT#n  thouf h  aiNrtittttejof  talents  and  virtue,  their  autai^y» 
fiirlfiSeges,  and  rank.  Tha  people  often  saw  on  the  throne  men» 
mm^  were  guilty  of  the  moat  atrocious  wickedness,  ana  whps^ 
condoet  invdmd  communities  and  nations  m  mu^ff  •  ^^  no- 
attempt  coiildbe  made  to  femoveor  punish  them  wim^t^hjcUi 
ring  the  panalty  of  rebellio]^  They  «aw  also,  inofy^ 
itatiomu  men  iequaUy  wicked  and  aqoaUy  boyordln#.ic»i 

7.  The  kw  ofnrimoffeniture  existed  as  a  pari  bf  the;  nei^ 
ditaxy  inrstem.  The  elqert  aon  ihhitrited,  noithe  tifHe  oWi  htit 
also  aU  the  lands  of  the  father.  By  t!u»  uiqust  nm  iHinHturai 
kw,  die  younger  sons  and  the  daughters  were  dooinea  ^  con^ 
parative  porertyv  One  portion  of  the  people  wa«  mao^  rich  and 
awmr  poo&  Few  were  placed  in  that  happy  mediuHi  betWee|i 
mdth  and  povMtjf  which  is  most  (avorable  to  virtue,  to  hap^ 
pineasL,  and  tp  the  improvement  of  the  human  foeiiltt^ 

8.  The  principle,  that  power  could  be  inherited,  waii  at  once 
Injected  by  the  first  emigrante  to  America.  Th^y  had  wUnessef^ 
m  £urc»p<b^  pernicioiui  i^ration  of  this  principal  tj^Ar 
were  oo«nneed  of  its  absQi<$ty ;  and  even  had  .^t  suoE  h0 
Ihi  casik  that  equality  df  raiik  and  cbnditidni  whi(4>  ^#isi 

oag  thp'Vf  wotdd  havi;  pi^vented  any  oiie  from  Claimitig  suf 
m  PnW|^  lor  his'toitiy,  and  all  others  from  submitting  to  | . 
%  Tfae,law  of  prmgenitiire  fell  of  course  iiito  disiise,  or  mi 
HMSMiMt    Thalcqufmtjrofrighl^^ 

at  fisM^ha^eontumed  to  prevail;  and  ihoiif^  in  sonid  of  0|<l 
^mIosiIm,  the^extravagant  grants  of  land,  wfiibh  were  madf  ;Pjr 
eapriaout  governors  to  tl^ir  favorites,  introduced  great 
aa^&tf  M  i^rtune,  vet  the  salutary  operation  of  variouf^ 
fl  :;|M|»lfUy  dinmnshing  this  inequahty,  dividing  and 
Irihwivt^Qns  anany  tlui|;||eal^  i^ch,  when  in  the^ 
ft^  i»Wi  ii;i^  heneficiU  Id  the  public,  and  productive^ 

10.  The«lP^naofgovernment.e6tablishedin  the  co&ht^^ 
^plre  also  df^1<^  from  Burojiaan  precedents,  an^  were  u| 


Pfthf 
led  by 

m 

es  in 


h^gmm  with  their  so^  institutions. 
nm  of  the  early  chaiters  were  doubtless 
^  enigmits,  aiwJ  of  course  aocord^sti 
r _^^_  BTinmples.    The  Mixifpi  who  granied  theitf^ 
iniii^  pnvueges  to  encourage  the  settleii)ient^di 
Aiapi$iei»  entertaimng  no  sui^^cibn  that  tl^inir' 
e^r  |i«e  occa4^(»n  to  regret  their  concMbiii. 
^jMie  hat  little  distinpoii  in  Ums  rklpand  pll' 

his  e!#alii  T<m  stiite  of  jy^ividual  dependence  bemg  Mrdty 
1lpowtii.iit|  li^nse  0f  depeni^ce  on  the  mother  country  Wan 
gpsihuuly  hiii^^  and  the  t^atu^tion  Ihnn  a  colonial  totai  indii* 
litioii  %vas  natural  and  u;[SavoidabIe« 


smmii 


<! 


APPfiKBIX. 


^  11«  In  aokhing  i«  Ihe  contract  botvreen  the  tw0  mietMxs/f 
§ommfom^  grei^ter  thiin  in  the  requiffitiorft,  which  thev  make 
of  thf  .fMifile,  for  their  support  and  deftHice.  Tha*.  of  Great 
Biitani  nu^  be  taken  as  a  favorable  example  of  the  Gttn>pea|i 
foveKments.  The  people  of  that  kingdom  pay,  anntraIF;^»  for  tho 
•aifitt  of  their  sovereign  and  his  relative^;  nearlr  two  and  ii 
ludf  millions  of  dollars,  while  the  compensation  of  t  ne  president 
of  the  United  8t|i|^  i»  nat  twenty-five  thousand.  In  the  salaries 
of  the  subordintw^  officers  of  government,  the  disproportidn  is 
not  so  mat,  but  k  gieneralir>  neverthalesls  as  four  or  five  to  one* 

IS.  The  milita^  peade  establishment  of  Great  Britain  cMts 
•nnuafly  thiity«focir  tniUions  of  doUais;  that  of  the  United 
^Otat^liat  little  noK  than  five  millions.  The  naval  ostaN 
iiiiliiimt  of  the  tbrmer  costs  twenty-two  n^llions;  that  of  the 
lattei  less  than  two  and  a  half  pillions.  Bfiti^fer  anbd^ts  pay 
in  taxes,  raised  exclusively  fyf  national  pufpoKS,  4it  the  rate 
4»f  ^fteen  doUara  yearly  for  each  individnal ;  thecHi9«ns  of  the 
Ilmtod  States  Day,  in  national  and  state  taxes,  at  fte  ttte  of  but 
raro^Uara.  And  as  the  whole  population  tif  GnM^  Btftidiiiind 
iialand  is  included  in  the  estimate,  the  individnal  wealth  or  the 
arabjeets  of  the  united  kingdom,  and  of  the  citizens  of  the  Ame- 
rlowi  tepubHe,  may,  on  an  average,  be  considered  nearly  equal. 

19*  with  burdens  thus  light,  not  embarrass«Hi  by  too  much 
vegilalion^  nor  lestiictcd  by  monopolies^  but  left  at  lib<>rty  to 
muaoethorovmintereats.  as  individual  judgment  may  dictate, 
the  cptiyeDsof  thtt  tepttblic  have  boldly  enin)arked  in  all  the 
ordinary  pufauits  of  man  ;  and  in  all  have  met  with  a  denee 
of  success,  which  exhibits  a  favorable  and  forcible  commenlalf 
upon  their  free  institutions,  and  proves  that  no  other  people 
iorpass  them  in  activity  or  enterprise. 

H.  In  the  pursuits,  of  A6RicuXiTURE,l>y  fa^ihe  greatest. 
portion  of  the  mhabitahts  are  enga^d  ^  and  Tor  that  employ- 
ment the  CM)untry  is  most  favorably  situated.  It  embraces 
every  desirable  variety  of  climate.  The  soil  is  generally  good; 
In  many  parts  of  the  union,  it  la\exccedingly  fertile ;  apd  it 
prodaipes,  or  may  Ije  made  tQ  i^poduce,  almost  every  vegetable. 
WJhich  can  bo  used  as, the  food  of  man,  or  is  |he  material  or 
r-ana&ctures.  The  northern  states  produce  Iitdtan  com.  rye. 
heat,  fiax,  hemp,  oats,potittoes ;  and  their  pai^U9«s  feed  tuid 
311  .{me  Inumbers  or  cattle  and  sheep«\  The  middle  and 
\,t.  tarqnHiPS  oroduoe  tobacoo,  and  the  same  articles  as  the 
northerii^mt  wheat  in  mu^h  greater  alMindance»  In  the  south- 
ern states,  cotton  is  principally  cultivated,  but  considerable 
quantities  of  rice  and  su^  are  prodiicod*  ^; 

15.  In  1820,  th^numm^r  of  persons  engagied  in  agrieutture 
^ras  3,070,646.  The  value  of  all  its  products  exported»jdurinf 
Wfi  year  ending  the  aOth  of  deptembor,  1829,  was  37,646,000 
J^lars.  The  principle  articles  were,  cotton  to  the  value  or 
||Q,#|5,000  dollars;  flour  to  the  value  of  4i962,000  dolkrs  ; 
tmoco  to  the  value  of  4,852,000  dollars ;  and  rice  to  the  valuo 
•f  1«821.000  dollars.  The  value  of  nvnyisions  of  ail  kind|^ 
fllKwtirf'  wAi  i3,460»000  doUaxsi  md  ijtMt^m  numy  yeavib 


Jf-^ 


APPENDIX. 

hmn  greaflfff.    A  p«eple  aUe  to  spare  aiuh  im'^tiiltmiil  of  tiM 
iMcessariosof  life  can  lidverbe  in  danger  of  saJM^Aoviiwan^ 

16.  The  agricultural  class  is  conspicuous  M  Indiwferi^iMratt* 
tjf  and  general  int«IU^nce ;  but  ha^  lessprofessionai  knawledlii 
timn  the  sam?  class  m  Europe.  Land  having  hitherte  bemi 
cboiip,  and  not  exhausted  by  cultivation,  agriculturalistl  li^fw 
ilpt  been  eager^  and  it  has  not  been  necessary,  to  make  tfttucitoit 
application  of  the  discoveries  of  science.  A  change  in  theei 
respects  having  taken  place,  especially  in  the  Atlantic  steten^ 
many  now  study  their  profession  as  a  science  \  and,  aa  all  pio- 
fesaions  are  estimated  aecording  to  the  skill  and  intelUgibiiOft 
re<iuired  to  attain  eminence  in  ^hem,  they  are  ralifaM|  ttpf 
6wn  nearer  to  that  rank  in  society,  to  which  the  uraftl^tM 
importance  of  agriculture  entitle  it.  More  laste  and  iMltoW 
are  displayed^  and  the  appearance  of  the  couittry  mikimf  ml 
rapidly  inrjpitHling* 

17.^  IFhe  c^oiiMCROE  of  the  United  States  has  3rieldedafi4l 
harveai  ofv  #eilltlu  Various  circumstances iiave  direoted  Ufr 
this  pnri^  the  attoition  of  a  large  portion  of  the  poputetioQ, 
^nd  nave  cdntribnted  to  their  prosperity  in  it.  For  two  thoil- 
sand. miles,  the  republic  bounds  upon  the  sea,  and  in  thttt 
space  l]|as  many  excellent  harbors.  The  finest  timber  for  ship 
building  is  abundant,  and  easily  procured.  Near  the  shore* 
of  the  northern  states,  and  on  the  acyaeent  baflka  of  New* 
foundland.  are  fishing  stations,  unsnrpused  by  aiiy  in  thm 
world.  Fishing  is  eonsequently  a  luciratit^xWP^T^®^  ^ 
proportbn  to  the  capital  invested,  and .  attraeli  to'  it  a  UigB 
iktonber  of  the  nsttVes  t>f  those  states.  These  become  accu*- 
Comed  to  a  sealkring  life,  and  soon  pass  into  larger  yesaelfl^ 
destined  for  niore  distant  and  perilous  voyages. 

18.  The'stite  of  the  world,  for  several  years  subsequent  to 
the  conimencenii<^nt  of  the  French  fdvolution,  ofiTered  great  en^ 
courageiEient  to4b<)  commercial  enw  v^mse  of  the  country.  Whilo 
abnOst  evfry  other  power  was  en^gc  i  in  war,  the  United  Stat^ 
were  neutral;  their  vessel# liiivi^ted  the  ocean  in  safety,.a]ra 
'were  empbyed  to  carry,  froii  port  to  port,  the  commodities  df 
the  belligeraill  fis^llons..  In  fifteen  years,  beginning  with  iTdO, 
theise  fay^rabliikttounratances  incnreased  the  amount  Of  Ameri« 
ean  tonnage^llplli  401,000  to  1,2^11^00  tons,  and  therevenuo 
arifiing  fi«Hni  coiimeree,  from  4^99,000  to  lo^6S,0Awdollar8. 

7^9.  In  1830,  the  number  of  persons  engaged  a^Kmkoexo^ 
wis  %493.  In  1BS3,  the  whole  mount  of  exports  waa 
7^79^000  dolll^i  the  amonnt  of  ^nports  Was  77,^')^.000 

dollars,  "*■  -    *-"'---     --    '—     -   -^*t  ^  TT_!x_i  Ox^^-.    m.n_i^-       t     ^. 

thf€49! 

uiideiNttued  ,  ,    _ 

ittiihi£  year,  tsccnie#  to  the  nation  from  comni^rdiei'  mii' 

dbnbted^^^cater. 

2^.  In  other  years,  the  commerce  of  the  eoftntiy  liiii 
i4|pEl'more,    In  1807^  the  exports  amounted  to  IQ&ii 
|Mfi,lthd  the  impdre^  to  I38;574,000doll^    TW|m« 
cAoaei  of  the  deciuMT^hlch  h{ts  taken  piaoei  hive  be«ii» 


■^1 


e'  "■  » 


APPENDIX* 

iMtoraAon  of  peto*  ^  Europe,  luid  ti^o  InetetM  of  the  nt&* 
duct  of  clomeatic  manitfccturee.  The  rairmer  hae  peTmittea  iJl 
other  nationa  to  become  our  competiton ;  the  huter  haa  rfi^ 
doM  HbiilHieceflaary  to  reeort  to  Euroue  for  moat  <tf  tba  om 
'  Teniencns  and  many  of  the  luiuriea  of  life.  The  inptmim 
will  not  lonff  eontinue.  The  indapendMiea  of  the4BoQt(i  An^ 
rican  repttbnea  haa  opened  a  wide  flfU  9mw»  anterpriaii  ^our 
merchants,  and  giten^a  biightifhRW  to  wi^  ftorepfoapeql^ 

21.  TheQel^MwiiiTOBtheiMitiHMMimco^ 
attmcted,  9tmS^  of  the  imm*    In 

1683,  8ir  HttsMNpy  (W^II^pM 
the  harbor  of  Si^loiiii,  w  l^wfoandlattd.  ,They  were 
cipallv  from  Biicar,  H  Hi^iii^aiid  Britany  in  France,  lmd»  fof 
many  years,  the  Premdi  tetained  aluMMt  a  monopohr  of  thii 
source  of  wealth.  In  174^  they  em^oyed,  in  this  fishery,  4K 
large  ^ips,  na^H^ltfd  by  about  34,000  seamen,  and  the  quipA* 
lity  offish  tml^miouated  to  1,149,000  quintaia. 

23.  The  m^lR^,  expelltng  the  French  from  the  conti- 
nent, tranaferMm  tmileges  wYath  they  had  enjoyed  to  Great 
Britain*  The  Bnwh  colonies,  from  their  vicinity,  participated 
mrgejy  in  thenu  «i  the  year  1 760,  six  hundred  tmd  sixty  ^es- 
aelL  aavjffited  l^  4A0O  seamen,  were  fitted  out  from  the  porta 
of  mem*Min^!ma,  Durinff  the  revolutionary  war^  the  Ameri- 
'iDana  were  olnmelled  to  reunquish  this  profitable  pursuit ;  and 
it  Inquired  all  the  firmness  and  address  of  the  negotiators  of 
the^pii^  of  1783,  to  secure  to  these  states  those  advantages 
whicE  nature  seems  to  have  intended  for  th^nif  and  whi^ 
they  iiad  enjoyed  as  a  component  part  of  the  British  empvn. 
They  were  at  length,  howem.  notwithstanding  the  covert 
opposition  of  France^  confie#p  mr  the  mother  io^untry. 

23.  From  that  period,  till  1807,  the  numbeUff  vessels  and 
men  employed  in  this  pursuit  oontinued  to  incjreas^  An  esti- 
mate has  been  made  that,  firom  1790  to  18 llr  twelve  hundred 
vessels  of^dl  kinds,  navigidfA  by  10,500  men  and  boys,  were, 
on  an  average,  yearly  eih|^lyed  fo  the  Bank,  Bav,  and  Labra- 
dor fisheries;  1,1 50,CK()0  quintaia  of  fish  were  cauc^t  and  cured : 
and  37,000  barrels  of  oil  were  made.  The  amittal  value  or 
Uie  product  of  these  fishejnes  could  nd  have ,  been  less  than 
three  apd  a  half  millions  %t  dollars.  They  W^Iq  interrupted 
by  the^st  war  with  Great  Britain,  and, have  not  since  re- 
gained'^Oir  formej  activity.  As  nurseries  of  seamen,  they 
are  impmant  to  the  nation ;  and  as  such  have  received  the 
particular  attention  and  encouragement  of  sovemment.  A 
bounty,  whidi  has,  in  some  years,  amounted  to  200,000  dol- 
lars, is  pud  to  t^  ownera  and  crews  of  the  vessels  employed. 

24.  The  wu^EM  FisHERT  of  the  United  States  ought  not  to 
be  passed  over  unnoticed.    Its  successful  prosecution  re(|uires 

,  unipmmon  hardihood  and  skill.  As  early  as  1690,  the  inhab- 
^antaof  l^antucket  engaged  in  this  piursuit,  and  were  soon 
after  joitira  by  their  bretltf  en  of  the  toWn  New-Bedford.  In 
a  few  years  inese  nionateTS  of  t!^  de^^ef*  driven  firom  the 
AflMKicfta  ooasti ;  but  were  j^tuwued  wfk  ardor  into  leaa  tha 


'M. 


i 


most  remote.  In  1710,  two  hundred  and  twentv^dht  torn ; 
in  1771.  twenty-seyen  thousand  tons;  in  1815  forty-two 
thousand  tons  of  shipping  were  employed  in  this  busmeM* 
The  product  of  this  nshery,  exported  m  1807,  contistinff  of 
common  and  spermaceti  oil  ana  whale-bone,  wat  valuea  af 
606,000  dollars ;  in  1823,  at  653.000  dollars. 
.  95.  An  extract  from  the  speecli  of  Mr.  Burke  delivered  in 
the  British  parliament,  in  1775,  presents,  in  eloquent  language^ 
a  coitect  idea  of  the  importance  of  this  fishery,  and  of  the 
enterprise  and  dexterity  of  those  engage  in  it  **  As  to  the 
wealth  which  the  colonies  have  drawn  from  the  sea  by  their 
fisheries,  you  had  all  that  matter  fully  opened  at  your  bar.  YaH 
surely  thought  those  acquisitions  of  value )  for  they  ^seemed 
even  to  excite  your  envy :  and  yet  the  spirit  by  which  that 
enterprising  employment  has  been  exercised,  oufi;ht  rather,  in 
my  opinion,  to  nave  raised  your  esteem  and  admiration 

26.  **  And  pray,  sir,  what  in  the  world  is  equal  to  it  ?  Past 
by  the  other  parts,  and  look  at  the  manner  in  which  the  peo- 
ple of  New-England  have  of  late  carried  on  the  whale  fishery. 
Wliile  we  follow  them  among  the  tumbling  mountains  of  ice, 
and  behold  them  penetrating  into  ^ho  deei>est  firozen  recesses 
of  Hudson's  bay  and  Davis's  straits ;  whilst  we  are  looking 
for  them  beneath  the  arctic  circle,  we  hear  that  they  have 
pierced  into  the  opposite  region  of  p)lar  cold ;  that  they  are 
at  the  Antipodes,  and  engaged  under  the  frozen  serpent  or  the 
south.  Falkland  Island,  which  seemed  too  remote  and  romantic 
an  object  for  the  ^asp  of  national  ambition,  is  but  a  stage 
and  resting  place  in  the  progress  of  their  victorious  industry. 

27.  **  Nor  is  the  equinoctial  heat  more  discouraging  to  them 
than  the  accumulated  winter  of  both  poles.  We  know  that, 
while  some  of  them  draw  the  line  and  strike  the  harpoon  on  the 
coasts  of  Africa,  others  run  the  longitude  and  pursue  the  gigan- 
tic caiffe  along  the  coast  of  Brazil.  No  sea  but  what  is  vexed 
by  tneir  fisheries.  No  climate  that  is  not  witness  to  their  toils. 
Neither  Ikti  perseverance  of  Holland,  nor  the  activity  of  Francct 
nor  the  dexterous  and  firm  sagacity  of  English  enterprise,  ever 
carried  this  most  perilous  mode  of  hardy  industry  to  the  extent 
to  which  it  has  been  pushed  by  this  recent  people ;  a  peo]rfe 
who  are  still,  as  it  were,  but  in  the  gristle  and  not  yet  hardened 
into  the  bone  of  manhood. 

28.  "When  I  contemplate  these  things ;  when  I  knowth&fc 
the  colonies  owe  little  or  nothing  to  anv  care  of  ours,  and  that 
they  are  not  squeezed  into  this  happy  form  by  the  constraints 
of  watchful  and  suspicious  government,  but  that,  through  a 
wise  and  salutary  neglect,  a  generous  nature  has  been  sufii^retl 
to  take  its  own  way  to  perfection ;  when!  reflect  upon  these 
efifects,  when  1  see  how  profitable  they  have  been  to  uis,  I  feel 
au  the  pride  of  power  sink,  and  all  presumption  in  the  wisdom 
of  human  contrivances  tnelt  and  die  away  within  me.  My 
rigor  relents     I  pardon  something  to  the  spirif  of  liberty." 

,  29*  MANUFACTUtt'CS.     While  the  United  States  were  coIo- , 
nics,  the  mother  country  endeavored  to  i>revent  the  inhabtlanti* 


-m 


^■*^-'. 


^^.»o 


APPENDIX. 


from  manQftusturinff  any  article  whaUver,  even  for  their  omi 
nle.  The  erection  of  alitting-miUs  waa  prohibited^  ami  hatten 
were  forbidden  to  take  any  apprentice  for  less  than  aeyen yean, 
Qr  to  employ  more  than  two  at  a  time.  In  addition  to  these  ana 
other  lecrislative  enactments,  the  wa^es  of  labor  were  high, 
and,  neither  skill  nor  surplus  capital  existed  in  the  coontry.  But 
little  attention  was  of  course  nven  to  manufactures,  and  the 
inhabitants  received  their  supplies  from  the  artizans  of  England. 
80.  Some  attempts  were  however  made,  a  few  years  previous 
to  the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war,  to  introduce 
manufactures.  Such  was  in  part  tho  intention  of  the  non- 
miportation  agreements ;  and  some  of  the  colonial  Icnslaturos. 
to  encourage  the  production  of  wool,  and  the  manufacture  of 
cloths,  exempted  sheep  from  taxation.  But^  at  no  time,  pre- 
vious to  the  adoption  of  tho  constitution,  did  manufacturers 
exist  in  tho  country  in  suflicient  num\^cr  to  be  considered  a 
cJass  of  the  population. 

31.  And  indeed  it  was  not  until  the  imposition  of  the  em- 
bargo, in  1807,  that  any  considerable  impulse  was  given  to 
this  branch  of  industry.  Prevented  by  this  interruption  of 
«;ommeree|  from  exchanging  their  products  for  foreign  articles, 
the  inhabitants  then  attempted  to  fabncate  them  for  them- 
selves. From  tho  want  of  experience  and  skill,  many  of  the 
liny:  attempts  were  unsuccessful;  but  in  a  very  short  time, 
these  deficiencies  were  supplied,  and,  at  the  close  of  the  war, 
the  amount  of  the  products  of  manufactures  was  astonishingly 
great.  Forming  an  estimate  from  the  amount  in  1810,  which 
was  near  170  millions,  it  could  not  have  been  less,  for  1814, 
tlian  two  hundred  millions  of  dollars.  In  this  amount,  how- 
ever, arc  included  the  products  of  household  manufactures, 
and  of  the  mechanic  arts. 

32.  Peace,  by  affording  to  foreigners  an  oij|)ortuni|y  of  in- 
troducing the  goods  whicn  had  accumulateu  in  their  ware- 
houses, checked,  for  a  few  years,  the  impulse  which  the  re- 
strictive measures  and  the  war  had  given.  In  each  of  the 
three  years  following  1815,  the  value  of  articles  manufactured 
was  probably  less  than  in  any  one  of  the  preceding  six  years. 
From  the  year  1818,  the  amount  has  gradually  increased,  and 
in  1821  and  182S,  it  was  probably  greater  than  it  had  ever 
before  been.  It  will  hereafler  continue  to  increase,  and  Ihe 
navigation  of  the  country  vdll  be  employed,  not  so  much  in 
brthging  home  the  manufactures  of  other  nations,  as  in  car- 
rying abroad  those  of  the  United  States.  In  this  way,  domes- 
tic manufactures  will  repay  to  commerce  the  capital  they  have 
lately  drawn  from  it. 

33  The  states  in  which  the  greatest  attention  is  devoted  to 
this  branch  of  industry,  are  Rhode  Island,  Penns^ania,  Mas- 
sachusetts, New-Hampshire,  and  Connecticut.  The  principal 
mauufacturcs  are  those  of  cotton  and  of  woollen  doths,  of 
iron,  and  of  leathe-r.  In  1820,  the  number  of  inhabitants 
engaged  in  manufactures  was  349,606. 

34  The  question,  whether  agriculture,  coiuimerce,  ot  man- 


8 


APPENDIX.  Mi 

ufactom  h  motli  productive  of  national  wealtK  anidta  which 
the  govomment  ought,  in  preference,  to  extend  ita  protection 
and  encouragement,  has  lately  been  wamily  diacu88ed«  by  tha 
politiciana  and  writers  on  political  ecenomy,  in  America,  and 
in  Europe.  Each  interest  has  had  its  advocates.  The  deci<- 
ston  of  the  impartial  statesman  would  probably  be,  that  neither 
should  be  encouraged  to  the  neglect  of  tlie  others ;  that  if 
either  is,  in  any  denee,  to.be  preferred,  it  is  that  which  if,  at 
the  time,  the  most  deoressed ;  or  that  which  supplies  most  of 
the  means  of  national  defence,  and  most  of  t}ie  necessariot 
and  conveniencies  of  life. 

85.  Dkdt.  Revenue,  and  Expcnditurcs.  When,  m  1790^ 
the  public  debt  was  first  funded,  it  amounted  to  about  75,000,00tf 
of  aollars.  In  1603,  by  the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  it  wn 
auffmented  to  about  86,500,000.  In  the  eight  years  whieb 
followed,  a  large  amouift  was  paid,  leaving  due,  in  181^.  but 
Uttle  more  than  45,000,000.  To  defray  the  expenses  or  the 
war,  which  was  declared  in  that  year,  more  than  80,000.000 
of  new  debt  was  contracted.  A  large  portion  has  since  oeen 
paid,  and,  on  the  first  day  of  January,  1828,  the  amount  of  it 
was  90,865,877  dollars. 

30.  The  present  revenue  of  the  republic  is  derived  princi^ 

11  y  from  commerce,  and  from  the  sale  of  public  lands.  In 
A  822.  there  accrued  from  the  former  source,  the  aum  of 
90,600.775  dollars :  from  the  latter  source,  1,803,581 :  and 
from  other  sources,  839,084.  The  amount,  however,  whiea  Waa 
actually  received,  during  the  year,  was  but  20,232,427* 

87.  The  expenditures,  durmg  the  same  year,  were  as  fol- 
lows: Civil,  diplomatic,  and  miscellaneous,  1,967,996;  fof 
the  pay  and  support  of  the  annV,the  construction  of  forts,  tho 
supply  of  armsy  the  payment  ot  pensions,  and  the  various  ex« 
penses  of  the  Indian  d"  artment,  6,635,188  ;  for  the  support 
and  increase  of  the  navy,  2,224,458  ;  for  the  payment  oitha 
interest,  and  foi;  the  redemption  of  that  portion  of  the  principal 
of  tlie  debt  which  became  due  within  the  year,  7,848,949 ; 
amounting  in  the  whole  to  17,676,591,  and  leaving  an  excess 
of  revenue  over  expenditure  of  2,555,836  dollars. 

38.  Education.  In  the  kingdoms  of  Europe.  large  suma 
have  been  appropriated,  by  the  government,  for  the  purposes 
of  education.  Nearly  all,  however,  has  been  expended  in 
founding  or  endowing  universities.  To  these  the  sons  of  the 
noble  and  the  rich  could  alone  gain  access ;  nnd  the  intention 
and  effect  of  the  expenditure  has  always  been,  to  produce 
erudite  scholars  and  aole  orators,  and  to  perpetuate  and  widen 

'  the  separation  between  the  higher  and  the  It wer  classes  of 
the  population. 

39.  l%e  people  of  the  United  States  have  had  a  different 
'  object  in  view,  and  one  more  congenial  with  their  political  inr 

stitutions.  Desirous  that  none  should  be  ignorant,  their  first 
«nd  principal  care  has  been,  to  impart  the  advantages  of  in- 
struction to  the  whole  mass  of  the  population.  With  thia 
^vY,  the  legislaturas  ef  ssany  of  Iha  staies  have  ordained  thai 


APPENDIX. 

•oIiooIb,  for  the  education  rf  all  the  youth  in  reading,  writing. 
and  anthmetic,  shall  be  kept,  and  supported  by  a  public  and 
goneral  tax.  .  '    ^ 

40.  This  system  was  adopted  in  Massachusetts  as  early  as 
1647.  A  law  was  then  passed,  by  that  colony^  providing  that 
a  achool  should  'be  kept  in  ^very  township  huvmg  fifty  house- 
holders, in  which  all  the  children,  who  might  resort  to  it, 
idiould  be  taught  to  read  and  write.  As  the  number  of  in- 
habitants increased,  the  townships  were  divided  into  small 
districts,  and  a  school  supported  m  each.  Thus,  the  means 
of  education  were  provided,  at  the  public  expense,  and  the 
4>pportunity  of  acquiring  it  placed  witnin  the  power  of  all. 

41.  Immediately  after  their  first  settlement^he  same  system 
was  adopted  by  the  other  colonies  of  New-England ;  and  it 
has,  by  all  of  tnem,  been  preserved  and  cherished  to  the  pre- 
sent time.  Connecticut,  having  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Ohio, 
which  was  sold  for  1,200,000  dollars,  appropriated  the  whole 
sum  to  the  support  of  common  or  primary  schools.  The  sum 
has  since  been  augmented  to  1,700,000  dollars,  and  the  in*> 
Icrest  is  annually  distributed  to  the  several  school  districts, 
according  to  the  number  of  scholars  taught  in  each.  No  dis- 
trict, however,  is  entitled  to  any  aid  from  this  fund,  unless  it 
had,  in  the  preceding  year,  expended,  for  the  same  purpose,  a 
certain  amount  derived  from  its  own  resources. 

42.  The  effect  of  this  system  has  been,  to  render  the  great 
body  of -the  people  of  these  states  the  most  enlightened  in  the 
world.  Ail  can  read  and  write,  and  rarely  can  one  be  found 
not  oualified,  by  education,  to  transact  the  common  concerns 
of  life.  To  educate  his  children,  is  the  first  object,  and  the 
chief  glory  of  the  parent ;  their  ignorance  is  to  him  and  to 
them  disgracefiU.  in  these  schools,  the  human  mind  receives 
its  first  impulse  in  the  career  of  learning ;  an  impulse  which 
carries  many  forward  to  high  stations  of  honor  and  ot  usefiihiess. 

43.  The  greAt  state  of  New-York,  distinguished  for  magni- 
ficent projects  of  internal  unprovement,  and  for  liberal  patron- 
age of  literature  and  the  arts,  has  lately  ado{)ted  a  system  nearly 
similar  to  that  of  Connecticut.  From  various  sources,  it  has 
accumulated  a  fund,  the  income  ot  which  is  to  be  applied  an- 
nually to  the  support  of  common  schools.  This  fund,  in  1820, 
amounted  to  1,215,000  dollars.  Sirce  that  year,  all  the  un- 
sold and  unappropnated  lands,  which,  when  disposed  of,  will 
probabl/ produce  about  one  miUion  morC}  have  oeen  perma- 
nently devoted  to  the  same  object.  The  annual  interest  of 
this  fund  is  distributed,  according  to  population,  among  the 
several  townships,  on  their  raising,  for  the  same  purpose,  an 
additional  sum  equal  to  that  which  they  receive  from  the  state. 
In  1821 J  three  hundred  and  thirty-three  thousand  children  were 
taught,  in  the  several  district  schools :  a  number  nearly  equU 
to  that  of  all  the  children  in  the  state  between  five  and  fifteen 
years  of  age.     In  1823,  the  number  taught  was  400,000, 

44.  Virginia  has  also  a  literary  fund,  the  interest  of  a  part 
of  which  IS  appropriated  ifi  the  support  of  common  echools. 


APPENDIX. 


This  fan  J  is  of  recent  origin,  and  its  incomo  is  yet  small. 
The  advantages  of  educatidn  are,  however,  so  highly  appi^- 
ated  in  that  state,  by  its  enlightened  citizens,  tliat  mQ^  of  the  * 
rising  generation  are  instructed  in  private  schools,  of-by  do- 
mestic teachers.  The  same  remark  will  apply  to  most  of  the 
middle  and  southern  states  ;  yet^  in  thef>e,  too  rdany  of  &e 
children  of  the  poor  will  remam  m  ignorance  until  effected 
provision  is  made,  by  the  respective  governments,  for  tlie  m- 
struction  of  all. 

46.  The  national  goverriment  has  not  been  unmindful  of  the 
impoxtance  of  ~  ui^iversal  education.  Before  the  adoption  of 
the  constitution,  it  acquired,  by  the  cession  of  the  states  claim- ' 
ing  it,  the  property  of  nearly  all  the  unappropriated  land  withm 
the  national  boundaries.  In  offering  tins  land  for  sale,  it  has 
reserved,  in  every  township,  one  section,  comprising  640  acres, 
for  the  use  of  schools.  As  the  population  of  the  new  states 
becomes  more  dense,  these  lands  will  constitute  a  valuable 
and  productive  fund,  and  the  system  of  ijee  schools,  thus 
planted  in  t^e  western,  will  there  produce  the  same  benefits 
as  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  union.   " 

46.  Schools  of  a  higher  order,  to  which  the  name  of  acade- 
mies has  been  applied,  are  r  umerous  in  all  the  states,  especially 
in  those  of  New-England.  Many  are  incorporated,  and  some 
possess  considerable  funds.  That  at  Exeter,  in  New-Hamp- 
shire, holds  the  highest  rank ;  its  funds  amount  to  80,000- 
dollars ;  it  has  a  library  containing  700  volimies,  and  a  hand- 
some philosophical  apparatus.  In  these  schools  are  taught 
Englisn  grammar,  composition,  history,  geography,  mathe- 
matics, the  Latin  and  Greek  languages.  Many  young  men 
resort  to  them  to  acquire  an  education  superior  to  that  which 
can  be  obtained  at  the  primary  schools,  and  many  to  prepare 
themselves  to  enter  some  college  or  university.  They  are 
principally  taught  by  those,  who  have  just  received  a  degree 
in  the  arts,  and  who  are  unable,  from  the  want  of  property, 
to  engage  immediately  in  the  study  of  the  professions  which 
they  intend  to  pursue.  i 

47.  Of  colleges  and  universities  there  is  also  a  large  number 
in  the  United  states.  The  oldest  and  first  in  rank  is  Harvard 
College,  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  It  was  established  in 
1638,  only  eighteen  years  after  the  first  settlement  of  Plymouth. 
It  had  then  a  fund  of  about  5,000  dollars, T^early  two  tnirds  of 
which  was  a  donation  from  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  of  Charles- 
town.  The  first  degrees  were  conferred,  upon  nine  young 
gentlemen,  in  1642.  It  has  since  received  many  and  large 
additions  to  its  funds,  principally  donations  from  individuals ; 
and,  from  the  exertions  of  its  learned  presidents  and  profes- 
sors, has,  with  short  intermissions,  been  constantly  advancing 
in  reputation,  and  increasing  in  usefulness.  The  library  con- 
tains about  twen*v-iive  thousand  volumes.  In  1824,  the  faculty , 
consisted  of  a  president,  and  twenty  professors ;  the  number 
of  (Students  was  222,.  and  of  the  resident  graduates  146. 

48.  Yale  College  was  founded  in  1700,  and  incorporated  in 


^  n 


A}>PfiKl>lX 


■^4^' 


**v^.t 


1701.    It  was  first  established  at  Saybrook;  htA*  in  1716, 
w««  lopoved  to  New-Haven,  m  Connecticut.     Eliliu  Yale,  a 
inercbant  in  London,  having  made  to  it  a  donation  of  more 
;/  than  four  thousand  dollars}  its  name  was,  in  1716,  changed 
'  from  the  fJollcgiate  School,  to  Yale  College.    Afterwards 
bishop  Berkeley,  the  celebrated  metaphysician,  who  had  re- 
sided two  ^ears  in  America,  presented  to  it  a  collection  of 
r  books,  consisting  of  nearly  one  thousand  volumes ;  and  a  farm 
in  Newport,  the  annual  rent  of  which,  on  a  1  jng  lease,  is  two 
hundred  and  forty  busliels  of  wheat.     From  the  state,  and 
from  dther  sources,  it  has  received  many^beral  donations^ 
Its  librc-les  contain  about  nine  thousand  volumes.     In  1824. 
the  faculty  consisted  of  a  president,  and  eleven  professors,  and 
the  number  of  its  students  was  349. 

49.  In  addition  to  these,  there  are,  in  the  union,  about  fifir 
colleges  and  universities  authorized  to  confer  degrees.  In  all 
of  these  are  taught,  the  Englitsh,  Latin,  and  Greek  languages, 
rhetoric,  mathematics,  natural  philosophy,  logic,  chymistry, 
astronomy,  history,  and  geography.     In  some  of  them  are  also 

^  taught  the  Hebrew,  oriental,  and  modern  European  languages ; 
anatomy,  surgery,  medicine,  botany,  polite  literature,  divinity, 
ethics,  natural  and  municipal  law,  politics,  and  elocution. 

50.  LiTERATyRE*.  The  remark  has  often  been  made,  that 
the  United  States  have  produced  no  enuncnt  scholars  ;  and 
that  the  national  character  has  not  been  illustrated  by  literary 
and  scientific  performances  of  distinguished  merit.  This  re- 
mark is  doubtless  just.  Compared  with  those  of  the  old  world, 
tlieir  writers  have  not  exhibited  the  same  labored  polish  of 
style,  nor  their  men  of  science  the  same  perseverance  and 
extent  of  investigation.     Their  historians  are  not  equal  to 

I  Hume  or  I?obertson ;  their  poets  to  Milton  or  Pope ;  their 
r|  chymists  to  Lavoisier  or  Davy ;  nor  their  metaphysicians  to 
'  Locke,  Berkeley)  or  Reid. 

61.  But  tliis  fact  implies  no  deficiency  of  mental  vigor  in 
the  people.  The  mind  of  the  nation  has  received,  from  cir- 
^"imstances,  a  difTcrent  direction.  ITiose  who  are  endued 
with  extraordinary  talent,  whatever  may  have  been  their  ori- 
ginal propensities,  have  been  called  from  the  closet  to  labor  in 
the  legislative^  hall,  or  the  cabinet ;  16  vindicate  the  cause  or 
defend  the  intere*  of  their  country  abroad  ;  to  dispense  jus- 
tice from  the  bench,  or  to  support  and  defend,  at  the  bar,  the 
claims  and  the  rights  of  their  fellow  citizens. 

62.  To  perform  these  duties,  certainly  not  less  honorable 
nor  less  difficult  than  any  thing  which  the  mere  scholar  can 

f)erfonn,  a  greater  variety  of  talents,  and  greater  intellectual 
abor,  have  been  required  in  this  than  in  any  other  country. 
Here,  in  comparatively  a  short  period,  the  foundations  have 
been  laid,  and  the  superstructures  erected,  of  new  political 
institutions.  Many  governments  have  beni  established  over 
communities  differing  frgm  each  other,  and  from  those  of 
Kujr^^pc;  and  over  these  a  paramdunfe  -covcrnment,  with  ex- 
ecutive and  important  powerii.    For  car^b  of  ^ticse  coinmura* 


'^l 


*0.     . 


•da   .;,m 


ind 


APPENDIX.         :  ^     j: 

m^  a  Jievr  sjrstein  of  law  has  been  required,  and  each  gowwoh 
^v\'.  M  has  a  separate  extscutive,  legislative,  and  judicial^eput- 
ment.  The  population  of  no  country  has  been  called^onto 
supply  such  (I  number  of  le^slators,  of  judges,  and  of  lawyers ; 
nor^  it  may  be  added,  of  mstructors  of  youth.  And^  while 
their  number  accounts  for  the  comparative  neglect  of  literature 
and  the  fine  arts,  the  talents  they  have  displayed  sufficiently 
vindicate  the  republic  from  the  reproach  of  intellectual  infe- 
riority. 

53.  But  not  iii^these  modes  alone  have  the  people  of  these 
states  proved,  that  in  original  powers  of  mind  tne]^  may  assert 
an  equality,  at  least,  with  those  of  any  other  nation.  None 
has  made  more  important  discoveries  in  the  usefUl  arts.  Eng- 
land boasts  of  her  Arkwright^  who  invented  the  spinning 
machine ;  of  her  Worcester,  Newcomen,  and  Watt,  by  whose 
ingenuity  and  labors  the  powers  of  steam  were  substituted  for 
the  uncertain  aid  of  wind  and  water  in  moving  the  machinery 
of  manufactories. 

64.  America  may  boast  of  her  God&ey,  whose  quadrant 
has  been  almost  as  serviceable,  as  the  compass,  to  navigation ; 
of  her  Franklin,  who  has  made  our  dwellings  comrortable 
within,  and  protected  them  from  the  lightning  of  heaven;  of 
her  Whitney,  whose  cotton  gin  has  added  to  the  annual  pro- 
duct of  that  article  at  least  one  hundred  millions  of  pounds  ; 
of  her  Whittemore,  the  inventor  of  the  wonderful  machine  for 
making  cards  :  of  her  Perkins,  the  inventor  of  the  nail  ma- 
chine ;  and  of  her  Fulton,  who  has  rendered  the  power  of 
steam  subservient  to  the  purposes  of  navigation. 

55.  But  the  United  states  have  produced  authors  who 
would  do  honor  even  to  any  other  nation.  The  style  of 
Franklin  is  perspicuous  and  pure ;  and  few  men  of  any  age 
or  country  have  contributed  more  by  their  writing,  to  en- 
Ikhten  and  to  benent  mankind.  The  histories  of  Marshall, 
'  Ramsay,  Belknap,  Williams,  and  the  Annals  of  Holmes,  are 
works  of  sterling  merit,  interesting,  dnd  instructive.  Among 
theological  writers,  Edwards^  Hopkins,  Dwight,  Lathrop, 
Pavies,  Kollock,  and  Bucluninster,  are  deservedly  eminent. 
And  as  a  novelist.  Brown  has  few  equals. 

66.  Many  of  the  political  writers  of  this  country  have  dis^ 
played  great  vigor  of  thought,  and  force  of  ex{}re6sion.  The 
pamphlets  and  state  papers  to  which  the  revolutionary  struggle 
gave  existence ;  the  numbers  of  the  Federalist ;  the  ofTicial 
letters  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  as  secretary  of  state,  and  of  the  Ame- 
rican ministers  at  Ghent,  not  only  display  intellectual  powers, 
but  possess  Uterar^r  merit,  of  .the  highest  order.  Some  of  the 
best  writers  of  tms  republic  have  not  been  the  authors  of 
hooks. 

67.  To  the  fine  arts  still  less  attention  has  been  j)aid  than 
to  literature :  but  the  neglect  is  to  be  attributed  rather  to  the 
deficiency  oi  patronage  than  to  the  want  of  capacity  to  excel; 
Benjamit\  West,  a  native  ef  Pennsylvania,  presided  for  many 
y«8uri  o^t  the  Koyol  Society,  comprising  the  most  e^iinen^ 


v.-.y 


806 


APPENDIX. 


Daintexs  of  Gfeat  Britain.    In  poi^raii-paintinf,  Cov^ej  and  ! 
nllttaTt  have  acquired  a  high  reputation :   and  in  niatoricsd  ^ 

*pi^ti|]|^  Trumbull  and  Alston  excel.  The  United  States 
claim  only  the  honor  of  their  birth  ;  England  and  Italy  that 
of  pi^romzing  and  instructing  them.  ^  : 

08.  Religion.  The  consequences  resulting  from  the  en- 
jojrment  of  religious  liberty  have  been  highly  favorable.  Free 
discussion  has  enlightened,  the  ignorant,  disarmed  superstition 
of  it»  dreadful  powers,  and  consigned  to  oblivion  many  erro* 
neoUfl  jand  fantastic  creeds.  Relidous  oppression,  and  the  r 
vindictive  feelings  it  arouses,  are  nardly  Idiown.  Catholics 
and  Protestants  live  together  in  harmony ;  and  protestants 

y  who  disagree,  employ,  in  defending  their  own  doctrines,  and 
m  assailing  those  of  their  antagonists,  the  weapons  only  of 
reason  ana  eloquence. 

59.  In  the  New-England  states,  the  Independents  or  con-i 
grecationalists  constitute  the  most  numerous  denomination ; 
in  the  middle  states,  the  presbyterians ;  and  in  the  southern, 
the  methodists.  Baptists,  episcopalians,  and  Roman  catholics, 
are  found  in  all  the  states;  but  in  Maryland  and  Louisiana, 
the^ catholics  are  more  numerous  than  elsewhere.  Each  01 
these  sects  has  one  dr  more  seminaries  of  learning,  in  which 
its  peculiar  doctrines  axe  taught,  and  young  men  are  educated 
for  the  ministry.  Many  ether  sects  exist,  but  reason,  less 
tolerant  than  the  laws,  is  gradually  diminishing  the  number. 

60.  Character  AND  Manners.^  Foreigners  have  asserted 
that  the  Americans  possess  no  national  character.    If  at  any 

terio J  this  assertion  has  been  triic,  it  wa^  then  no  reproach;  _ 
n  its  youth,  a  nation  can  have  no  established  character.  # 
The  inhabitants  of  this  republic,  coining  from  every  quarter 
jof  tRe -world,  speaking  many  different  languages,  dispersed 
over  a  vast  extent  of  territory,  could  not  immediately  assiQii- 
late  and  exhibit  those  few  prominent  traits,  wliich  nations  as 
"Well  as  individuals,  in  their  maturity,  display. 

61.  But  the  germ  of  a  national  character  has  always  existed. 
It  has  grown  with  our  growth,  and  is  gradually  throwing  into 
the  shade  those  mifavoral>le  and  discorda^nt  traits,  which  have 
disfigured  and  partly  concealed  it  from  view.     WhOj  that  has 

.  read  the  history  ot  these  states,  has  not  perceived,  in  the  in- 
habitants, an  energy  of  purpose  capable  of  surmounting  all 
obstacles ;  a  spirit  of  enterprise,  that  leaves  nothing  useful 
unattempted ;  a  proud  sense  of  personal  dignity  and  indepen- 
dence ;    a  decided  preference  ot  utility  betcre  show ;  and  & 
love  of  knowledge  that  has  dispelled  i^^norance  from  the  lam) 
They  may  have  been  too  much  devoted  to  the  pursuit  of  gaiy 
too  much  addicted  to  habits  of  intemperance ;  too  much 
ilated  with  national  vanity ;  bigoted  ^  and  superstitious :  } 
these  traits  are  now  less  apparent ;  they  are  constantly  m 
ing  away,  and  those  more  noble  appearing  in  bolder  relief 

62.  Ihey  whose  wealth  or  talents  place  them  in  the 
rank  in  society,  are,  in  their  mjjnners,  free  from  awkr' 
ncss,  formality,  hau£^itiness,  and  ostentation ;  but  they  T 


:«i^;.-.     -'i; 


'.ir 


APPENDIX, 


«97 


I 


display  the  elegance  or  refinement  of  the  same  doss  in  Eujope. 
The  mass  of  the  people  are  serious,  shrewd,  inquisitive,  manly, 
and  generally  respectful ;  but  they  know  little,  and  firactfse 
less,  of  the  ceremonies  of  formal  politeness.  To  foreigneiB, 
accustomed  to  the  servility  of  the  lower  classes  in  Europe, 
thev  doubtless  ^appear  rough  and  uncourtlv  ;  and  many 
fashionable  tourists  may  have  had  their  feelmgs  needlessly 
wounded,  and  their  delicacy  shocked;  but  when  respectfully 
treated,  they  display  native  politeness,  and  eenerosity  of  sen- 
timent. Tipie  will  remove  the  grosser  defects ;  but  may  it 
never,  by  polishing  too  deeply,  impair  that  strength  of  charac- 
ter, which  is  essential  to  the  permanence  of  our  republican 
institutions. 

63.  A  review  of  the  rapid  progress  of  the  United  States  in 
population,  wealth,  and  power ;  a  survey  of  their  present 
phvsical  and  moral  condition  ;  and  a  comparison  of  them,  in 
either  respect,  with  other  nations,  cannot  faU  to  give  to  aii 
American  citizen  an  elevated  conception  of  his  own  countryt 
and  to  justify  the  loftiest  anticipations  of  the  future. 

64.  In  a  period  of  thirty  years,  ending  with  1820.  the 
opulation  of  the  republic  increased  from  3,893,835,  to 
,o43,150  ;   it  consequently  doubles  in  less  than  twenty-five 

} rears.    In  Great  Britain  the  population  does  not  double  in 
ess  than  eighty  years ;  and  in  that  country  the  increase  is 
nearly,  if  not  quite,  as  rapid  as  in  any  other  country  in  Europe. 

65.  The  augmentation  of  wealth  and  power  cannot  be  so 
easily  ascertained.  It  is  the  opinion  of  many,  well  c^ualified 
to  judge,  t|iat  it  has  been  still  more  rapid ;  and  when  the  in- 
crease of  our  exports,  which  in  the  same  period  advanced  from 
nineteen  to  sixty-five  >millions ;  when  the  grovTthofourciJiea 
and  villages ;  the  increase  of  our  manunicturing  establish- 
ments, of  our  national  and  mercantile  navy,  of  our  fortifica- 
tions and  other  means  of  defence ;  the  extent  of  our  internal 
improvements  ;  and,  beyond  all,  the  extensive  territories  re- 
clauned  from  a  state  of  nature  and  made  productive  and  valu- . 
able,  are  adverted  to,  that  opinion  will  not  appear  unfoimded 
nor  extravagant. 

66.  Although  now  inferior  to  the  principal  nations  of  the 
old  world,  yet  but  a  short  period  will  elapse  before  the  United 
States,  should  their  progress  hereafter  be  the  same  that  it  has 
been,  will  overtake  and  pass  them.  Their  great  natural  ad- 
vantages will  continue  to  urge  them  forward.  Extensive 
tracts  of  fertile  land  yet  remain  vacant  of  inhabitants ;  the  por- 
tions already  settled  are  capable  of  supporting  a  much  more 
numerous  population ;  new  roads  and  new  canal^  will  give 
greater  activity  to  internal  commerce,  and  open  new  fiel(&  to 
tnfc  untiring  industry  and  enterprise  of  man;  and,  a  small 
part  only  being  rcauired  by  the  government,  nearly  the  whole 
annual  income  will  be  added  to  the  general  capital,  augment- 
ing it  in  a  compound  ratio. 

67.  That  these  splendid  anticipations  aie  not  the  suggea* 


•^ 


-a-H 


898 


APPENDIX. 


■X 


tiom  of  national  vanity,  the  history  of  the  past  .suAcienliy 
pTove%  Yet  their  fulfilment  depends,  in  a  great  degree,  upon 
the  fiifare  conduct  of  the  people  themselyes ;  upon  their  ad- 
herence to  the  principles  of  their  fathers ;  upon  the  preserva- 
tion of  free  poutkal  institutions,  of  industrious,  frugal,  and 
moral  hkUts ;  «iul,  ahove  all,  upon  the  universal  difiusion  of  . 
luiowledge. 

68.  This  truth' should  sink  deep  in  the  hearts  of  the  old  and 
the  yowiff.  The  citizens  of  this  republic  should  never  forget 
the  awfoTresiKmsibilities  resting  upon  them.  They  constitute 
the  oddest  nation  on  this  western  hemisphere,  the  first  on  the  i 
list  of  existing  republics.  ,They.  stand  forward,  the  object  of  ' 
hatred  to  some,  of  admiration  to  many,  of  wonder  to  all ;  and 
an  impressive  example  to  the  people  of  every  country.  To 
them  IS  committed  an  experiment,  successful  hitherto,  the  final 
result  of  which  must  have  a  powerful  influence  upon  the  des- 
tiny of  mankind ;  if  favorable  and  happy,  the  whole  civilized 
world  will  be  free  ^  ir  adverse,  despotism  and  darkness  will 
again  overshadow  it.  May  they  ever  be  sensible  of  the  vast 
importance  of  their  example  may  they  never  betray  their 
sacred  trust. 


^:l 


•* 

'%-^.- 


'  'S.'^A'c' 


,  i-i^',jH      .  •*y'.V^->^,' 


K.f. 


•».^^-^;'B':' 


>  .',-*  ■  "■  - 


\:J; 


''J^ 


-M.  ■ 


QUESTIONS 

TO 


k' 


UALWB  HISTORY  OF  TUB  UNITED  STATSS. 


,*■ 


Qa.  Pff. 

.1    7^Vas  the  continent  of  America  known  to  the  ancients  1 
8  —  What  was  the  object  of  the  voyages  of  discovery  made  in  tho  I^th 
century  1 

3  —  Who  was  a  distinguished  navigator  of  that  agel  ^ 

4  —  Whore  was  he  bom ' 

5  —  Wliat  incidents  led  liim  to  think  that  he  coiUd  reach  the  East  Indies 

by  sailing  west  ?     ' 

6  8  To  wliom  did  ho  apply  fbr  assistance  T  - 

7  —  Who  became  his  friend  and  patron  ?  ^ 

8  —  When  did  he  set  sail  ?  From  what  port  1 

9  —  What  cjurse  did  he  steer  ? 

10  —  What  phenomenon  was  first  observed  during  his  voyage? 
119  How  did  his  crews  behave?  What  did  they  threaten  to  do? 

12  —  IIow  did  he  appease  them  ? 

13  —  When  was  land  discovered  ? 

14  10  Wliat  other  islands  did  he  discover  and  visit  ? 

15  —  How  was  he  received  on  his  return? 

16  —  Who  first  discovered  the  continent?  When? 

17  11  Upon  what  did  the  English  found  their  claim  to  the  eastern  portion 

of  North  America? 

18  —  From  whom  does  the  continent  derive  its  name  ? 

19  —  Who  is  supposed  to  have  entered  the  harbor  of  New- York?  , 

20  —  Wliat  induced  Coligni  to  attempt  a  settlement  in  America? 

21  —  Wliat  was  the  result? 

32  12  By  whom  was  the  second  attempt  made?  When!  Where? 

23  —  Was  it  tbrtunate  ? 

24  13  On  what  occasion  was  the  spirit  of  adventure  revived? 

25  —  Who  most  encouraged  the  scheme  of  colonization?    . 

26  14  What  companies  were  fbmicd? 

27  —  What  lerrit«wy  was  granted  to  each  ? 

28  —  What  privileges  were  secured  to  the  emigraqtst 

29  —  When  was  Quebec  settled?  By  whom? 

CHAPTHRI. 

By  what  company  was  Virginia  settled? 
IIow  many  persons  were  soul  over  ? 
What  distinguished  man  was  among  themt 
Relate  the  principal  events  of  his  lifts. 
When  did  the  adventurers  land  ?  At  what  place  ? 
Who  was  elected  president  ?  Who  was  excluded  ? 
What  was  the  character  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants! 
W^hat  hapijened  to  captJdn  Smith  ? 
By  whom  was  he  preserved  from  death? 
While  absent,  to  what  number  had  the  sotUera  bwik  reduced? 
How  many  came  with  NewpcMtT 
41  —  Htw  did  Smith  employ  himself? 


30  15 

31  — 

32  — 

83  — 

34  16 

35  — 

36  — 

37  17 

38  — 

30  — 

40  18 

QM.Vg, 

43  18  Was  he  chown  preaddent  ? 

48  19  .Aelate  what  afterwards  ocounred  T 

44  —  What  induced  Smith  td  return  tot  fingland  f 

45  —  What  was  the  consequence  ? 

46  SN)  Who  were  sneeessively  appointed  governors  ? 

47  —  For  what  purpose  was  Pokahontas  taken  7 

48  —  What  is  related  concerning  her  ? 

49  81  What  was  the  ol^ct  of  Argal's  expedition  iu  1613 1 

50  —  What  did  he  accomplish? 

51  —  What  instructions  were  given  by  king  James? 

52  —  When  did  governor  Yeardly  arrive  ? 

53  —  What  did  he  do  which  gave  joy  to  the  people  ? 

54  22  In  what  state  was  the  colony  at  this  period  1 

55  23  What  misfbrtune  happened  to  it  ? 

56  ■•  -  - 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 


34 


How  much  was  the  number  of  settlors  reduced  ? 

Did  the  Virginians  depose  Htirvey  1 

What  did  king  Charles  do  ? 

Who  succeeded  Harvoy  ? 

Whom  did  the  Virginians  fhvor,  the  Icing  or  ])arliament? 

What  did  the  parliament  do? 

What  did  the  Virginians  do  on  the  death  of  Matthews  ? 

Why  were  the  people  disaflbcted  ? 

64  —  Who  was  the  leader  of  the  insurgents  ? 

65  25  Relate  the  incidents  of  tlio  rebellion. 

66  26  What  was  the  conduct  of  Berkeley  towards  tho  relicls  I 

67  —  What  was  the  population  in  1688 » 

68  —  How  was  the  colony  governed  ? 

09  —  What  course  did  the  representatives  pursue  in  relation  to  slavery  I 

CHAPTER  n    . 

To  what  company  was  Massachnsetts  jrrantedl 

When  were  the  first  men  sent  over  left;  ? 

When  and  why  did  they  return  to  England? 

By  whom  was  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  surveyed  ? 

In  that  age  what  was  the  maxim  of  all  ecclesiastics  and  polUieians? 

What  causes  induced  Mr.  Robinson's  congregation  to  remove  ta 

Holland? 
To  what  company  did  they  apply  for  a  grant  of  land  ^ 
To  what  part  were  they  carried  ? 
What  did  they  do  before  leaving  the  ship  I 
When  did  they  land  ? 

How  many  perished  during  the  winter  ?         ^    -%  "^  *.     ,  y 
What  was  the  settlement  called  ? 
What  was  the  population  in  1630? 
What  directed  the  attention  of  others  to  New-England  t 
What  association  was  formed  in  1627  ? 
Of  what  company  did  they  obtain  a  grant  ? 
Where  did  the  people  they  sent  out  land  ? 
What  were  the  provisions  of  the  ciiarter  they  obtained  f 
What  town  was  next  settled  ^ 
W  tiat  was  the  first  object  of  their  attention  ? 
What  number  perished  before  spring  ? 
At  what  time  was  Boston  founded  ?  ,  ■■%  M, 

What  distinguished  lady  fell  a  Victim  ? 
How  many  perished  before  December? 
What  was  one  great  object  of  the  puritans? 
What  ordinance  was  passed  in  1631  ? 
Were  the  Indians  numerous,  at  that  time,  in  New-Eugland  t 
When  were  representatives  first  chosen  ?  • 


70  26 

71  27 

72  — 

73  — 

74  - 

75  28 

76  — 

77  — 

78  — 

79  — 

80  39 

81  — 

82  — 

83  — 

84  — 

85  — 

86  — 

87  — 

88  30 

89  — 

90  — 

01  — 

92  31 

93  =- 

94  — 

95  — 

96  — 

97  32 

Of. 

ge 

00 

100 

101 

103 

108 

104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

100 

no 

111 

* 

112 

118 

114 

lift 

110 

117 

118 

119 

120 

121 

122 

* ,  "■  -  ■< 

123 

** 

124 

125 

*• 

126 

127 

..  ■* 

128 

129 

< 

180 

.;  , 

131 

132 

133 

134 

135 

136 

.•  * 

137 

138 

139 

'"^ . 

140 

141 

142 

143 

144 

' 

145 

146 

147 

148 

149 

150 

151 

152 

i 

IM 

9-1 


QUESnQNS 


^'^ 


WKi»  was  banished  flrom  Salemt  For  what  esnsot 

—  What  distinguished  emigranu  came  in  1085  ?  "^ ' 
— -  Relate  their  history. 
88  Who  were  detained  by  king  Charles  ? 

—  What  was  the  cause  of  the  flrst  war  with  the  Indiansf 
84  With  what  tribe  was  it  carried  on  1 

—  Which  party  was  victorious  ? 
35  Wliat  cause  put  a  stop  to  en^igration  T 

—  In  what  year  did  ihe  colonies  form  a  league  ? 

86  What  is  said  concerning  the  representatives  and  assistants  f 

—  Which  did  New-En£:Iand  fhvor,  the  king  or  parliament  I 

—  What  iiropositions  did  Cromwell  make  to  the  colonies  f 

—  When  was  New-IIampslure  incorporated  with  Massadiusetts  t 

When  was  Maine  ? 

87  What  law  was  made  against  Quakers? 

—  What  distinguished  individuals  came  to  New-England  about  this 

time? 

—  How  were  they  received?  Where  did- they  reside? 
99  What  law  was  enacted  by  England  in  1663  ? 

—  What  measure  was  adopted  by  the  king  in  1664  ? 

—  What  was  the  conduct  of  the  commissioners  ? 

40  How  many  toWns  and  inhabitants  did  New-England  oomtain  at  the 

end  of  50  years  flrom  (he  settlement  of  Plymouth? 

—  What  W3re  the  causes  of  Philip's  war?  vl^  ■.^-.^ 

41  Where  were  the  first  acts  of  hostility  corfimitted  ?    ^-  -^     "^ 

—  Did  the  colonists  soflbr  much  ii^ttry  flrom  the  sava^  ? 

—  In  what  manner  was  the  war  carried  on  ? 

42  What  was  the  result  of  the  great  battle  fought  December  18  T 

—  What  foelings  did  Philip  exUbit  ? 

—  What  was  his  fete?  *^     ^ 

43  What  losses  were  sustained  in  this  war?  '.^ 

—  When  was  New-Hampshire  made  a  separate  colony  •  .     ,, 

—  For  Wliat  purpose  was  Edward  Randolph  sent  over?  ' 

—  What  was  done  in  relation  to  the  charter  ? 

44  What  was  tiie  character  and  conduct  of  An^ross? 

—  How  did  the  people  treat  Andro^s  and  his  aciierents^ 

45  What  was  the  result  of  the  expedition  to  Canada? 

—  How  did  Massachusetts  pay  her  troops? 
-  What  were  the  provisions  of  the  new  charter?  ,.    .> 

—  Who  was  the  flrst  governor  under  the  new  charter? 

—  What  distinguished  the  commencement  of  tiis  administration  1 

46  What  causes  produced  the  delusion  ?  .    .  ^      ; 

—  How  many  charged  with  witchcraft  were  executed?  .        ' ;-' 

47  What  law  was  passed  at  the  flrst  session  ? 

—  What  war  existed  at  this  period?      .'      „  ..       , 

—  When  was  Deerfleld  attacked?  '^       '<  " 
•— How  many  were  killed  and  made  prisoners  Y 

48  Who  were  among  the  prisoners? 

—  How  were  they  treated? 
— •  What  was  the  Indian  mode  of  warfkre? 

—  What  expedition  was  fltted  out  in  1707? 

—  What  in  1710?  What  was  accomplished? 

—  What  exi)edition  was  fltted  out  in  1711  ? 

49  What  nusfortune  occurred  to  the  fleet? 

—  What  was  the  event  of  the  expedition  ? 

—  When  was  pease  concluded  ? 
--  What  was  the  effect  of  this  war  upon  New-England  f 

—  Who  was  appointed  governor  in  1716  ? 

50  What  qoestion  agitated  the  people  wkan  he  ayrtv^l  I 
-^  What  act  ofhis  ^^ipleaaed  ttie  asssmUy? 


\ 

i 


# 


■mr 


•|,>fr 


■^tfllf 


mJti 


wwmotm 


185  80  moM  MAdncI  did Um pao^  lupvotet 

lOB  —  What  TOCO  WM  ptMMd  rwpociiiH  iIm  |ot«iioi'f  nlary  1 

187  —  Whal  inatmetloiui  did  fho  Uns  fflTOI 

188  —  Did  tho  Mwmbly  oomply  t 
80  —  What  atepa  did  tho  govei^or  toko  ? 
i60  U  Who  waa  the  next  goyra  .iT>r  I 
61  —  What  took  place  betwcc.i  b^n  and  the  aammbly  t 
n  — >  How  waa  the  controYci-sy  suspcoi  cd  !^ 
161.43  Who  aaooeeded  goveino   Uu  po.  .  7 
lit  —  Bow  waa  the  long  cent  ove  .^ '  ic  mi  ated  ? 


166 
166 

167 
168 
160 
170 
171 


a  i7<0: 


fii"  Jouti 
17451 


til 


83 


Who  waa  appointed  %o^'e  oo.* 
What  event  occurred  '  i  ir^*  1 : 
From  what  port  wore  rv  \cuc3r.) 
What  fxpeditUm  waa  cooccicd 
Bv  whom  was  It  oropci-sd .' 
Did  tho  General  Court  In  tie  end  a^roo  to  Itt 
What  colonies  Aimlshed  asslsti'uce  7 
178  —  What  naval  force  co-oporated  ? 

173  54  What  fortunate  events  occurred? 

174  —  What  was  the  result  of  the  expedition  t 

175  55  What  measure  did  France  adopt  the  next  fiummor  t 

176  —  At  what  time  was  peace  concluded  ? 

177  —  What  were  the  terms  of  this  peace  t 

178  -.  What  became  of  the  bllla  of  credit  f 


^'i 


<» 


.(«.t . 


170  55 

180  — 

181  56 
183  — 

183  — 

184  — 

185  — 

186  — 
187- 
188  — 
180  — 

100  — 

101  67 
108  — 

103  — 

104  — 

195  — 

196  58 
107 -. 
193  51 

199  — 

200  — 
901  — 


CHAFTEB  m. 


n". 


>   j«i 


1 


Which  waa  the  parent  of  the  New-England  oolonleal 

To  whom  were  the  first  grants  made  In  New-XIampAirot 

When  were  the  first  settlements  made?  Where? 

When  was  the  first  house  built  at  Portsmouth? 

Of  whom  did  Wheelright  purchase  land  ? 

What  town  did  he  found?  n^-    ^^  '^    r  ^ 

When  was  civil  government  established  in  DovoTf  FoitamtfttUi 

andBxeter? 
What  steps  ak*  these  towns  take  in  1641 T        /•/  '*'"  "   -  ^^■ 
Of  whom  did  the  emigrants  purchase  lands     *  %' *        '      /vv' 
What  settlements  suffered  in  Philip's  war  ? 
When  was  New-Hampshire  made  a  separate  province  f  '  '4 

What  -aw  was  passed  In  1680?  '    '   - 

WluU  disputes  arose  on  the  arri^  of  Mason  T 
Who  ma  appointed  governor  after  Andross  was  depbaedt 
Did  this  colony  sufler  much  flroni  Indian  wan  t 
V/hat  town  was  surprised  in  1080  ? 
Give  an  account  of  that  event. 
In  what  year  was  Londonderry  settled  ?  By  whomt 
What  did  ihey  introduce  ? 

Why  did  J.  T.  Mason  claim  the  lands  of  his  anooatttra  f  ;.      4 

To  whom  did  he  convoy  them  ?  -         j>  '^^ 

What  did  they  do  to  silence  opposition  ?      .  < 

How  were  the  Masonian  lands  granted  ?    '       -  -'    >  -        .  '  ,  :^    ,r^ 


^- 


^■w^^^s- 


CHAPTER  IV. 


>■*/.' 


^' 


r 


SOS  90  To  whom  was  Connecticut  first  granted? 

903  —  now  flu  westward  did  the  grant  extend?    ,^ 

904  —  By  whom  was  a  fort  ereetau  at  Hartford?'^' 

905  —  By  whom  was  a  trading  house  erected  at  Windsor?  ' 

906  60  By  whom  was  Weetbersfield  and  Windsor  settled? 

907  «»•  For  what  purpose  did  Winthrop  come  (torn  England! 


-'>■: 


>:"*llk^'< 


•?•*' 


\r 


■pK  -^^ 


» 


Of. 

106 
809 
flO  — 
911  — 
S19  — 

aisti 

914  — 

915  — 
910  — 

917  — 

918  69 
219  — 

920  — 

921  — 
222  — 
923  63 
294  — 
929  — 
920  — 
227  — 

928  64 

929  — 

930  65 

931  — 
932- 


avEsnoNii 


'.#*' 


984  — 
939  66 


Did  the  Dutoh  attempt  to  mnleott  blm  T 
What  penoM  laid  tho  ioari:a<'oa  oi'  U«nA)rd7 
WhoM  authority  did  tUe  lu-  it  Hn>'«r  .tovs  oclcnowledget 
When  did  the  flreemen  form  a  c^  >«  •  .    on  ' 
State  the  lubstance  of  this  connt'iu  oa. 
Uy  wkomwasSaybrookiettled?  Wiirneet>«eiiamet 
what  did  FenWick  transfer  to  the  Ge.ie  al  .2cunl 
By  what  persons  was  New-Uaven  fbu  Ac:  1  { 
Was  it  a  distinct  colony  T 
By  what  laws  were  they  first  governed  ? 
With  whom  had  both  colonies  disputes!  >i^ 

How  was  partition  made  in  1650 1 
Did  the  Dutch  continue  firiondiy  1 
What  did  Connecticut  pronose  to  tho  con  fl'dcnraeyt 
What  was  tho  conduct  of  Massachusetts? 
What  did  Cromwell  do  i 
Did  the  inhabitants  obtain  a  charter? 
What  territory  did  it  comprehend?  '  ;. 

Did  New-Haven  willingly  consent  to  a  un!anT  <• 

When  were  the  two  colonies  united? 

What  cfrcnmstances  occurred  when  Ar  dross  demanded  thooharler 
Did  Connectieut  retain  her  charter? 
What  demand  did  Fletcher  make  of  Ccmneoticut  ? 
now  was  he  treated?  ,..     v ;    '   v/-  ^•- 

When  was  Yale  College  founded? 
When  was  Saybrook  platform  adopted  I 
What  did  this  platform  relate  to  ? 
What  cause  tended  to  preserve  the  peace  (/  CDRinotient  1 

'    CHAPTER  V,    ,  , 


236  66  When  was  Rhode  Island  settled  ?  By  Tvhom  ?  ' 

93^  —  Why  was  he  banished  from  Massachvf  tUi? 

238  —  What  did  he  call  the  place  where  he  scaled  ?  -    ' 

239  —  What  regulations  did  he  adopt  ? 

240  —  Who  repaired  to  Rhode  Island  in  163S  ? 

241  67  Did  Rhode  Island  ajfply  to  be  admitted  -la  the  league? 
g42  —  What  was  the  decision  of  the  commis-  oacrs  J  /  . 

243  —  Did  Rhode  Island  consent  to  the  tern»s . 

244  —  When  was  the  first  general  assembly  l-ild  ?  v  ..^ 

245  —  When  did  the  colony  obtain  a  charter .'  ;  ^; 

246  -  •  What  were  the  provisions  of  this  charter  J  i'-  '       >   '  >  ^v 

247  __  What  law  was  passed  relative  to  the  qt  7>r<5rs* 

248  —  What  secured  the  colony  exemption,  fro.r    idian  hostility  • 
24^  —  What  was  the  population  in  1730?  In  irei  i 
250  —  Who  I  was  Brown  unhersity  founded  1 

v-  ■  ■  -    ■  ■■':.    CHAPTER  Vt    ^-      ■  ■>  :'-'*\f  '« 


■jtKv 


%,■ 


*nA . 


.V^r^i 


251  68  By  wlwm  wa«  New-York  discovered  ?  Wh^u  ?       ^'        - 

252  —  In  whit  service  did  Hudson  sail?  ..    „ 
853  —  By  whom  and  when  was  a  fort  erected  n^nr  Albany,  an**  trading 

houses  at  New- York?  ^.      ,r    i  . 

254  —  What  >vas  Albany  then  called  ?    What  v.  is  Nc^v-YorK , 

255  —  What  event  occurred  soon  after  ? 

Sfift  —  WTien  and  where  was  Fort  Amsterdam  e rcctfi  T  ^ 

^7  —  To  what  company  did  tho  republic  ol  Hoiianu  maKe  a  g Pvuit  i 

258  —  How  for  did  the  grant  extend?   -       - 

259  —  What  was  the  torritery  called?  r^: 
960  —  Whore  did  tho  Dutch  eroci  forts  la  lOaM 


■^' 


St 

Miii 

SOS 

tM 

S66 


aDcsnoxi 


'h 


t07 
SM6 
«W 
270 

sr78 

974 
275 
970 
977 
978 
979 
980 
981 
983 
983 
984 
985 
980 
987 
988 
989 
990 
991 
993 
993 
994 
996 
990 
297 
298 
999 
SCO 
301 
803 
303 
304 
305 
300 
307 
308 
«00 


313 
314 
315 
Sltt 
317 
318 

319 


.US''' 


\ 


With  whom  dill  thli  produce  quarreli  1  ^      ^ 

When  did  war  brrnk  our  between  the  Putek  md  IndtMlt 
00  Who  eommand'Hl  iho  Dutch  troope  f 

—  In  what  place  wan  a  i'  'ttle  tbught  f  ^ 

—  Who  agreed  on  a  Use  ui  pnrtition  between  the  Dntoh  and  Eiiglkillt 

—  To  whom  did  the  king  of  England  grant  New-York  / 

—  What  inoaaure  was  thereupon  taken  ^  :r 

—  Did  the  expedition  sent  out  succeed  f 

—  What  namea  wen  changed  i 

—  Who  aaauned  thegovemmont  of  the  country? 
.—  When  waa  New-Vork  made  a  city  ?    ' 

70  What  event  happened  In  1073  ?  *   ^ 

—  How  long  did  the  Dutch  retain  poHseaaion  ?  ,  t  ' '  > 

—  Whom  dul  the  duke' of  York  appoint  governor  f 

—  To  what  religions  sect  lid  both  belong? 

—  When  was  the  first  assembly  held  T 

—  By  what  people  was  the  interior  of  New-Tork  Inhabited  ^  ^ 

—  Of  whom  were  they  the  allies  f 

—  Who  led  an  army  against  thera?  v  .- 

71  What  was  ho  obliged  to  do  t 

—  What  Indian  chief  addressed  the  French  governor* 
—(Recite  his  speech. 
73  What  effect  had  this  speech  on  the  French  governor  f 

—  Why  was  the  duke  of  York  disliked  when  he  beoame  kingf 

—  What  encouraged  the  disaflUcted? 

73  What  measures  did  Leisler  and  Milbome  vndertaket 

—  What  did  Bayard  and  Courtlandt  dof 

—  What  authority  vUd  Leisler  assume?  Why? 

74  What  did  Milborne  effect? 
— 'What  parties  wc  re  despatched  against  the  EngUdi  f    ^ 

—  Describe  the  Httack  of  Schenectady. 

75  What  was  done  to  avenge  these  barbarities?  ^■  -i.- 

—  To  what  was  the  fhilure  of  the  expedition  attributed  t  ' 

—  Whom  did  king  William  ai;point  go^'omor? 

—  What  was  the  character  of  this  governor?  -^ 
<—  What  sentence  was  passed  on  I^ler  and  Milbome  f 
70  What  was  their  fhte  ? 

—  By  whom  were  the  French  settlements  attacked?  ? 

—  Who  was  appointed  governor  in  1092  ? 

—  Wliat  object  was  he  desirous  of  efTecting  ? 

—  Wha^t  took  place  hi  consequence  of  his  recommendation  t . 

77  When  wjis  the  earl  ofBellamont  af .    -i»  -:  gf^vemor? 

—  In  vv^hat  measurt  lid  he  engage '! 

—  Relate  the  conduct  and  fate  of  cap'  i    ''  ,• 

—  Into  wliat  parties  were  the  people  v».viu^? 

—  When  was  lord  rombury  appointed  governor? 
-r  What  were  his  parentage  and  character  ? 

—  In  what  manner  did  he  behave  ? 

78  Wliat  fbllowed  Ws  removal  fVom  office  ? 
'  -  \i^.Rt  resolution  was  passed  1 

—  In  what  year  did  governor  Hunter  arrive  ? 

—  What  poo.M  came  with  him  ? 

—  What  i«  f»e  character  of  thai .  desoendants? 

—  What  dispute  arose  between  the  house  and  council  t 

—  Wliat  enterprise  was  projected  tu  1709?  In  1711  ? 

79  What  was-the  result  of  the  latter? 
■—  Did  the  people  justif>'  thoir  representatives  ? 

—  State  the  progress  and  termination  of  the  Aapute  between  tbt 

house  and  council. 

—  Who  succceeiled  governor  Iluntor  ?  ,  .   , 


.:M"'iscv* 


190  70 
Ml  — 
388  80 
S83  — 
t34  — 

ass  — 


7- 


827  — 
888  81 
880  — 

830  — 

831  — 
838  88 
833  — 
334  — 

835  — 

836  83 

837  — 

338  — 

339  — 


840  84 

841  — 
848  — 

843  — 

844  — 

345  85 

346  — 

347  — 

348  — 

349  — 
35a  — 

351  — 

352  — 

353  — 

354  — 

355  88 

356  — 

357  — 
868  — 

359  87 

360  — 

361  — 
302  — 
363  — 


364  87 
3(>5  88 
3('>6  — 

867  — 

868  — 


What  rrojocUi  had  tha  French  then  in  Tio^ f 

What  01(1  gorernor  Burnot  do  to  delbat  It  T 

Whwi  was  iKo  nssembly,  elected  in  1716,  dissolvei? 

What  ioit  did  the  I<*rv;nch  erect  whlie  Van  Duia  waa  goreniorl 

Who  succeedod  Van  Dum  ? 

Whu   nroaocaii'  .  was  instigated  by  governor  Coal/y  ? 

What  honor  was  conlbr rfxl  on  one  of  his  tlerenders  I 

When  WHH  Olarli  ap])olnted  Ii('U'«>nant-govferiH>r  ? 

What  dispute  was  reviv<Kl  belwe<  h  him  and  (he  AmemblyT 

Which  party  was  triumphant  at  the  next  tjleriion? 

Recite  tiie  address  of  the  house  to  the  gOTernor. 

What  did  he  say  in  his  next  si/ooch  1 

Wtiat  resolve  did  the  house  pass  7 

What  plot  was  supposed  tn  be  concerted  about  this  time  Y 

What  was  the  supjiosed  object  of  i  lie  plot  1 

How  many  were  burned  ?    Hung!    Transported! 

What  did  Clark  allude  to  in  his  spcorh  T 

When  was  George  Clinton  apiK>iuted  guvomor  7 

What  happened  in  1745  7 

When  did  peace  talce  place  T  .  -^^  r 


.'•'. 


CHAPTER  VTt. 


By  Tvhom  was  New-Jersey  softie.!      WTicn  7    Whore  T 

When  and  where  did  the  Swedes  an  I  Finns  settle  I 

What  happened  in  1655  7  .  ^    ,  •  ■  . 

What  territory  did  the  Dutch  possesti  ?  '     •    , 

How  was  it  taken  from  them  f  •  -     *  f-  ^' 

To  whom  was  it  conveyed  7  . -, 

To  whom  did  the  Duke  convey  New-Jrrsoy  ?  .•• 

^Vhy  was  it  so  called  7 

Who  was  the  first  governor? 

What  was  the  origin  of  the  disputes  that  aroso  ? 

Did  the  people  jevolt  7    Did  they  submit  7 

To  whom  did  llerkelcy  di8]H>se  of  his  riy  fit  ?  r. . 

Who  were  appointed  trustees  to  sell  it  ?  ,  ■'■• 

What  partition  was  agreed  on  7 

Was  a  new  patent  grunted  to  the  Duke? 

On  what  did  Andross  insist  7 

What  did  ho  do  7 

Recite  the  address  to  the  commissioners. 

What  waa  their  decision  7 

To  whom  was  EaHt-.Tcfsey  transferred  in  1382! 

Who  was  appointed  governor  over  it  ? 

By  whom  were  the  Jerseys  reunited  7 

When  was  Princeton  College  founded  ? 

What  was  then  the  number  of  inhabitants  *  '  * 


ih" 


Mt5 


y^ir* 


:,,»,      •i<i^.T:#i 


870 
871 
87!2 
873 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

r  ■   I 
By  whom  was  Delaware  first  settled  T 
What  did  they  call  the  country  7 
Where  d  I  tWby  seat  themselves?  .'        ''■":■'■: 

Why  and  where  did  they  build  forts  ?  ' 

Whore  did  the  Dutch  build  a  fort  7 
In  what  manner  did  the  Swedes  gain  possession  of 
What  course  did  governor  Stuyvesant  pursue  ? 
How  long  did  tlie  Dutch  retain  possession? 
What  purchases  did  William  Penn  make  7 
What  lutmd  waa  given  to  the  tracts  purohosod? 

AA8 


..'■-■  .".S^-^ 


■  .V'^<KUU;i 


■U^Mi^AfMM 


V 


374  88 
876  — 


QTJBSTIOJira- 

To  what  colony  where  they  united  ? 
When  did  a  8ei>aration  take  place  ? 

CHAPTER  IX. 


Wlio  was  the  fbnnder  of  Pennsylvania  f 

To  what  religious  sect  did  he  bdon^  ? 

Why  was  the  country  grantc<l  10  him  ?      _    ■  ^^ ;: 

At  what  price  was  land  sold  ?  ^'', 

At  what  rate  was  it  rented  / 

III  what  year  did  thd  settlers  leave  England  ? 

What  position  did  they  select  tor  a  scttloment  ?  -- 

Wliat  was  the  object  of  Penn's  frame  of  govoniment  T 

What  people,  and  how  many,  did  he  find  upon  tho  "  territorlea^  ? 

Where  was  the  first  assembly  held  I 

What  city  did  Penn  found  ?  *«^ 

For  what  qualities  are  the  Pennssivanians  distinguished  ?       '^      ^ 

What  party  did  Penn  adhere  to  at  the  time  of  the  Engliih  rovo- 

lution?  •*.<*-*»  ■■^.     •  V'     ■ 

How  was  he  treated  ? 

Did  he  regain  the  Ihvor  of  the  king?  '■  -^ 

When  did  he  again  visit  Pennsylvania  ? 

What  took  place  in  1701?  -^ ■  -  :j^ 

How  was  the  executive  authority  afterwards  administered?     -.j^^ 
What  caused  the  most  irritation?  m»;«i:>^   ' 

Did  the  colony  prosper  ?  ■^'  '■    .    '•!??>?  |^r4: 

What  took  place  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolution  f  "4^^^'^%' 
What  sum  was  paid  in  disciiarge  of  quit  rents  ?  -^  s     *^ 


■•■'^,; 


*» 


CHAPTER  X. 


¥m- 


398  93 

399  — 

400  — 

401  — 

402  — 

403  — 

404  — 

405  94 

406  — 

407  — 

408  — 

409  U5 

410  — 

411  — 

412  — 

413  — 

414  — 

415  06 

416  — 

417  — 


mo   9u 


v- 


-tt ' 


.#-t^ 


By  whom  was  Maryland  fpunded ?    i" 

To  what  religious  sect  did  he  belong  ? 

After  whom  waj»  the  colcny  named  ? 

Who  was  appointed  the  first  governor  ?         , 

When  did  the  first  settlers  arrive  ?    Where?  ,   •'  -,' 

What  land  did  they  purchase  ?  • 

What  circumstances  favored  the  rapid  populat1«n  of  the  cdoojr » 

When  and  how  was  a  house  of  assembly  formed  ? 

What  alteration  was  made  in  1650  ? 

What  fact  is  honorable  to  Lord  Baltimore  an  1  lus  associatas  t 

What  disturbance  was  produced  ?    By  whom  I 

What  was  the  result  of  the  disturbances  ? 

What  ordinance  was  passed  by  the  victorious  party  ? 

What  was  the  number  of  inSiabitants  in  IGtiO?  .  .^ 

When  did  lord  Baltimore  die  ? 

What  was  his  character  J 

Wliat  occurred  in  1GS9  ?  >i^-^w 

V.'hat  directions  did  king  William  give  ? 

When  was  the  proprietor  restored  to  his  rights  ? 

What  occurred  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolution  I 


CHAPTER  XI. 


VT  imt    ICIllKM 


\yttn  ^laiiLcu,  - 


419  —  By  what  persons  was  a  settlement  Ibtracd  north  of  Albonuurla 

sound  ? 
490  —  \Vhat  setUemcnt  was  made  in  1661  ?    By  whom!      v  .,4., . 
421  97  Wiiat  grant  was  niado  in  1003?  -J*''   - 

4j!2  —  What  assuru'iousi  were  given  to  emigrants?  >*  x^u       -^ 


'iii4' 


438  ^ 
4M  — 

W"-        ,  ' 

435  — 

s'i  ■ 

436  — 

m     '. 

.  487  — 

'f-/i  ■■ 

438  98 

;|  ■  ^'- 

439  — 

^'.■.^      --^n 

430  -- 

■  •    *  . 

431  — 

433  — 

V.v 

433  99 

' 

434  — 

435  — 

f 

■■V,,- 

^^^■'^^ 

436  100 

.   437  - 

^  ->;  438  — 

;  .,  439  — 

^ ;   440  — 

441  - 

' 

443  - 

■■f  iL  ■>.'•■•;,;' 

443  — 

/ 

.   444  101 

,  '^  '^' 

'  0*^  445  — 

r  "^  .  " 

446  — 

447  — 

448  — 

449  102 

■«■  . 

450  — 

451  — 

• 

452  103 

453  — 

.  ',■, 

454  — 

r 

455  — 

456  104 

457  — 

458  — 

459  105 

*»!., 


amvnasm  .  u 

Wu>  prepared  a  •onstitHtion  Ibr  the  colony? 
What  were  the  provisions  of  this  constitutioa  7 
Waa  it  acceptable  to  the  inhabitants  1      ,  ,.. 
What  set^ement  was  made  in  1670  ? 
In  which  of  the  Carolinas,  as  now  divided,  was  it  made! 
What  VidB  the  character  and  conduct  of  Soth  SothelT 
When  was  the  constitution  of  I^ciie  abnogated  ? 
How  were  the  two  provinces  afterwards  governed?  ."^,' 

What  emigrants  came  in  1707  ?    In  1710? 
Wliat  calamity  fell  upon  them?  :  ji- 

Whither  did  the  Tuscaroras  emigrate^  .^i%. 

What  proceedings  took  place  in  1729^  ~«* 

In  what  part  of  North-Caroliiia  did  the  settlements  ijicrease  most 
rapidly?  -.         ,, 


■■&, 


CHAPTER  XII. 


460    — 


When  was  the  first  settlement  made  at  Port  Royal  1     '' 
When  waa  old  Charleston  founded  ?  ,      ,  "^ 

When  did  the  freemen  elect  representatiros? 
When  did  they  meet  to  elect  them  ?  *.,     - 

Whence  did  emigrants  come  ? 
Wlien  was  the  present  city  of  Charleston  founded  ? 
What  did  the  Proprietors  direct  in  regard  to  tlie  French  iiroles- 
tants  ?  ' 

Was  opposition  made  ?    By  whom?  ,       -   *■ 

What  did  these  protestants  do  ? 
Wliy  was  John  Arohdale  sent  over? 

What  did  he  effect  ?  .  ;  u  /.  ' 

What  did  Granville  and  Moore  attempt  ?  \  ,  ^ 

What  law  was  passed  ? 

What  was  the  conduct  of  the  lords  and  the  queen?     »        ,-/,    . 
What  expeditions  were  undertaken  in  1702  f 
What  occurred  in  1706  ?    What  in  1715? 
What  sufferings  were  occasioned  by  the  war  with  the  Indiana 
What  measure  did  the  assembly  adopt  ? 
What  emigrants  were  induced  to  come  ?  ^ 

What  waa  their  fate?  >n<?'-  *W    " 

What  occurred  in  1719  ?  '  *" 

How  was  the  government  afterwards  administered?  (., 

What  occurred  in1738  ?  ... 

Was  the  insurrection  quelled  ?      ^ 
From  what  countries  did  emigrants  cwne  ? 


<M 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


aj-' 


/»*»■• 


461  105  Where  is  Georgia  situated  ?  ^  . 

402  —  What  project  was  concerted  in  1732?  i 

463  —  To  whom  was  Georgia  granted  ? 

464  106  What  regulations  did  the  Trustees  provide  ?    ' 

465  —  When  did  the  first  emigrants  embaik  ? 

466  —  Who  was  placed  at  their  head  ? 

467  —  What  was  the  conduct  of  the  Carolinians  ? 

468  —  How  many  emigrants «ame  the  next  year? 

469  ^-  What  was  the  character  of  these  emigrants  ? 

470  —  What  offer  was  made  to  induce  a  diflferent  class  to  emigrate  I 

471  —  Where  did  the  Germans  settle  ?    Where  the  Scotch  ? 

472  —  ^Vho  made  a  visit  to  Georgia  in  1736  ?  ,. 

473  —  What  vras^lfltiobject?    .  .«*.  ^^ 

474  ^  Who  oame  two  years  aftoVwards  ?  ,-.         r  *    ^ 


..V  ■ 


'■#»■ 


>* 


10 


QUlSSTIONflL 


Off.  Pg. 

475  107  In  1740,  how  many  emigrants  had  airiYod  J 

4716  _    What  was  the  amount  of  beuofactions  ? 

477  —    What^peditidn  did  General  Oglethorpe  imdMtaket     ,  « 

478 —  Was  it  surcossftil  ? 

479—  What  afterwards  occurred  ?  \4,^/ a 
480'  108  What  event  occurred  when  Oglethorpe  was  roarohfaig  to  AtaA 

the  Spaniards  ? 
What  expedient  did  he  devise  7  '  ^'^     .!. 

How  did  tlie  invasion  end  ?     ^^ij         .,        ;■,.    '  -^^ 

Wliat  occurred  in  17$4  ?  ''    .'  ' 

What  products  were  cultivated  T         ^  ;i.,.-;.^    : 


'JJ 


48! 
482 
483 

484 


109 
110 


-Ij^^ 


'^-^-  M 


■•  ft.. 


.^^ 


*•  CHAPTER  XIV  *  M 

4 
465  110  In  what  year  was  the  treaty  between  Prance  and  England  eatt,.- 

eluded,  whicli  restored  tranquility  to  America  ?  -^  *.J'« 

480    —  What  was  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  tiiirteen  colonies  at 

that  period  ? 

487  —  Where  were  the  English  settlements^  Where  the  French  1  ^if  y' 

488  —  Wliat  design  had  the  French  in  view? 

489  —  What  did  the  company  oC  English  traders  do  ■ 

490  —  What  was  the  conduct*T)f  the  French? 

491  ill  Whom  did  governor  Dinwiddle  send  as  fhossenger  to  the  Fren<lk 

commander  ? 
493    —  What  course  did  governor  Dinwiddle  take  on  receiving  the  answerV 

493  — What  was  the  result  of  Washington's  expedition? 

494  —  When  was  the  Albany  plan  of  union  formed  ?  *  'i—  i^'i'  ^'^ 

495  —  What  did  tliis  plan  provide  ? 
490  112  Why  was  it  rejected  in  England?  Why  in  America? 

497  —  What  expeditions  were  resolved  upon  in  1755  ? 

498  —  Relate  the  object  and  result  of  the  expedition  to  Nova  Scottau 

499  —  Who  conunanded  the  expedition  against  Fort  Du  Quesiiot 

500  113  What  was  the  result  of  the  expedition  ?  ^^ 

501  114  Who  commanded  the  expedition  against  Niagara? 

502  —  Was  he  successftil  ? 

503  115  V/ho  commanded  the  expedition  agninst  Crownpoint  ? 

504  —  Relate  what  happened  to  this  expedition. 

505  116  Was'it  abandoned?  ^ 

506  —  What  expeditions  were  proposed  the  next  year?         ' 

507  —  Why  was  Massachusetts  disgusted  ]  How  appeased^ 

508  117  Who  was  appointed  to  succeed  Shirley? 

509  —  Had  war  been  declared  between  France  and  England? 

510  —  Who  was  ap]K)inted  commander-in-chief] 
611    — Wliat  post  did  general  Montcalm  take  ? 

512  118  Wliat  had  been  accomplished  in  this  campaign? 

513  —  To  what  did  the  ministry  direct  the  attention  of  lord  Ijoudonf 

614  —  Did  he  elTect  the  object  ? 

615  119  With  what  force  did  Montcalm  besiege  Fort  William  Henry  i 

516  —  Where  is  that  fort  situated? 

517  —  Who  was  sent  to  command  it  ? 

518  —  Relate  the  circumstances  and  result  of  the  siege.  -    r 

519  120  What  effect  had  these  disasters  upon  the  British  nation  T         *■. 
620    —  Whom  did  the  king  appoint  prime  minisicr  ? 
521    —  Wliat  expeditions  were  determined  on  for  the  next  otmpttlcat 

^  522  121  Who  commanded  that  againat  Louisburg  I  »^.      ^.  :,;.         ,  i^ 

523  — Who  served  under  him  ?  '"  '   ^\. 'iri* 

524  —  Hsw  did  the  siege  terrninritel     '  V^  '    .. 

525  —  What  wir.i  the  result  of  tlic  attack  on  Ticonderogal  ^^    i 

526  —  What  fbrt  did  colonel  llradKtrcot  capture? 

63?  122  Who  commomteil  the  expedition  against  Du  Qu«snt'  ^l 


':.*. 

V 


W 


'J ;' 


:-,JL 


■:^^:' 


axmefnossL 


^  ^-  Tl 

#-.• 

638  1!» 
520  — 

i'f  'l 

830  — 

■    581  — 

832  — 

!€■ 

ft33  123 

i  ■'■*' 

534  — 

'  K 

535  — 

'r^ 

536  — 

'^• 

537  — 

;" 

.  538  124 

i'; 

,  .  539  - 

/ 

^    540  125 

-.  «^    ■■■ 

•    541  - 

«\'-"'.   <: 

542  — 

543  126 

>sat 

544  - 

.  -;:.^".^  545   - 

Bn«k 

%,  846  126 
547  — 

nrert 

648  127 

'^^'H--^^ 

549  - 

.y   550  — 

.^.?l 

■'-|^,  651  — 

f     '■ 

'      562  - 

658  — 

654  128 

555  129 

..■y;->* 

•60  - 

pi" 

557  — 

558  130 

.'1-^" 

659  — 

.  ?/'  ;^ 

660  131 

;'~ 

661  — 

662  — 

k  ■   , 

663  132 

y 

564  — 

565  — 

666  — 

567  — 

M 

568  133 

1 

569  — 

670  — 

t 

671  134 

572  135 

573  - 

674  - 

675  — 

,  676  — 

677  — 

,-1^%^'    1 

678  136 

1 

579  137 

1 

68^  — 

1 

.-^'.   681  - 

I 

-^fe  ■  682  — 

;'-«^ 


What  dlsflfltdr  oeeuired  to  itt 

Was  it  •ncoessftill 

Whera  was  tlM  fort  situated? 

What  "tras  the  plan  of  the  next  campaign  ? 

What  was  the  event  of  the  expedition  against  Niagara  I 

What  success  did  general  Amherst  meet  with  ? 

Who  commanded  the  expedition  againt  Quebec  7 

Whht  was  the  condition  of  that  place  ?  •     -,  :r 

When  and  where  did  Wolf  land  his  army  ? 

Where  does  Quebec  stand  1 

Where  did  a  battle  take  place  ?  What  the  event  *  *     ^ 

What  plan  did  Wolf  then  form  1  .  *    ' 

In  what  manner  did  he  gain  the  heights  of  Abraham? 

What  did  Montcalm  then  do  ?  ^ 

What  was  the  Ihte  of  Wolf?  Of  Montcalm  1      -       lUP 

What  was  the  consequence  of  the  battle  I  i . '. .  .• 

When  was  peace  concluded  ? 

What  did  France  cede  to  Great  Britain  I 

■'"''chapter  XV.    ^    "■  ^'^ 


m- 


.t 


•l^t 


-■'t' 


?N 


^, 'it- 


Row  much  was  added  to  the  debt  of  England,  in  the  late  war? 

Whence  did  hef  legislators  seek  assistance? 

What  relation  was  supposed  to  exist  between  the  mother  O0Un> 

try  and  her  colonies  f 
Wliat  restrictions  had  Great  Britain  imposed?  -  ^.  v  ;^t 

What  law  was  enacted  in  1764  ?  -  -    :;  ■ 

What  resolution  was  proposed  1 
In  what  courts  were  penalties  to  be  recovered  t 
What  measures  did  the  colonies  adopt  ? 
Recite  the  8th  and  9th  sections.  Uj*^ 

When  was  the  stamp  act  proposed  ?  *:?j^% ;  ^   li^^   fe 

What  language  was  used  in  supporting  itl,  ?•;;?  C-  - 
Recite  Ck)].  Barrels  speech. 
Did  the  bill  pass  J'  .5.....    . 

What  took  place  in  Virginia  when  the  news  arrivedi""  '#--  ^  * 

What  resolve  was  passed  in  Massachusetts  ?  :   ;  r? 

What  was  the  name  of  the  associations  formed  in  New-Engli^ndT 

What  occurred  in  Boston  ?    What  in  Newport  I 

How  did  the  citizens  of  New- York  conduct  1  ''  >    '^]^" 

Wlat  title  did  they  give  to  the  stamp  act  ?     .  .       ^ 

Whon  did  the  Congress  assemble?  •  *"  '  Ifei  ;i  ' 

What  were  the  proceedings  of  this  Congress  ?  '>f 

What  agreements  were  adopted? 

What  was  proposed  in  the  British  parliament?       -  -" 

What  did  Mr.  Grenville  say  ?  -''^^fe  -1 

Recite  William  Pitt's  speech.  '' v  * 

What  were  the  proceedings  of  parliament? 

Why  were  the  people  of  New-England  and  New- York  still  dl»> 

satisfltid  ^ 
For  what  cause  was  the  assembly  of  New-Yortt  suspended  I 
What  measure  was  adopted  in  June,  1767  ? 
What  course  did  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  pursue? 
How  were  they  punished  ?  .     ^'  - 

What  measures  were  then  adopted  in  Massachusetts  ?  ^  . 

What  step  was  taken  by  ucneral  Gage  1  ^iw 

State  what  resolutions  had  been  adopted  in  Parliament!  . 
What  resolutions  were  adopted  in  Virginia?  .,,-■ 

What  did  tlie  governor  do  1  ,%     ;•,.   ••  *  ;;• 

Wliat  then  ensued  ]   ,<  -,  ^^^ 


#, 


If  QUEIITIONSi 

Qrf.  PJf. 

583  137  State  vifbBt  ooflorred  in  State>StBeet,  Bostoik 

684  138  To  what  place  were  the  troopa  removed  I 

885   —  What  trials  took  place } 

086   —  Who  defended  the  aociiaed  ? 

587  ~  Were  they  conricted  ?  CT    "J^ 

588  139  What  meaaure  did  parliament  adopt  t  ^.o  m^     ^ 
58D  •«-  What  alteration  was  made  tn  the  non-importatloii  ■gfrtwrtpiilit 


"•*■ 


*f 


;*" 


CHAPTER  XVL 


SvaT' 


t■4^t^ft!»•^l^-;; 


-slv'tt. 


'4'  '  ' 


590  139  What  causes  contribnted  to  increase  the  discontent  wliioli  preri 

ously  existed  in  Mdissachusctts  ? 

591  140  By  whom  were  committees  of  correspondence  recommended  t    . 

593  —  What  was  the  object  aad  what  the  eflbct  of  them  ? 
693   —  What  letters  did  Dr.  Franklin  obtain  and  send  over? 

594  —  What  effect  did  these  letters  have  ? 

595  —  What  measure  did  the  East  India  Company  admxt 

596  —  What  was  done  in  Philadelphia  and  New- York  1 

597  141  What  was  tlie  state  of  public  feeling  in  Boston!  -^ 

598  —  What  resolution  was  adopted  by  the  citizens  ? 

599  —  What  proceedings  followed? 

600  —  Recite  Josiah  Quincy's  Speech. 

601  142  What  was  done  with  the  tea  ?  % 

602  —  What  acts  were  passed  by  parliament? 

603  143  How  was  the  first  day  of  June  observed  h)  Virginia! 

604  —  What  spirit  was  displayed  by  the  citizens  of  Salem  ?  .  " 

605  —  What  was  rccommonded  by  the  Groneral  Court  of  Massachmettfti 

606  144  When  did  the  delegates  meet? 

607  —  What  resolutions  did  they  adopt  ?  . 

608  —  What  effect  had  their  proceedings  on  puUic  sentiment  abroad  I 

609  145  Recite  Mr.  Pitt's  speech. 

610  —  By  what  names  were  the  Americans  distinguisdied  I    .. 

611  up  Wliat  measures  did  governor  Gage  adopt? 

6r9   —  When  did  a  provincial  Congress  meet  I,  < 

613  —  What  conciliatory  proposition  was  adc^ted  in  parliamsntf       ,    ' 

614  <—  Did  the  Americans  accept  it  ? 

615  147  When  did  the  battle  of  Lexington  take  plaoe?         {  ■  *     ^f  M^ 
6W .  148  What  was  the  result  ?    What  the  effect  ?  . .  '€  t  - 

617  —  What  expedition  was  projected  in  Connecticut  ? 

618  149  By  whom  was  it  executed  ?  jj 

619  —  What  posts  were  taken  ?  '  , 

620  «—  Wliat  British  generals  arrived  in  June  ?  '  * 

621  —  Wliat  proclamation  was  issued  ? 

622  150  Why  did  the  provincials  resolve  to  occupy  Bunker  hllY    ^ 

62JJ    —  Who  commanded  the  provincial  troops  ?  _  -» 

624    —  On  what  day  was  the  battle  fought  ? 

625^151  Relate  the  principal  events  of  the  battle  ? 

02d  152  How  many  Americans  were  killed  and  wounded  1 

627  —  How  many  British  ? 

628  ■— Did  the  r38ult  dispirit  the  Americans?       W  r. 

629  — What  eminen»*man  was  killed*  ,;, 

630  —  Wliat  nicusores  were  adopted  by  the  continental  Con|;Tes0 1 
C31    — Who  was  chosen  commandor-in-cliicf?  '-?,*} 

632  153  What  other  oflicers  were  chosen  ?  '^'\         " 

633  —  What  mode  was  adopted  to  defray  expenses  1  Z/"'^^ 

vat     —    w  uui  oeinrmiuii  wu»  i»aut;u  j  !v,  , 

635  — Recite  the  extracts  iufjerted.  '    V 

636  154  To  what  place  did  Wnsliiiigton-Ttjpair?       -        \'^ 

637  —  How  numerous  did  lie  fii-id  tlie  arrny  ?  '"'""'::;  ',  . 

638  155  What  occuircU  in  VirgUua?  '  / 


»^fe« 


•~^- '--. 


i*S.'.. 


*>-. 


019  1S5 
640  156 
0»  — 
643  — 

643  — 

644  157 

645  ^ 

646  158 

647  — 

648  — 

649  159 

650  — 

651  — 
653  — 
653  — 


QtBtfnONtt 

What  in  Iffnth-CaTolina? 

MThat  in  South-Carolina  ?    What  in  Georgia  t 

What  in  New-York  1    Who  was  made  goTernor  th6f6  T 

What  xesolution,  referring  to  him,  was  passed  hy  Congmst 

What  was  done  and  projected  in  1775? 

What  was  done  in  New-Hampshire?        *• 

What  transactions  occurred  Hi  October?    ''; /.  ;,; .  • 

How  was  the  new  army  to  be  raised  ? 

How  many  enlisted?  '^"^ 

What  works  were  erected  in  March?  / 

What  did  general  Howe  attempt  ?  0  v^  ; 

Failing  in  tlJs,  what  did  he  then  determine  t  - 

When  was  Boston  evacuated?  ^^* 

To  what  place  did  the  American  army  proceed  1  ^'      "  '-^ 

Whither  did  the  British  fleet  steer  ?    -  «  -  ■'     -  i 


?■    ■i'-i-.f.  •'.  / 


CHAPTER  XVU. 


•^i^.^ 


V 


654  159  How  many  expeditions  wero  despatched  agahist  Canada* 

655  —  What  did  governor  Carleton  do? 

656  160  Who  proceeded  in  advance?    Why? 

657  —  On  whom  did  the  chief  command  devolve?      ' 

658  —  What  did  colonels  Allen  and  Brown  attempt? 

659  —  What  a  as  the  fote  of  Allen? 

660  101  What  foctunate  event  occurred  in  October  t 

661  —  What  other  victory  was  achieved?  .(^^ 
663    —  When  was  St.  John's  surrendered  ? 

663  —  To  what  place  did  Montgomery  then  repair  ? 

664  163  With  how  many  men  did  ho  begin  his  march  to  Quebet 

665  —  Who  commanded  the  other  expedition? 

666  —  How  many  did  it  consist  of  ?  gt .        ^-i     .'K"-"^'- 

667  —  Describe  their  route ?  >  *„     ^  -  r    \r     '  '  > '  ^^' 

668  —  Were  their  sufferings  great  ?  "     *  ;,   -"f^ 

669  163  When  did  they  arrive  at  t^o  French  sottlemiontst     /    ^ 

670  — When  did  he  cross  the  river?  ^/ 

671  — Where  did  he  encamp?  *•.  " 
673    —  When  did  Montgomery  arrive?                                          '/ 

673  —  To  what  did  their  united  force  amount  ?  .^      j  '  "^ 

674  164  How  strong  were  the  enemy  ? 

675  —  What  did  the  general  first  determine  ? 

676  —  What  disease  broke  out  in  the  camp  ? 

677  —  What  was  proposed  and  resolved  upon  ? 

678  165  When  was  the  city  assaulted? 

679  •— What  disastrous  event  occurred?  ...  , 

680  —  Wliat  happened  to  Arnold  ?  y       i^     '       « 

681  — Who  assumed  the  command? 
683  166  How  did  the  attack  terminate? 
683    —  What  was  the  amoimt  of  the  American  loss  ? 
634    —  Where  was  Montgomery's  monument  placed? 

685  167  How  lUr  from  the  city  did  Arnold  eicamp  ? 

686  —  WTien  did  general  Tliomas  arrive  from  Koxbury  t 

687  •—  What  was  then  done  ? 

688  —  To  what  place  did  the  Americans  retreat  ? 

689  168  What  occurred  at  the  Cedars  i 

690  —  Who  succeeded  general  Thomas  ? 

691  —  Of  how  many  did  nis  army  consist  ? 
693    --  How  strong  was  the  enemy  ? 
693    -^  Whera  did  SuIUvan  halt? 


s^ 


V^' 


■iiS>.i- 


"■^it\... 


^■•'i? 


j^^; 


■     9 


QUESTIONS. 


Qi. 

eoi 

095 

eoo 

607 
008 
009 
700 
701 
703 
703 
704 
705 
700 
707 
706 
709 
710 
711 
712 
713 
714 
715 
710 
717 
718 
719 
720 
721 
723 
723 
734 
785 
720 
727 
728 
730 
730 
731 
733 
733 


"f  ■ 

784 
735 
730 
737 
738 
739 
740 
741 
743 

744 
740 

740 

747 


% 


170 

171 
172 


173 

174 
175 


CHAPTER  XVHL 

What  reply  was  made  when  the  laat  petition  wai  proMAted  to 

What  treaties  were  made  With  German  princes  ? 

What  expedition  was  despatched  in  1770  ? 

Who  was  appointed  commander  of  the  British  naval  forces? 

What  preparations  were  made  at  Charleston  ? 

Relate  what  occurred  in  the  attack  on  SuUivan's  Island  1 

What  was  the  effect  or  this  battle  I 

What  ahle  pamphlet  was  published  at  this  time  ? 

Who  proposed,  in  Congress,  a  declaration  of  indopendenos! 

Who  seconded  the  motion  t  '^  >     , . 

Who  were  the  committee  appointed  to  prepare  it  t      ^  ^. 

On  wliat  day  was  it  adopted  ?  %¥.-\  ''^ 

Recite  the  17th  section. 

What  was  done  at  New«York1 

How  was  the  American  army  posted? 

Where  did  the  British  troops  first  land  ? 

How  were  the  two  armies  posted  on  liong  Island  I 

Describe  tlie  battle  wliich  took  place. 

Which  gained  the  victory  ? 

Whither  did  Washington  retreat  ?        . 

Where  did  he  take  post  in  September  ? 

What  did  the  enemy  then  do  1 

Wliat  calamity  happened  to  tiia  city  ? 

Wliat  plan  of  warl]u-e  did  Washington  adopt  ? 

To  what  place  did  he  next  repair  ? 

Wliat  was  the  result  of  the  battle  there  ibught  ?       "'^i^^' 

What  fbrt  was  attacked? 


,4, 


:ArV 


-'■"  J,- 


'*fi.'-- 


'% 


-i.'^v 


170 
177 

178 


Where  was  it  situated  ?  ^*  * 

Which  gained  the  victory? 

What  then  followed? 

What  proclamation  vras  issued  ? 

To  what  place  did  Congress  remove? 

With  what  power  did  they  invest  Washington! 

Wliat  happened  to  general  Lee  7 

What  was  the  behavior  of  the  British  ? 

What 'brilliant  victory  was  achieved  ? 

What  other  exploit  was  performed  ?  ,. 

Who  was  among  the  wounded? 

What  followed? 

What  eflfect  had  these  victories  ?   , 


•€. 


V?, 


^ri 


•^.^ 


M 


■^'0 


„*V' 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


179 

180 
181 


What  q;)irlt  did  Congress  exliibit  ? 

Wliat  measures  did  they  take  ? 

Who  were  sent  commissioners  to  France  I  , 

What  did  the  French  ministry  permit  ? 

Of  what  value  were  the  prizes  made  by  American  privateers  f 

What  distinguished  Frenchman  joined  Che  Americans? 

What  appointment  did  he  receive  ?  ^:t 

How  were  the  American  prisoners  treated  ?  .   ^V: 

To  what  place  did  Howe  transport  his  troops  ?  '"  "% 

Whither  cii  Washington  march  ?  .         » 

Which  gained  the  victory  at  Brandywine  ereekf 

What  omcer  was  wounded?  ^ 

To  what  place  did  Washhigton  eventually  retreat  ? 

When  did  Howe  enter  PlUiadelpiiia? 


>  4-^    <^ 


T. 


i,y^^-^i 


.•'^'■■/ 


'^,"«'' 


n 


183 


184 


t.r  • 

■>♦„ 

,..:  ;-•' 

'V 

■)'  r,  -'h 

^m-' 

-^v. 


,a"i 


***■■' 


:^  ■'■■*<■; 


Q8. 

748 

749 

750 

751 

753 

753 

754 

755 

756 

757 

758 

759 

760 

761 

763 

763 

764 

765 

766 

767 

768 

789 

770 

771 

773    — 

773    — 


185 
186 


187 
188 


MThAt  was  the  result  of  the  battle  on  Lake  Ohamplaai  t 

What  expedition  was  concerted  in  the  winter? 

By  whom  was  it  to  bo  commanded  1 

what  American  commanded  the  northern  department  f 

To  what  place  did  Burgoyne  despatch  St.  Leger  I  .^ 

When  did  he  appear  before  Ticonderoga  ? 

What  was  the  number  of  ids  army  I  , 

When  was  Ticondt- roga  evacuated  ? 

To  what  place  did  the  Americans  eventually  retreat  t 

What  intelligence  was  received  from  St.  Leger?  v.   .   f 

What  was  tbe  efibct  of  the  American  proclamation? 

Whither  did  Bui^goyne  despatch  Baum  ? 

Who  commwded  the  American  militia? 

Which  gained  the  victory  on  the  16th  of  August? 

What  occurred  aflerwards? 

What  was  the  effect  of  the  victory  at  Bennington  I  w 

What  was  the  fhte  of  St.  Leger's  expedition? 

Who  were  appointed  to  command  the  American  oarmy? 

Describe  the  first  battle  of  Stillwater.         .  .,    ,    ^  • 

Describe  the  second.  /    ''^i::t^'\pi'--i'f-. 

What  was  done  by  general  Vaughan?    ^jv   ' 

To  what  place  did  Burgoyne  retreat?     '^  v       .    •  # 

When  did  he  surrender  ?  •-      -  ;.  r^,>  >  ,  !^\. 

Describe  the  battle  of  Germantown. 

State  the  result  of  the  assault  upon  Red  bank  and  upon  Vox*  Mifflia. 

Where  did  Washington's  army  pass  the  winter? 


""*isv* 


.4■■ 


^■ 


M- 


•y  - 


CHAFTER  XX 


m^miW^^^: 


774 

\;^"775 

.    "^*777 

778 

^■^n  779 

%^  780 

^:.78i 


••.""■'■■V 


782 
783 

784 

785 

786 

787 

788 

789 

790 

791 

793 

f '#  T93 

'  T94 

,795 


189 


190 


191 


,.^:f 


192 


193 


When  was  tbe  Confederation  adopted? 

What  powers  did  it  confer  on  Congress? 

What  right  did  the  states  reserve  ? 

Who  was  appointed  inspector  general? 

What  treaties  were  made  with  France  ?  .  .     v 

What  act  was  passed  by  the  British  parllaiilent? 

State  what  took  place  between  the  commissioners  and  Jsseph  Reed 

What  course  did  Great  Britain  pursue?  ^  ^  :, 

When  did  the  British  anny  quit  Philadelphia?   -    r  -^j. 

Did  a  battle  take  place  soon  after?  Where  J  ^        'ki 

Who  commanded  the  Americans?      .*     .     • 

What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  ? 

What  charges  were  made  against  Lee  ? 

What  was  his  sentence  ?  ^ 

What  assistance  arrived  flrom  France? 

What  enterprise  was  then  i)roject6d? 

Who  commanded  the  American  troops  ? 

What  occurred  at  sea?  ,^ 

What  was  Sullivan  compelled  to  do? 

What  towns  were  attacked  and  ravaged? 

Relate  what  occurred  at  Tappan. 

IIow  and  where  did  Washington's  army  pass  the  winter! 


"•\ 


Airfl 


M        *- 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


;B*yi 


-■*««•«>.- 


'*ja.^ 


796 

van 

.  ^. 

798 
799 
600 
601 


194  By  what  was  the  campaign  of  1779  distinguished! 

—  What  exnedition  sailed  from  New-York  ?  j; 

—  What  did  the  enemy  effect  in  Georgia  I 

~  W)M>  took  command  in  the  southern  department  ? 

—  What  occurred  at  Savannah  ? 

195  What  other  expedition  sailed  iVom  New-York  7 

B  B 


vr*" 


10 


Qs.  Fg. 

808  — 

803  — 

804  ~ 

805  — 

806  106 

fi07  — 

808  — 

809  197 

810  — 

'811  — 

81S  ~ 

813  - 

814  198 

815  - 

816  199 

817  — 

818  — 

819  200 

820  — 

821  — 

822  801 

823  — 

824  — 

825  — 

826  202 

827  - 

828  — 

829  — 

830  — 

831  — 

832  203 

fi33  — 

-834  — 

1      835  — 

'             836  — 

^      837  204 

i             1S38  205 

«39  — 

840  -- 

841  206 

842  — 

^ 

'  'j-   .    "  iff 

843  206 

844  — 

:      845  207 

846  — 

647  — 

846  — 

849  209 

850  209 

o«« 

CH/i    "— 

852  — 

853  — 

854  — 

655  210 

QtreflTjoNoi 

WhttdiditaMompIish? 

What  expedition  did  Clark  ondcrtaket 

What  was  his  success  ? 


—  What  were  the  purpose  and  snccces  of  Sullivan's  expedlthM  t 
,96  What  towns  wtre  burnt  in  Connecticut  ? 


What  exploit  was  pcrfbrmed  by  general  Wayne  I 

What  naval  hattle  was  fought  in  September  1 

Where  did  the'northem  amiy  pass  tiiQ  winter ' 

Were  their  sufl'erings  great  1 

How  much  paper  money  had  been  issued ! 

How  much  had  it  depreciated  ? 

What  new  mode  was  adopted  to  supply  the  army  ? 


M'' 


-f.- 


u 


CHAPTER  XXII. 


i.S 


What  place  did  tlio  enemy  besiege  in  the  spring  1 

Who  were  the  opposing  commanders  ? 

What  was  the  event  of  tlie  siege  ?  ,     C  . ; 

What  exploit  did  colonel  Tarletbn  perform? 

What  conduct  Of  general  Clinton  excjted  IndignaUoa.T, 

What  service  did  Sunjpter  render? 

Who  led  an  army  ft-om  tlie  north  1    h  *:,''' 

Describe  the  battle  near  Camden.  •    -  •  '?* 

Wliat  occurred  at  the  Catawba  ford  ?       * 

What  conduct  did  Cornwallis  adopt  ? 

Who  was  a  successAil  leader  of  tlic  patriots  ?  ' 

Who  was  appointed  commander  of  the  torie«  1 

Where  was  lie  posted  1 

By  whom  was  ho  attacked,  and  what  was  the  reeoU ' 

Who  was  appointed  to  succeed  Gates  1 

Where  was  the  nortliem  army  posted  ? 

What  were  their  sulfcrings  and  conduct  ? 

What  squadron  and  troops  arrived  in  July  ? 

What  project  was  disconcerted  1  How  1 

What  disaffected  Arnold  ?  ■      -    " 

What  plot  did  he  meditate  1  .  '  " 

With  whom  had  he  an  interview  ? 

Relate  the  circumstances  •f  Andre's  capture  I 

What  was  his  conduct  ?  What  hia  fate  I 

How  much  did  Arnold  receive  ? 

What  occurred  at  ^lorrlstown  ? 

What  were  the  complaints  of  fhe  soldiers t 

How  was  the  mutiny  appeased  ?  ^ 

What  did  the  stales  do  f 


;« 


",*' 


'^ 


^r^ 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


What  project  was  resumed  in  the  spring  of  1781 1 

What  delayed  its  accomplishment  ? 

What  commander  fought  the  battle  of  the  Cowpensl 

What  was  the  result  1 

What  did  CorjiwaUis  attempt?     '    *  ^    ] ,      ;^  ,      ;'- 

What  occurred  on  the  retreat?  •  "         *■  ' 

Describe  the  engagement  between  Lee  and  the  toriea. 

Give  an  account  of  the  battle  at  Guiiibrd      irthouseu 

VT  iioiu  uiii  vaiuciir  iicuv  ; 

Wiiither  did  Cornwallis  proceed?  ^      ^^ 

Which  was  victorious  at  Iloblurk'S  hill?  -      '  ' 

What  posts  were  captured  in  South-CarollniU 
What  was  the  avoxit  of  the  siege  of  Ninety  Sft  ?        | 


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sarr  — 

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859  312 

860  — 

861  — 
863  — 

863  213 

864  — 

865  — 

866  214 

867  — 

868  — 

869  — 

870  215 

871  — 

872  ^ 
673  — 

874  — 

875  — 

876  216 

877  — 

878  217 

879  — 

880  — 

881  218 

882  — 

883  — 


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887 
886 
889 
890 
891 
892 
893 

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895 
696 

897 

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899 
900 
■  i.-  901 
902 
903 
904 
005 
900 
907 
908 
909 


218 

219 
220 


221 


222 


223 


010  224 
ill    - 


QUESnONS. 

Dewribtt  the  battle  of  Eataw. 

To  wtiat  place  did  OornwaUisropnirT  , 

Why  was  he  recalled  to  the  sea-boaru 

Wliat  posts  did  he  fanitV  ? 

What  did  Wauhington  determine  to  do  I 

What  expedition  did  Cliiitou  despatch  1 

What  did  it  accumpliali  1 

What  news  did  Washington  receive  at  Chester? 

Of  how  many  troops  did  the  allied  forces  consist? 

When  was  toe  cannonade  begun  ? 

What  occurred  during  the  siege? 

When  did  Com wallis  surrend  jr  ?         i*.. 

What  was  the  number  of  prtsoners  ? 

What  emotions  did  tliis  victory  produce  In  America  1 

What  were  the  feelings  of  the  British  nation  1 

What  of  the  kiiij?  ? 

Wiiat  opinion  did  the  house  of  commons  express  7 

When  were  pacific  overtures  made  ? 

When  did  liostilities  cease  1  ,v     = 

Who  were  the  American  ministers?    <i        .  *    ■.-:  |,.. 

Who  was  the  British  minister  1  .^' 

Wlien  was  the  definitive  treaty  signed? 

Why  were  the  American  troops  d^watisflcd  1 

What  occurred  at  Newburgh?  ,     v 

When  was  tlie  army  disbanded  ?  , 

When  was  New-York  evacuated  ? 

When  did  Wasliiiigton  resign  his  commbfikm  ? 

To  what  place  did  he  retire  ? 

'  CHAPTER  XXIV.     ^  "^ 


What  was  the  otate  of  the  country  at  the  close  of  the  wart 

How  much  had  national  securities  depreciated  1 

What  prevented  tlie  prosperity  of  commerce  ? 

What  occurred  in  Massachusetts  ? 

Wliat  was  tlip.  result  of  the  meeting  at  AnnapoUsI 

What  resolution  did  Congress  adopt?  : 

Whoa  did  tlie  convention  meet  ?  ri; 

Who  wad  chosen  president  of  it  ?  .    .„. 

Did  they  agree  upon  a  constitution' 

In  what  doc3  tliis  coastitutiou  differ  firom  tho  artloles  of  OAIM^ 

ration  ?  -    • 

Wliat  is  said  of  the  member&  of  the  honw  1 
What  of  tlie  senators  ]  ,     ^. 

What  of  President  ]  ^  >'     ^ 

Wliut  of  (he  Vice-President  ? 
Wiiat  is  required  in  passing  a  law  ?  ,    . 

Wiiat  powers  are  conferred  on  Congress  ?     -r    ,.    i 
What  is  said  of  the  judicial  department?        '       •'"' 
What  objections  wore  made  to  the  Constitution  ? 
By  what  names  were  its  friends  and  opposers  styled  ? 
By  how  many  states  was  it  ratified  ? 
Wlio  was  elected  first  President  1    Who  Vice-PresidoDt  > 
When  was  tlio  President  inaugurated  ? 
What  duties  were  laid  7 

What  dejmrtmcnts  were  established ?     ^^  ;  v;,. ._^  ^;$^ 
Who  were  api«inted  secretaries? 
Wliat  tour  did  the  President  make?  .  t;-  » t 
What  did  Homilton  recommend  1 
For,  wh^  rcasuQ3  was  his  recoramendatloQ  opposed!^ 


:^: 


iii" 


s> 


^w.%t'-C'- 


QT7E8TIONS. 


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91S  SS  Wu  it  adoiMed  f    What  was  tho  anumnt  of  debt  (taadoA  t 
M3  2t5  Why  wen  the  duties  on  distilled  spiritB  proposed  t 

014  —  When  ^  «re  they  laid  T 

015  —  When  was  the  bank  incorporated  t 
010   •-  When  did  North  Carolina  adopt  the  constitntion* 

017  —  When  did  Hbodo  Island  1 

018  —  Whero  is  Vermont  situatedl  .X 

019  —  By  what  states  had  the  territory  been  eltumsd  f 
090  r-  What  did  the  inhabitants  do  in  1777  ? 
031  —  In  what  year  was  Vermont  admitted  into  the  Union  1 

023  —  When  was  Kentucky  admitted? 
033  830  When  was  the  first  census  completed? 

024  —  What  was  the  number  of  inhabitants ?     -,  .^  ;,.^^  ^^  *  j- , 
035  .— How  many  were  slaves  ? 
930   —  State  the  amount  of  tho  rerenue,  imports,  and  expofU. 

037  —  When  was  the  war  with  tho  Creeks  terminated  ? 

038  —  With  what  tribes  did  vi^ar  still  exist  ? 
099  *—  Who  commanded  the  troops  sent  against  them  f 

030  —  State  the  drcumstances  and  rouult  of  the  battlo. 

031  237  Who  were  next  elected  President  and  Vice-Proei^lentf 
033    —  What  occurred  in  France,  at  this  period  ? 

033  338  What  were  the  feelings  of  the  Americans  and  Fnmoh? 

034  —  Who  was  appointed  minister  to  the  United  States  ?     ■ 

035  —  What  authority  did  he  assume  7  w    . 
03d  229  What  courso  did  the  President  take  ? 

037  —  Who  was  appointed  to  succeed  St.  Clair  ? 

038  230  Was  he  successl\il  ? 

039  —  When  and  whore  did  he  conclude  a  treaty? 

940  —  What  produced  discontent  in  Pcnnvyivania  ? 

941  —  What  meeting  was  held  at  Pitt8bui4':i  ? 
943  331  What  measure  did  the  President  adopt  ? 
943    —  Was  the  insurrection  suppressed  ? 
044    —  What  difficulties  existed  with  England! 

945  —  When  did  Mr.  Jay  conclude  a  treaty  ? 

946  333  What  appeared  lo  bo  public  sentiment  in  relatitm  to  tKf 

947  —  Did  the  President  ratify  it  ? 
9^8    —  What  had  been  the  conduct  of  Spain? 
049    —  What  did  she  deny  to  the  western  people  I 

950  233  When  was  a  treaty  with  her  concluded  ? 

951  —  What  privilege  did  it  secure  ? 
953  ^>--  When  was  a  treaty  concluded  with  Algiers  I 

953  —  When  did  Mr.  Jeflbrson  resign  1 

954  834  When  did  Hamilton  ?    When  did  Knox  I 

955  —  Wiiat  was  the  conduct  of  Fauchet  ? 

950  235  Who  was  appointed  minister  to  Fnuoe  I 

957  —  What  did  France  wish  ? 

958  —  What  mettsures  did  she  adopt  ? 

959  —  Who  was  appointed  minister  to  France  in  17901 

960  236  What  detennination  did  Washington  form  ? 
^61    —  State  the  substance  of  tils  farewell  address. 

962  —  Who  were  brought  forward  as  eanditiates  for  tho  presidency  f 

963  —  Who  were  chosen  President  and  Vice  President  1         ^  ^«^v, 

CHAPTER  XXV.     :•    ,        -...^■■i-WZ 

984  237  What  was  the  purport  ^the  despatehes  reeeiTed  fhm  Fransa? 

965  — VtHiat  laws  were  paasca?  ,  p 

966  —  Wno  were  appointed  envoys  to  France  ?  »$ , ' 
907    —  What  was  the  conduct  of  the  Directory?        «  '  ■•-■^>    -^    - 
968  238  What  was  done  by  Congress  1                   ,. .-  ?• ' ;   ,     -  ,?|: 


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071 

973 

073 

074 

075 

076 

077 

078 

079 

060 

081 

983 

083 

084 

085 

086 

087 

988 

089 

090 

091 

003 

093 

094 

995 

006 

097 

998 

999 

1000 

1001 

1003 

1003 

1004 

1005 

1006 

1007 

1008 

1009 

1010 

1011 

1013 

1013 

1014 

1015 

1016 

1017 

1018 

1019 

loeo 

1021 
1023 
1023 

1025 
1026 
1027 


888 


839 
240 


241 


243 


243 
244 

245 

246 
247 

248 
249 

250 


Who  vnM  appointed  to  command  tho  anny  I 
What  naval  battles  were  Ibught  I 
When  was  peace  ooncladed  1 
When  did  WaHliington  die  ? 
What  were  the  proceedlnga  of  the  house? 
WhatoftheeontUe? 

When  did  Congress  flr«t  meet  at  Washington  T 
Who  wore  the  candUlutes  for  President  and  Vice-FrMldontt 
How  was  tho  clioicc  made! 
Who  wore  elctted  ? 

What  cauHes  rendered  Mr.  Adams  unpopular? 
What  was  done  at  the  next  session  of  Congress f 
When  was  the  second  cenaus  talten  ?  ^ 

What  was  the  number  of  inliabitanta  ? 
How  much  hart  it  increased  in  ten  years! 
How  much  had  tlie  exports  increased?         i      ' 
How  much  tho  revenue  /  ^, 

To  what  should  this  prosperity  he  attributed? 
When  was  Oliio  admitted  1 

When  was  the  riglit  of  dcposfte  at  New-Orleans  prohibited  f 
What  proposition  was  made  in  Congress? 
What  course  was  adopted  ? 
What  was  ilie  price  paid  for  I,ousiana  ? 
By  whom  and  wlien  was  Lousiana  discovered? 
Wlien  ceded  to  Spain  ? 
Wlien  retroceded  to  France  ?  -        „ 

What  were  tlio  inliabitaiits  T  ' '    ■  ;       ,    » 

Wliat  occurred  in  tho  harbor  of  Tripoli  ? 
What  exploit  d'd  lieutenant  Decatur  perf  »rra? 
What  project  did  general  Eaton  uudcrtalto  ? 
Describe  ids  route. 
When  did  he  arrive  at  Demo  ?       .  . 
What  ensued  at  that  city  l  ;■>  i ,  v «  .  > ,.  .^ir, 

What  arrangenmnt  was  made  ? 
Relate  what  occmred  in  Now- York  in  1804. 
Who  were  cliosen  President  and  Vice-President  In  1804 1 
Of  what  was  Barr  suspected  in  1806? 
Was  he  apprehended  ?  ^v 

When  and  where  was  he  tried  ? 
What  was  tiie  verdict  of  tlie  jury  ? 
What  was  the  state  of  Europe  at  this  period? 
\yhat  advantas;e  did  America  derive  ? 
What  liglit  did  Great  Britain  claim? 
What  aggressions  were  committed  by  British  cruixcrs? 
State  the  purport  of  llie  llritisli  orders,  dated  in  1806? 
Wliat  decree  was  issued  at  Berlin  ?  ,     ->,:     ■ 

What  was  the  effect  of  these  measures?  •     '-     ^ 

Wliat  event  occurred  in  June,  1807?  ''"'  •  \, 

Wliat  measures  did  the  I'resident  adopt  ? 
^Vllat  course  did  the  Britisii  {government  take? 
What  imiK)rtant  law  was  enacted? 
What  measures  were  adopted  by  Great  Britahi? 
What  by  Bonaparte  ? 
What  effect  had  the  embargo  upon  the  people  of  Ne\v-Eng««if 
Mr.  Jefferson  declining,  wlio  was  elected  president  ? 
Who  Vice-President  ? 

What  law  was  substituteil  for  the  embargo?      :  ^ 
Wliat  arrangement  was  made  witli  Erskinc?    ,■(*•,  , 
Was  it  ratified  by  Groat  Britain  ?, 
Did  Great  Britain  persist  in  her  unfriendly  coifidaoCi 
B  B2 


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■■A     • 


'*43" 


■;*:v-.. 


.iqpr' 


m  ftT7E0TlON& 

QfL     P(. 

1090  8S0  What  ooedmd  on  the  coasts  of  Vlrfflnla ) 

lOSO    —  What  did  Mr.  Foster  propose  T 

1031  S51  How  many  vessels  had  been  captared  iinoe  1808,  hj  Britlah 

cruizersT 
1093    —  What  did  the  President  recommend  t 
1088    —  What  laws  were  enacted  7 

1034  —  Relate  what  occurred  at  Tippecanoe. 

1035  258  What  was  the  object  of  John  Henry's  mUvfont 
1030    —  Did  he  meet  with  any  success  1 

1037  <—  When  was  war  declared  7 

1038  —  For  what  reasons  was  it  condemned? 


1030  953 

1040  — 

1041  — 

1042  S54 

1043  — 

1044  355 

1045  — 

1046  — 

1047  256 

1048  — 
1040  — 
1050  257 
1051 
1052 


258 


1053  259 


260 


1054  259 

1055  — 
1056 
1057 

1058  261 

1059  — 

1060  — 

1061  — 

1062  — 

1063  — 

1064  262 
1005  — 

1066  — 

1067  — 

1068  263 
1009  — 

1070  — 

1071  — 

1072  264 

1073  — 

1074  265 
107*  — 

1076  — 

1077  266 

1078  ~ 
1070  — 
1060  207 


CHAPTER  XXVL 

'■'•■.  s.  ■'   .' 
Who  was  appointed  commander-in-chieff    ;      '•       ^ 
What  other  gcncmls  were  appointed!  *  ji  ' '    ^'■*-. ' 

WheniUd  Hull  invade  Canada?  •;j:J 

What^vents  occurred  in  that  quarter  T  ^^ 

Who  fed  an  expedition  towards  the  territory  of  Michigan? 
For  what  purpose  was  an  army  assembled  on  the  ft-ontier? 
Who  commanded  this  army  ? 
What  ))08t  was  assaulted  ?    With  what  success  7 
Who  succeeded  Van  Rensselaer? 
What  abortive  attempts  did  ho  make?   «. 
What  was  done  by  general  Dearborn  ? 
Describe  the  battle  between  the  Constitution  and  Guerriera. 
What  other  naval  victories  were  gained  t 
What  was  the  number  of  prizes  made  during  the  first  seven 

months  of  the  war? 
Who  were  elected  President  and  Vice-President  in  ISVU 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 


What  terms  were  offered  to  the  British  government? 

Why  were  the  propositions  of  Great  Britain  rejected) 

What  measures  did  Congress  adopt  ?      . 

What  took  place  at  French  town  ? 

To  what  place  did  Harrison  march  ? 

By  wlioni  was  Ibrt  Meigs  invested  ? 

What  did  general  Cay  atlciript  ? 

What  success  did  lie  meet  with  ? 

How  did  the  siege  terminate  ? 

Describe  the  attack  upon  York. 

Wliat  general  was  killed  there? 

What  fort  was  next  attacked  ? 

What  generals  were  made  priscnera  at  Stoncy  creek  ? 

Wliat  other  misfortune  followed  / 

Wliat  post  was  attacked  by  the  British  7 

Who  commanded  there  1  -sf; 

Wliat  was  the  event  of  the  attack  ^ 

What  occurred  on.tlie  sea-coast? 

Describe  the  naval  4^tion  fought  February  23rd. 

Describe  the  action  botween  the  Chesapeake  and  Shannon. 

What  were  the  last  wortfs  of  hawTcnco  ? 

How  was  the  victory  rcccivv^d  in  England?  ,      . 

What  other  co.  Ifjsts  took  place  at  sea  ?  V  •"■-      ri 

Describe  the  affhir  at  fort  Sfeplienson.  ""/"  •  ,    TJ 

What  present  did  colonel  t'rojzhan  receive  ?  .  - 

Wlio  were  the  resj)cctivc  coTnirinntlcrs  on  lake  prio? 

Wliat  words  were  in^icribed  on  roiry'«  Hag  ? 


W^' 


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f 


^081  507 
1082  — 
1088  — 
1084  M8 
106ft  » 
1066  — 

1087  — 

1088  969 

1089  — 

1090  — 

1091  ^ 
1093  270 
1093  — 


"i^ji^^^t 


M 


m. 


1094 
1005 


1090 
1097 
1098 
1099 
1100 
1101 
1102 
1103 
1104 
1105 
1106 
1107 
1108 
1109 
1110 
1111 
1112 
1113 
1114 
1115 
lUG 
1117 
1118 
1119 
1120 
1121 
1122 
1123 
1124 
1125 
1126 
1127 
1128 
1129 
11.30 
1131 
nag 

1133 
1134 
1135 
1136 


S71 


373 


873 
274 

875 

376 

377 


378 


279 


Qftn 


aUMTIONfl. 

IR^ltiA  tbo  erentfl  of  the  batti* 

Rocito  Ferry's  letter  to  Harrlioa. 

What  did  Uarrlaon  effect  T 

Who  was  appolntecl  to  command  the  army  of  the  Mntrel 

What  orders  did  he  receive  ? 

What  occurred  while  descendlnff  the  8t.  Lawrenoe  / 

Why  waa  the  project  abandoned  I 

What  oAbr  vraa  made  by  the  emperor  of  RuMia  > 

Who  were  appointed  commissionera  1 

What  laws  were  passed  bv  Congress  ?         '  ^ 

\Vhat  spirit  was  displayed  by  the  southern  Thdltna  t.>  -m 

What  occurred  at  fort  Mimms  7 

Describe  the  battle  at  Tallushatchle;  at  Talitdega;  •(  KmlMk 

ftw  ;  at  Tohopeka.  -    _ 

What  occurred  at  the  Ilickory  ground T  ,p-^^'-  '■'': 

Recite  Wetberfbrd's  speech.      •    ^  r^-  ',         n>    '^'-^iW     .  -i. 

CHAPTER  XXVin. 


What  bounty  was  offbred  to  recruits? 

What  communication  was  received  ilrom  Great  Britain  t 

Was  the  proposition  accepted  T 

Who  were  appointed  additional  commissioners  I 

What  occurred  at  the  river  La  Cole? 

Who  was  appointed  to  succeed  Wilkinson? 

What  events  had  recently  occurred  in  Europe  T 

How  were  these  events  advantageous  to  Great  Britain  T 

Which  party  was  victorious  at  Chippewa? 

Relate  the  events  of  the  battle  of  Bridgewater. 

What  step  did  general  Ripley  take? 

By  how  many  troops  was  fort  Erie  invested  ? 

What  was  the  event  of  the  assault  made  by  the  enomj  t 

What  of  the  sortie  made  by  the  besieged  ?     .      .,  ^«^.? 

When  was  the  siege  abandoned  ?  **  *^  y 

When  did  general  Izard  arrive  firtm  Plattsburgh? 

What  expeditions  proceeded  lh>m  Canada  ?  ,^ 

What  was  the  object  of  each  ?  *  :j' ;ii^'* 

What  took  place  at  the  ford  ? 

What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  sn  the  lake  ?  r 

What  did  the  British  army  then  do  ?  ^     ' 

What  actions  occurred  at  sea?  t 

Where  were  great  exertions  made  for  defence  ? 

When  did  the  main  body  of  the  enemy  land? 

Where  did  the  Americans  make  a  stand? 

What  occurrtfd  thert  ?  , 

Whither  did  general  Winder  retreat  ?  v 

Wren  did  tlie  enemy  enter  Washington?  '   V . 

What  was  their  conduct  their  ? 

What  took  place  at  Alexandria  ? 

What  did  lioss  next  undertake?  "   .     f 

Wliat  was  ills  fate  ?  A  '  '  ^  '-^ 

I  low  was  the  fleet  received?        ^  ^,|' 

What  was  tlie  event  of  tills  expedition?  *"    „k 

Wlicn  did  the  convention  meet  at  Hartford  ?    ^    ' 

Wliat  was  enumerated  and  propose^i  in  their  address 

AVhnf  infhrmrttiiin  tvjis  rpr.fiivfiH  fVntn  Qhnnt? 


-v^ 


■Si*' 


■■^•'i,' 


Wliat  me'asures  did  Congress  adopt  ? 
Who  performed  the  duties  of  Secretary  of  War  ? 
Who  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  ? 
What  force  arrived  at  Pensacohi  ? 


.%. 


// 


'f^] 


1 1 37  280  What  was  it  pormitted  to  Ai  ? 
1139    —  What  did  general  Jai^kson  do  T 

1139  —  WLat  information  did  lie  r^eita  at  UToblla  ? 

1 140  —  WUat  step  did  he  then  take  ? 
1(M  1    —  What  did  he  find  the  condition  of  NeVtr-Orleaiu  ? 

1142  281  Wtiat  tvas  his  condu^  ? 

1 143  »  Where  did  the  enemy  v  ike  a  jfiOsitiOn,  Deceniber  tilAi 

1144  —  What  oeeurred  in  the  evening  of  the  23rd  1 

1145  282  Where  did  Jackson  eiect  fbftifications  t 

1146  —Were  these  assaulted?    With  whdt  succ^ssT         t 

1147  —  When  was  the  last  assault  made  1    Deseribe  it.      -  ' 

1148  •—  What  was  the  amount  of  loss  on  caeh  side! 

1149  8%  What  toiok  place  on  the  west  side  of  the  rir^r  I 

1150  —  What  course  did  general  Lambert  then  tako  1 

1151  — Wlien  was  peace  concluded  1 

1152  —  What  were  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  f 

1153  —  What  victories  were  achieved  at  sea  1    :v«i   " 

APPENDIX.  " 


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1194  284 

1155  — 

1156  — 

1157  — 

1158  — 

1159  — 
11 CO  285 

1161  — 

1162  — 

1163  — 
llW  — 

1165  — 

1166  286 

1167  — 

1168  — 

1169  — 

1170  ^ 

1171  — 

1172  — 

1173  — 

1174  - 

1175  — 

1176  — 

1177  — 

1178  — 

1179  267 

1180  — 

1181  — 

1182  — 

1183  *■ 
$064  — 
1166^8 


By  what  was  the  era  of  the  settlement  of  this  eountry  dtoiliy 

gUished  ? 
What  distinguished  the  country  Whence  the  settlers  camel 
To  what  class  did  they  belong  ? 
What  powerAil  establishments  existed  in  Europe  ? 
Wliat  conduct  did  they  pursue  ?  ' 

Were  these  establishments  traiisfbrred  to  America  ?    ' 
What  doctrine  prevailed  in  Europe  I  -r , 

Wliat  was  the  nature  and  consequence  of  this  do9      ^ 
What  is  meaat  by  the  law  of  primogeniture  ?       , , , .  •  ■; ": 
Wtiat  was  the  operation  of  this  Inwl  ""  '^ 

Does  tills  doetrlue,  or  this  law,  exist  in  Uw  ITnite^  -tM 
What  is  said  of  the  S}'stems  of  government  established  in  the 

oolonies  ? 
In  what  is  ttie  contrast  greatest  between  the  European  an4 

American  systems  of  government  i 
What  does  the  military  peace  estiUilishment  of  Great  Britain 

cost  ?  ■  ■     ■■■"11 

What  that  of  the  United  States  t  "^ 


Wliat  the  respective  naval  establishments  ?  /^ 

What  do  British  subjeirts  pay  individually  in  taxes t 
Wliat  do  those  of  the  United  States  pay  1 
In  what  pursuits  are  the  greatest  portion  of  the  inhabitants 

gaged  V 
What  is  produced  in  the  northern  states  7 
What  in  the  middle  and  western  ? 
Wliat  in  the  southern  ? 

What  number  was  engaged  in  agriculture  In  1820! 
Wiiat  value  of  agricultural  products  was  exported! 
Stale  the  value  of  the  principal  articles. 
Wiiat  4ircumstah1:es  contributed  to  the  prosperity 

merco  ?  ' 

State  the  increase  of  our  tonnage  and  revenue.         t,  ^,^  ;^: " 
How  many  were  engaged  in  oorameroe  in  1820?      ^*  ^  / 
What  was  the  amuuiit  of  oxpurta  uuu  imiK;rt3  la  1SS3  ? 
What  in  1807?  '4 

Why  has  commerce  declined  1  '  ''^^ t.    J^**  Ip^^:^  ■, 

How  early  did  the  ood  ilsbtn'y  On  (be  American  Moat  attract 

atteuthu? 


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1101  — 

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1194  — 

1195  289 

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1196  — 

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1197  — 

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1214  292 

and 

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t\^^i;.-,  .,'^-'' 

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1222  — 

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1223  293 

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1225  — 

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1228  294 

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1236  295 

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Qjm&nom '  m 

H<m  wMDy  flhipa  and  seamen  did  the  Frandi  enmley  In  H,  la 

1744?  ''■-';^.-'  v\.. 

What  quantity  offish  did  they  take? 
In  1760,  how  many  vessels  were  fitted  otM  Ibm  the  ports  of 

New-England?  ^  ,;  ;, 

How  many  seamen  were  employed  ?     •  "^ 
What  is  snid  in  relation  to  the  negotiation  of  the  peaoe  of 

1783  ? 
What  estimate  has  been  made  in  relation  to  these  flaheriM  t 
What  was  their  annual  value  ?  %> 

Why  important  to  the  nation  ?  ,         i^k  ':m>r\  t 

What  is  said  of  the  whale  fishery?     -  •  ^^  ^  *  ^^  <«^^^^«  ^  ? 
State  the  value  of  tho  products  of  this  fishery  exported  In  1807  f 

In  1823? 
Recite  the  extract  flrom  Burk(^8  speech. 
What  is  said  of  manufactures? 
What  gave  the  first  knpulse  to  this  branch  ofindnstry  t 
What  was  the  amount  of  manufhctnres  in  1814 1 
Which  are  the  principal  manufhcturing  states?     „  ^^,^ 
Which  the  principal  manuiactures?  ^  M 

How  many  were  engaged  in  manufhctures  in  1820  ?  ^ 

What  was  the  amount  of  the  debt  in  1790? 
What  in  1812? 

How  much  was  contracted  in  the  last  war  I 
What  was  the  amount  in  1823  ? 
From  what  is  the  revenue  principally  derived? 
In  1822,  how  much  accrued  fVom  commerce? 
How  much  from  the  sale  of  lands?   How  much  fhmi  Other 

sources? 
What  was  the  amount  of  expenditures  in  1822  ? 
What  was  the  excess  of  revenue  over  expenditures? 
What  course  has  been  pursued  in  Europe,  in  relation  to  edtt* 

cation  ? 
What  in  the  United  States? 
Wliat  law  was  passed  in  1647,  in  relation  to  schoolsj 
What  was  done  when  the  inhabitants  increased? 
What  is  the  amount  of  the  school  fhnd  in  Connecticut  f 
How  is  the  interest  apropriated  ?  :- 

What  has  been  the  eflbct  of  this  system  ? 
What  is  the  amount  of  the  school  fhnd  in  New-Ysrk  ? 
How  is  the  interest  appropriated  ?  ,,  i^        5^ 

Howmany  scholars  were  taught  there  in  18231        "^^   "  "'^" 
What  is  said  of  education  in  Virginia? 
What  has  tho  national  government  done  in  relation  to  fiiH 

cation? 
What  is  said  of  Academies? 
When  was  Harvard  College  founded?    Where! 
How  many  volumes  does  the  library  centain* 
When  was  Yale  College  founded? 

Where  is  it  established  ?  '" 

How  many  volumes  docs  its  libraries  contain  * 
How  many  other  colleges  are  there  in  the  Union  1 
What  are  taught  in  ail  ? 
What  in  addition  are  taught  in  some  of  them? 
What  remark  has  beAi  made  of  the  United  States? 
Is  it  just? 

wnat  direoiion  has  been  given  to  talents  hi  the  United  Stfttes 
What  celebrated  inventors  may  America  boast  of? 
Who  are  her  eminent  historians  I   Theological  writers  I 
What  political  writings  are  spoken  of  ?    . 


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JMIi  S90  When  aro  CongragationalVKa  inqs^  Qumeroot  t 

1II4S  —  What  ai«  the  diatinguUhinff  traits  of  flie  AiiieiH^  charactir 

I|IS   -r  What  ia  aaia  of  the  miumo^  of  Anitertttttft? 

1914  Wr  How  dfUHi'dbi^  (he  p<itral«ti<m  of  the  tinfeed  Sta(«i  dftubie  f 

1949   —How  often  that  of  Great  Britain? 

VM  ^  Hr^'itte'dtiisriiidatibii  cihi^th  AM  iW^^^t  «i$iKili  mpM? 

1M7   —  What  cireumatanoea  iildfcitte  ihatihe  Vm^^ttHm  IrvtU  o«t| 

tinue  to  proapar  t 
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